O documento fornece diretrizes para jornalistas que cobrem política, enfatizando a importância de cultivar múltiplas fontes, mesmo que políticos nem sempre sejam confiáveis. Recomenda-se checar versões de fatos, desconfiar de declarações que fazem muito sentido e buscar equilíbrio para manter independência. Análises devem ser baseadas em muitas informações para se aproximar da verdade.
Walter Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher and social critic who was a key member of the Frankfurt School. He studied at the University of Berlin and earned his PhD from the University of Bern. Benjamin was affiliated with the Frankfurt School and Institute for Social Research. He is known for his essays on art, literature, and culture in the modern age of mechanical reproduction. One of his most influential works is "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" which discusses how photography and film changed the experience and perception of art by removing the "aura" of authenticity from the original work. Benjamin fled Nazi Germany in 1933 and later died by suicide in 1940 while attempting to escape from Vichy France into Spain.
David K. Berlo was an American communication theorist who developed the SMCR model of communication and later Media Dependency Theory. He argued that individuals rely more heavily on media as sources of information, which influences their attitudes and behaviors. Berlo's Media Dependency Theory posited that the relationship between media and their audiences is one of dependency, with receivers depending more on media over time for information they need to function in society.
Presented to ma'am Noshina Saleem (the acting Director of ICS, PU, Lahore).
This presentation will give an picture of ideology and its link to media and then how can it get power when ideology and media mix together. This is purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses media effects research and various theories about how media can impact individuals and society. It defines media effects research as attempting to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media. It also discusses several specific media effects theories, such as cultivation theory, agenda-setting, and the spiral of silence theory.
The document discusses the propaganda model proposed by Herman and Chomsky. It outlines the 5 filters of the model: ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and anti-communist ideology. These filters shape the type of information and narratives that are presented by the mass media. The document also provides historical examples of propaganda, including Walt Disney's propaganda films during WWII which featured characters like Donald Duck delivering anti-Nazi messages.
This document provides an overview of an international media systems presentation given by Sheheryar Ahmed to Professor Ramzan Azhar. It discusses various topics related to international media systems including the different types of media systems, components of a media system, the politicization of media, the relationship between government systems and media, global media cultures, changes in media since 9/11, social media, media accountability, and cyber laws. Visual and content references are also provided.
O documento fornece diretrizes para jornalistas que cobrem política, enfatizando a importância de cultivar múltiplas fontes, mesmo que políticos nem sempre sejam confiáveis. Recomenda-se checar versões de fatos, desconfiar de declarações que fazem muito sentido e buscar equilíbrio para manter independência. Análises devem ser baseadas em muitas informações para se aproximar da verdade.
Walter Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher and social critic who was a key member of the Frankfurt School. He studied at the University of Berlin and earned his PhD from the University of Bern. Benjamin was affiliated with the Frankfurt School and Institute for Social Research. He is known for his essays on art, literature, and culture in the modern age of mechanical reproduction. One of his most influential works is "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" which discusses how photography and film changed the experience and perception of art by removing the "aura" of authenticity from the original work. Benjamin fled Nazi Germany in 1933 and later died by suicide in 1940 while attempting to escape from Vichy France into Spain.
David K. Berlo was an American communication theorist who developed the SMCR model of communication and later Media Dependency Theory. He argued that individuals rely more heavily on media as sources of information, which influences their attitudes and behaviors. Berlo's Media Dependency Theory posited that the relationship between media and their audiences is one of dependency, with receivers depending more on media over time for information they need to function in society.
Presented to ma'am Noshina Saleem (the acting Director of ICS, PU, Lahore).
This presentation will give an picture of ideology and its link to media and then how can it get power when ideology and media mix together. This is purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses media effects research and various theories about how media can impact individuals and society. It defines media effects research as attempting to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media. It also discusses several specific media effects theories, such as cultivation theory, agenda-setting, and the spiral of silence theory.
The document discusses the propaganda model proposed by Herman and Chomsky. It outlines the 5 filters of the model: ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and anti-communist ideology. These filters shape the type of information and narratives that are presented by the mass media. The document also provides historical examples of propaganda, including Walt Disney's propaganda films during WWII which featured characters like Donald Duck delivering anti-Nazi messages.
This document provides an overview of an international media systems presentation given by Sheheryar Ahmed to Professor Ramzan Azhar. It discusses various topics related to international media systems including the different types of media systems, components of a media system, the politicization of media, the relationship between government systems and media, global media cultures, changes in media since 9/11, social media, media accountability, and cyber laws. Visual and content references are also provided.
O documento discute a produção de notícias (newsmaking) no jornalismo. Aborda a seleção e transformação de acontecimentos em notícias, considerando valores-notícia e a rotina de produção com divisão de tarefas entre editores e repórteres. Também examina o processo de seleção, edição e dramatização das informações na construção da narrativa jornalística.
This document provides information about population growth rates in less developed countries (LDCs) and developed countries (DCs). It discusses the high population growth rates in LDCs due to factors like early marriage, high child mortality rates, lack of family planning education, and religious beliefs. This leads to issues like overcrowding, food shortages, and pressure on social services. Ways to reduce high growth include economic development, birth control programs, and increasing literacy. DCs have slower or declining growth due to lower birth rates from family planning, education, higher costs of living, and preferences for smaller families.
The document discusses the development of digital media and the internet. It describes how the internet has evolved from a military communication network to today's vast network that allows access to all forms of media on any connected device. It summarizes key events like the creation of the World Wide Web and popular websites, the rise of social media, and the ongoing convergence of media through mobile devices. The document also examines economic and policy issues regarding ownership and control of the internet, privacy and security concerns, debates around censorship and net neutrality, and efforts to ensure equal digital access.
The document provides guidance on writing cutlines or captions for photographs in journalism. It discusses that a cutline describes what is seen in a photo in 1-3 sentences. The first sentence should answer who, what, where, when using present tense. The second sentence adds context about the activity or people in the photo. Cutlines should be fact checked for accuracy and avoid unnecessary words. They allow a photo to tell its story when seen separately from the original article.
This document discusses multimedia journalism. It defines multimedia journalism as using various mediums like graphics, animation, text, audio, video, and slideshows. Multimedia is divided into linear and non-linear categories, with linear having no navigation controls and non-linear being interactive. Characteristics of multimedia include being computer controlled, demanding resources, integrated, digitally presented, interactive, and involving data streams and applications. Elements of multimedia discussed include text, audio, images, graphics, video, and animation. The document also covers advantages like creativity, disadvantages like being costly, and uses like advertisement, education, and journalism.
The document discusses propaganda and the propaganda model of communication. The propaganda model explains how 5 filters - size and ownership of mass media, funding sources, reliance on specific news sources, threats of flak, and anti-communist ideology - shape the type of news that is disseminated in order to manipulate public opinion and support certain economic and political policies. These filters determine what is considered newsworthy and how events will be covered in order to favor the interests of large media corporations and their advertisers.
The document discusses the history and theories of propaganda from the early 1900s. It describes the "Magic Bullet Theory" from the 1920s, which viewed media as powerful tools that could instantly manipulate people's minds like magic bullets. This theory combined ideas from behaviorism, which saw people responding automatically to stimuli, and Freudianism, which viewed appealing to peoples' unconscious desires. While an influential early theory of media effects, the Magic Bullet Theory was later criticized for assuming audiences were passive targets rather than active interpreters of messages.
This document discusses the political economy of mass media, which examines how media is produced, distributed, consumed, and how those aspects are related. It specifically looks at how media ownership, corporate advertising models, use of official sources, and ideological filters can shape media. Some key theories discussed include Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, manufacturing consent, and media hegemony, which look at how these factors influence media content and narratives.
Cultivation Theory is a social theory developed by George Gerbner that examines the long-term effects of television on viewers. The theory's primary proposition is that heavy television viewers are more likely to see the real world in ways that reflect common portrayals in television. Heavy viewers who watch more than 4 hours of TV per day will be more influenced in their perceptions of reality than light viewers who watch less than 4 hours. Cultivation Theory suggests that heavy, long-term exposure to television can impact viewers' beliefs about crime rates, gender roles, and levels of distrust in society.
The document discusses several media theories:
- Effects theory argues that media has direct effects on audiences, potentially manipulating them
- Uses and gratifications theory examines what audiences do with media to fulfill needs
- Reception theory views audiences as active interpreters of media texts based on their social and cultural backgrounds, leading to varied readings of the same text.
AULA 3 - JORNALISMO NA INTERNET E FASES DO JORNALISMOaulasdejornalismo
O documento discute as fases e características do jornalismo na internet. Apresenta as principais mudanças trazidas pela internet como a audiência fragmentada, discursos múltiplos e interatividade. Também descreve características como instantaneidade, perenidade, multimídia e personalização de conteúdo possibilitadas pelo jornalismo online.
The document discusses the Uses and Gratifications theory of media analysis. It originated in the mid-20th century as researchers began studying why and how people use media rather than focusing only on media effects. Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz developed the Uses and Gratifications model in 1974 to understand how individuals use media to fulfill various needs and what gratifications they obtain. The theory suggests that people actively seek out specific media to meet personal needs and that this helps explain patterns of media consumption. However, some argue the theory lacks clarity and fails to consider broader social influences on media use.
The Frankfurt School theorists saw popular culture in capitalist societies as promoting ruling class ideologies and preventing the collapse of capitalism predicted by Marx. They viewed cultural products like pop music and dancing as dull and undemanding, serving to make people docile and passive. However, later critics argued the Frankfurt School was too negative and sweeping in characterizing all popular culture as tools of capitalism, failing to recognize how consumers actively create their own meanings.
Slightly revised slide deck from previous upload. Presented at the 2018 annual convention of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists of the Philippines,19 July 2018.
The document discusses the concept of agenda setting in mass media. It defines agenda setting as the process by which mass media determines what issues the public thinks and worries about. The media influences public agenda by choosing what news to report on and how prominently to feature different issues. This public agenda then influences policy decisions. The document traces the origins of agenda setting theory to Walter Lippmann in the 1920s and its formal development by McCombs and Shaw in the 1960s. It also outlines how agenda setting occurs in three levels - the media agenda, public agenda, and policy agenda.
The two step flow theory argues that people are influenced more by those they know than by the media directly. Opinion leaders absorb information from the media and pass it on to less active members of the population, shaping their attitudes. A 1944 study found that informal personal contacts had more influence on voting behavior than direct exposure to radio or newspapers. While the two step theory improved understanding of media influence, it was later expanded by the multi-step flow theory which recognizes more complex networks of influence beyond just opinion leaders.
This presentation shares how to use traditional writing concepts and "rules" to write effectively for social media. In addition to reviewing writing and social media fundamentals, this presentation also shares examples from DKNY and Southwest Air.
For more information, please contact jenniferizzo@costadevault.com or visit www.costadevault.com.
News values are general guidelines used by media outlets to determine how prominently to report a story. There are eight main news values: (1) timeliness - recent events are prioritized; (2) proximity - local stories rank higher; (3) impact - stories affecting many people are prioritized; (4) controversy - debates and opposing viewpoints increase interest; (5) magnitude - significance in scale or potential impact; (6) prominence - involvement of famous individuals; (7) currency - stories people are currently discussing; and (8) oddity/novelty - unusual events capture attention. Media outlets use these criteria to evaluate newsworthiness.
This document discusses the four eras of mass communication theories:
1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
O documento discute a produção de notícias (newsmaking) no jornalismo. Aborda a seleção e transformação de acontecimentos em notícias, considerando valores-notícia e a rotina de produção com divisão de tarefas entre editores e repórteres. Também examina o processo de seleção, edição e dramatização das informações na construção da narrativa jornalística.
This document provides information about population growth rates in less developed countries (LDCs) and developed countries (DCs). It discusses the high population growth rates in LDCs due to factors like early marriage, high child mortality rates, lack of family planning education, and religious beliefs. This leads to issues like overcrowding, food shortages, and pressure on social services. Ways to reduce high growth include economic development, birth control programs, and increasing literacy. DCs have slower or declining growth due to lower birth rates from family planning, education, higher costs of living, and preferences for smaller families.
The document discusses the development of digital media and the internet. It describes how the internet has evolved from a military communication network to today's vast network that allows access to all forms of media on any connected device. It summarizes key events like the creation of the World Wide Web and popular websites, the rise of social media, and the ongoing convergence of media through mobile devices. The document also examines economic and policy issues regarding ownership and control of the internet, privacy and security concerns, debates around censorship and net neutrality, and efforts to ensure equal digital access.
The document provides guidance on writing cutlines or captions for photographs in journalism. It discusses that a cutline describes what is seen in a photo in 1-3 sentences. The first sentence should answer who, what, where, when using present tense. The second sentence adds context about the activity or people in the photo. Cutlines should be fact checked for accuracy and avoid unnecessary words. They allow a photo to tell its story when seen separately from the original article.
This document discusses multimedia journalism. It defines multimedia journalism as using various mediums like graphics, animation, text, audio, video, and slideshows. Multimedia is divided into linear and non-linear categories, with linear having no navigation controls and non-linear being interactive. Characteristics of multimedia include being computer controlled, demanding resources, integrated, digitally presented, interactive, and involving data streams and applications. Elements of multimedia discussed include text, audio, images, graphics, video, and animation. The document also covers advantages like creativity, disadvantages like being costly, and uses like advertisement, education, and journalism.
The document discusses propaganda and the propaganda model of communication. The propaganda model explains how 5 filters - size and ownership of mass media, funding sources, reliance on specific news sources, threats of flak, and anti-communist ideology - shape the type of news that is disseminated in order to manipulate public opinion and support certain economic and political policies. These filters determine what is considered newsworthy and how events will be covered in order to favor the interests of large media corporations and their advertisers.
The document discusses the history and theories of propaganda from the early 1900s. It describes the "Magic Bullet Theory" from the 1920s, which viewed media as powerful tools that could instantly manipulate people's minds like magic bullets. This theory combined ideas from behaviorism, which saw people responding automatically to stimuli, and Freudianism, which viewed appealing to peoples' unconscious desires. While an influential early theory of media effects, the Magic Bullet Theory was later criticized for assuming audiences were passive targets rather than active interpreters of messages.
This document discusses the political economy of mass media, which examines how media is produced, distributed, consumed, and how those aspects are related. It specifically looks at how media ownership, corporate advertising models, use of official sources, and ideological filters can shape media. Some key theories discussed include Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, manufacturing consent, and media hegemony, which look at how these factors influence media content and narratives.
Cultivation Theory is a social theory developed by George Gerbner that examines the long-term effects of television on viewers. The theory's primary proposition is that heavy television viewers are more likely to see the real world in ways that reflect common portrayals in television. Heavy viewers who watch more than 4 hours of TV per day will be more influenced in their perceptions of reality than light viewers who watch less than 4 hours. Cultivation Theory suggests that heavy, long-term exposure to television can impact viewers' beliefs about crime rates, gender roles, and levels of distrust in society.
The document discusses several media theories:
- Effects theory argues that media has direct effects on audiences, potentially manipulating them
- Uses and gratifications theory examines what audiences do with media to fulfill needs
- Reception theory views audiences as active interpreters of media texts based on their social and cultural backgrounds, leading to varied readings of the same text.
AULA 3 - JORNALISMO NA INTERNET E FASES DO JORNALISMOaulasdejornalismo
O documento discute as fases e características do jornalismo na internet. Apresenta as principais mudanças trazidas pela internet como a audiência fragmentada, discursos múltiplos e interatividade. Também descreve características como instantaneidade, perenidade, multimídia e personalização de conteúdo possibilitadas pelo jornalismo online.
The document discusses the Uses and Gratifications theory of media analysis. It originated in the mid-20th century as researchers began studying why and how people use media rather than focusing only on media effects. Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz developed the Uses and Gratifications model in 1974 to understand how individuals use media to fulfill various needs and what gratifications they obtain. The theory suggests that people actively seek out specific media to meet personal needs and that this helps explain patterns of media consumption. However, some argue the theory lacks clarity and fails to consider broader social influences on media use.
The Frankfurt School theorists saw popular culture in capitalist societies as promoting ruling class ideologies and preventing the collapse of capitalism predicted by Marx. They viewed cultural products like pop music and dancing as dull and undemanding, serving to make people docile and passive. However, later critics argued the Frankfurt School was too negative and sweeping in characterizing all popular culture as tools of capitalism, failing to recognize how consumers actively create their own meanings.
Slightly revised slide deck from previous upload. Presented at the 2018 annual convention of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists of the Philippines,19 July 2018.
The document discusses the concept of agenda setting in mass media. It defines agenda setting as the process by which mass media determines what issues the public thinks and worries about. The media influences public agenda by choosing what news to report on and how prominently to feature different issues. This public agenda then influences policy decisions. The document traces the origins of agenda setting theory to Walter Lippmann in the 1920s and its formal development by McCombs and Shaw in the 1960s. It also outlines how agenda setting occurs in three levels - the media agenda, public agenda, and policy agenda.
The two step flow theory argues that people are influenced more by those they know than by the media directly. Opinion leaders absorb information from the media and pass it on to less active members of the population, shaping their attitudes. A 1944 study found that informal personal contacts had more influence on voting behavior than direct exposure to radio or newspapers. While the two step theory improved understanding of media influence, it was later expanded by the multi-step flow theory which recognizes more complex networks of influence beyond just opinion leaders.
This presentation shares how to use traditional writing concepts and "rules" to write effectively for social media. In addition to reviewing writing and social media fundamentals, this presentation also shares examples from DKNY and Southwest Air.
For more information, please contact jenniferizzo@costadevault.com or visit www.costadevault.com.
News values are general guidelines used by media outlets to determine how prominently to report a story. There are eight main news values: (1) timeliness - recent events are prioritized; (2) proximity - local stories rank higher; (3) impact - stories affecting many people are prioritized; (4) controversy - debates and opposing viewpoints increase interest; (5) magnitude - significance in scale or potential impact; (6) prominence - involvement of famous individuals; (7) currency - stories people are currently discussing; and (8) oddity/novelty - unusual events capture attention. Media outlets use these criteria to evaluate newsworthiness.
This document discusses the four eras of mass communication theories:
1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
Este documento presenta las normas y objetivos de la liga de fútbol de cuarto grado del Colegio Sant Ignasi. Los objetivos son jugar en equipo con compañerismo, mostrar deportividad, y mejorar los resultados a través de la educación antes, durante y después de los partidos. Las normas incluyen que los partidos se juegan una vez por semana, con dos tiempos de 20 minutos cada uno, y que cada equipo debe tener al menos 3 jugadores de cada sexo.
Este documento presenta una sistematización de los factores ambientales que han afectado el trabajo del Estudio de Impacto de Salud y Nutrición Infantil de World Vision Guatemala durante el año fiscal 2016. Incluye tablas que detallan factores como desastres naturales, enfermedades, violencia e intervenciones gubernamentales en cuatro áreas de trabajo. El objetivo es identificar los obstáculos comunes para informar los resultados del estudio y mejorar los proyectos futuros.
VÍDEO DE NACIMIENTO DE GEOGEBRA Y LINEAMIENTOS CURRICULARES 10ºErika Martinez
Este documento resume una guía de aprendizaje sobre el uso de la herramienta Geogebra. Brevemente, los institutos de Geogebra buscan mejorar las competencias matemáticas mediante un software interactivo que combina geometría, álgebra y cálculo. Geogebra ha evolucionado desde su creación para implementar diseños propuestos por usuarios, incluyendo representaciones múltiples, almacenamiento de archivos y hojas de cálculo interactivas.
El documento describe los diferentes regímenes aduaneros que existen para regular la entrada y salida de mercancías en un país. Las aduanas controlan el comercio internacional aplicando estos regímenes, que incluyen importaciones y exportaciones definitivas y temporales, depósito fiscal, tránsito de mercancías, elaboración en recintos fiscalizados, y recintos fiscalizados estratégicos. Los regímenes están fundamentados legalmente y buscan promover el desarrollo económico y proteger la sociedad y el medio ambiente.
Historia "Con gracias y por favor todos vivimos mejor"OlivaSanz
Un niño llamado Amador se muestra grosero al pedir la hora a varias personas sin decir "por favor". Como resultado, los objetos a su alrededor como un árbol, flores y un banco dejan de responderle amablemente. Un hada llamada Mandolina le explica que al usar frases como "gracias" y "por favor", todos podemos llevarnos mejor. Amador aprende la lección y empieza a tratar a los demás con más cortesía.
Este documento describe los beneficios y características de un canal digital. Un canal digital permite transmitir contenido a través de Internet de forma en vivo o pregrabada y puede ser recibido en diferentes dispositivos. Un canal digital puede usarse para fortalecer la identidad de una organización, educar y mirar hacia el futuro.
Kommunikation für Experten: Kulturelle Gedächtnisorganisationen und vernetzte...Thomas Tunsch
Kulturelle Gedächtnisorganisationen werden in ihrer Struktur und Wirksamkeit wesentlich von Experten verschiedener Fachrichtungen geprägt. Daher werden für Experten und ihre Kommunikationsbeziehungen vernetzte Arbeitsgemeinschaften immer wichtiger.
Als Teil der Gegenwartskultur gewinnen vernetzte Arbeitsgemeinschaften zunehmend auch an Bedeutung für die kulturellen Gedächtnisorganisationen. Dabei wird sichtbar, daß diese Organisationen nicht nur eine Aufbewahrungs- und Speicherfunktion haben, sondern daß sie Kulturgeschichte und ihre Rezeption gleichzeitig mitgestalten. Gleichzeitig nutzen vernetzte Arbeitsgemeinschaften kulturelle Gedächtnisorganisationen als Quellen und Bezugssysteme.
Von vernetzten Arbeitsgemeinschaften werden teilweise neue Mittel und Methoden der Wissensorganisation angewandt, die in den kulturellen Gedächtnisorganisationen oft wenig bekannt sind und daher auf Ablehnung stoßen oder die man als Modeerscheinung ansieht. Beide sind aber darauf angewiesen, daß sie in der Gesellschaft akzeptiert werden und ihren Ergebnissen Vertrauen entgegengebracht wird.
Plan Social Media - Revista Desafíos - Federico Cortescortesfede
Este documento presenta una grilla de publicación que detalla las tareas tácticas de publicación en redes sociales, los canales en los que se publicará el contenido, los detalles de cada tarea por canal, la cantidad de tiempo requerida, la periodicidad y los recursos necesarios. La grilla incluye tareas como la creación de contenido original, la replicación de contenidos resignificados en distintos canales, el mantenimiento actualizado de las redes, la interacción con el público y la creación de un plan de crisis.
El documento describe los roles y cualidades de un analista de sistemas. Un analista de sistemas evalúa situaciones empresariales y propone soluciones tecnológicas. Puede actuar como consultor externo o experto interno en soporte técnico. También puede ser un agente de cambio que cataliza e implementa transformaciones tecnológicas. Las cualidades clave de un analista incluyen reconocer objetivos, recopilar información, formular hipótesis, probar hipótesis y extraer conclusiones.
Um für Themen Öffentlichkeit herzustellen war bis heute die Medienarbeit das Mittel der Wahl. Mit Social Media haben nicht nur Privatpersonen, sondern auch Unternehmen und Organisationen die Chance, den vormedialen Raum zu gestalten. Was aber erwartet Unternehmen hier? Sind wirklich alle Onliner gleich aktiv? Worauf müssen Organisationen achten? Klar ist, die Massenkommunikation wird durch die Kommunikation der Massen bis auf Weiteres nicht abgelöst.Dieses Referate hat Marie-Christine Schindler am 23. August an der SuisseEMEX 11 in Zürich gehalten.
Von Filterblasen, Feindbildern und Fake News - Rechtspopulismus im Social WebChristian Buggisch
Als Donald Trump die Wahl in den USA gewann, haben sich viele verwundert die Augen gerieben. Wie konnte das passieren, wo doch alle mit einem Sieg Hillary Clintons gerechnet hatten? Ein Grund dafür: Wir nehmen die Wirklichkeit immer mehr in Filterblasen wahr, in denen bestimmte Sichtweisen dominieren. Das funktioniert besonders gut auf Plattformen wie Facebook, wo Algorithmen helfen, die eigene Meinung zu bestärken und abweichende Gedanken auszublenden. Der Vortrag berichtet von einem Experiment, die eigene Filterblase zu verlassen und zu verstehen, was sich am rechten Rand des politischen Spektrums tut. Er erklärt, wie Meinungsbildung im Social Web funktioniert, was Filterblasen sind, welche Feindbilder in rechten Communitys gepflegt werden und welche Rolle Fake News dabei spielen.
Présentation sur le "pouvoir des blogs" réalisé durant mon semestre d'études en Allemagne, dans le cadre d'un cours sur le pouvoir, les médias et la manipulation. En allemand dans le texte !
Zukunft im Zentrum - Round Table: Social Media - nur moderner Tratsch?Simone Janson
Hier wird gezeigt, wie im Netz gruppendynamische Prozesse, z.B. so genannte Shitstorms, entstehen - und warum sie schwer zu kontrollieren sind. Die Zuhörer erfahren, wie Unternehmen diese positiv für sich nutzen können und nennt Beispiele von Unternehmen, die dieses Prinzip bereits erfolgreich leben. Denn Social Media ist längst mehr als ein wenig facebooken und twittern!
Die Lügenpresse als VerschwörungstheorieUwe Krüger
Ein beachtlicher Teil der Deutschen glaubt, die Bevölkerung werde von den Medien systematisch belogen und die Journalisten arbeiteten mit der Politik Hand in Hand, um die Bevölkerungsmeinung zu manipulieren. In diesem Vortrag wird der "Lügenpresse"-Vorwurf als Verschwörungstheorie begriffen, allerdings wertfrei und nicht abwertend. Es wird gefragt, was eine Verschwörungstheorie ist und wie man "Lügenpresse" als Verschwörungstheorie definieren kann. Mit Hilfe der Systemtheorie von Niklas Luhmann wird argumentiert, dass verschiedene Vorwürfe an die etablierten Medien (aus dem rechten ebenso wie aus dem linken Lager) darauf zurückzuführen sind, dass Journalismus Komplexität reduziert und selbst ein komplexes soziales Funktions- bzw. Leistungssystem darstellt. Mehr Transparenz über die Arbeitsweise von Journalisten herzustellen wird allerdings nicht als Lösung für das Problem angesehen, da das Komplexitätsthema nur eine nachrangige Ursache für die Emergenz von Verschwörungstheorien ist; vorgeschaltete Bedingung sind Gefühle von Entfremdung, Ohnmacht und Benachteiligung. Die Aufgabe ist also eher politisch als technokratisch zu lösen.
Im Februar 2010 war ich vom Chef des Rundfunkrates Bernd Lenze eingeladen, in der Hanns-Seidl-Stiftung einen Impulsvortrag im medienpolitischen Arbeitskreis "Politik & neue Medien"zu halten. Das Thema sollte sein: "Social Networks: Die Revolution der Basis."
Der Vortrag zeichnet einen vglw. allgemeinen Querschnitt über Themengebiete wie...
- Änderung Mediennutzung
- Zahlen, Fakten, Chancen rund um Social Media
- Was machte Barack Obama im Wahlkampf besser als die deutsche Politik (ein weites Feld...; hier nur sehr verkürzt dargestellt).
- Wie ließe sich mit Social Media kommunizieren?
Internet als Quelle der Wahrheit am Beispiel der Finanzkrisenetmex.ch
Wer sagt uns die Wahrheit und wer liegt ständig falsch? Im Internet werden wir fündig. Leider ziehen wir selten die Konsequenzen und ändern unser Medien-Konsumationsverhalten.
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a western route to Asia. He landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia, and proceeded to explore other islands in the Caribbean. Upon returning to Spain, he received a hero's welcome, having brought knowledge of a "New World" across the ocean. However, conflicts arose regarding his treatment of the native populations and he faced accusations of mismanagement, eventually losing favor with the Spanish monarchs.
The Danube River is the second longest river in Europe, rising in Germany and flowing through 10 countries before emptying into the Black Sea. For hundreds of years it has served as an important trade route and transportation artery for the nations along its banks. Today the Danube remains a vital transportation route and source of hydroelectric power, with cities like Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade relying on the river economically. Maintaining the river's role in both transportation and protecting its biodiversity remains important for the countries it flows through.
Kurzpräsentation Niklas Luhmann_Die Realität der Massenmedien
1. Was wir über unsere Gesellschaft,
ja über die Welt, in der wir leben,
wissen, wissen wir durch die
Massenmedien.
Diktum aus:
„Die Realität der Massenmedien“
von Niklas Luhmann, 1995
Laura Schulz – Gesa Maren Schmidt – Franziska Zibert
HMKW WS 2015/16 – Vertiefung Medienwissenschaften – Medientheorie – W. Dingarten
3. Autor: Niklas Luhmann
Erstveröffentlichung: 1995
Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 219 Seiten
Das Buch: Die Realität der Massenmedien
Das Buch analysiert aus systemtheoretischer Sicht
die Mediengesellschaft.
Allerdings: die VOR zwanzig Jahren…
5. Der Autor: Niklas Luhmann
* 08. Dez. 1927 bis † 06. Nov. 1998
Deutscher Soziologe und Gesellschaftstheoretiker
(Prof. an der Universität Bielefeld)
Wichtigster deutschsprachiger Vertreter
der soziologischen Systemtheorie und
der Soziokybernetik
Herausragender Klassiker der Sozialwissenschaften
im 20. Jahrhundert
6. Die These: Realität ≠ erzeugte Bilder/Eindrücke
Luhmann behauptet:
Die Massenmedien (Zeitung, TV, Radio) informieren nicht über
eine vorgegebene Realität.
Sondern die Realität der Massenmedien ist eine „Konstruktion“ die
durch die Massenmedien selbst entsteht.
Die „vermeintliche“ Realität wird erst durch die Massenmedien im
Rezipienten erzeugt.
Die Massenmedien zeigen nur einen Teil der Realität, sie wird beim
„Agenda Setting“ (willkürlich) vorab gefiltert .
Es gibt KEINE objektive Realität.
Daher kann sie gar nicht verzerrt werden durch die
Massenmedien – sondern wir erhalten nur eine Teilinformation.
8. Die Systemtheorie:
Strukturelle Kopplung:
Nach Luhmann sind
soziale Systeme
• operativ geschlossen
• und kognitiv offen.
Die operative
Geschlossenheit ist die
Voraussetzung für die
kognitive Öffnung.
Diese kognitive Öffnung
ermöglicht wiederum die
strukturelle Kopplung.
9. Das Problem:
Funktion der (Massen-)Medien:
Information
Bildung
Beratung
Unterhaltung
Entspannung
Kontrolle
… und:
Integration
Meinungsbildung
Erzeugung eines sozialen Gedächtnisses
(= gesellschaftliche Funktionen)
KEIN
vollständiges
Bild !!
10. Die Kritik:
Die Massenmedien erfinden ihren „Dienst am
Menschen“ indem sie ausnutzen, dass der Mensch sich
für Informationen „interessiert“ bzw. dieser bedarf.
Dadurch wird er moralisch anfällig für Versuchungen…
Die Unmoral der Gesellschaft kommt den Massenmedien
gerade recht.
„Schlechte Nachrichten sind gute Nachrichten.“
Die Moral bedarf der Massenmedien, speziell des Fernsehens.
Nicht das Fernsehen braucht die Massenmedien –
sondern die Massenmedien brauchen das Fernsehen !!
13. Die Fragen:
Stimmt es also (noch),
dass die Massenmedien die
Realität, über die sie informieren,
gar nicht vorfinden, sondern
erzeugen ??
Wirken die Medien-Konvergenz
und die Vereinheitlichung der
Plattformen dabei verstärkend
oder abschwächend?
14.
15. PRO: Luhmann ist heute noch aktuell, weil…
… weiterhin hochrelevant:
Vorab-Selektion der Informationen
Ausnutzen der „Gier“ nach Sensationen
Willkürliches Agenda Setting (Quasi-Zensur)
Infos vollständig, zuverlässig & relevant ??
Zusammenwachsen der Plattformen
Herkunft der Infos oft unbekannt
Kaum sichtbare Trennung der Quellen
UGC oft nicht „geprüft“
Mediales Überangebot
Verschärfter Wettbewerb
Kampf um die Aufmerksamkeit
Schnelligkeit/Aktualität geht vor Wahrheit
Tendenz zur Übertreibung
16. CONTRA: Luhmann ist heute obsolet, weil…
… inzwischen neu / verändert:
Schneller Zugang zu Informationen
Internet & mobile Anwendungen
Zeit- & ortsunabhängig (SoLoMo)
Interaktiver Austausch (Web 2.0)
Leichte Gegenrecherche / Überprüfung
Austausch über Social Media
Blogs, Opinion-Portale, etc.
„Aufdecker“-Plattformen & Wikis
Parallele Hintergrundinformationen
Second Screen
Internationaler Vergleich
User Generated Content (als Ergänzung)
17. Fazit: Die Schere klafft weiter auseinander
Hohe Medienkompetenz = CONTRA (Luhmann obsolet)
= kritische, interessierte, aktive Rezipienten
Selbständige Suche nach Hintergrundinformationen.
Zunahme der medialen Möglichkeiten führt zu KRITISCHER Rezeption.
Aktive Nutzung der multimedialen Info-Möglichkeiten.
Suche nach Wahrheit, keine Scheu vor kognitiver Dissonanz.
Geringe Medienkompetenz = PRO (Luhmann aktuell)
= unkritische, stark beeinflussbare, passive Rezipienten
Vereinigung von allen Informationen auf einem Gerät macht die Rezeption
noch einseitiger & die Rezipienten noch manipulierbarer.
Kanäle / Quellen können immer schlechter auseinander gehalten werden.
UGC wird gar nicht oder zu wenig kritisch hinterfragt.
Suche nach Komfort und kognitiver Konsonanz.