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Millikan-Versuch
Grundlagen - Fragestellung
 Faraday (1834): Ladungsmenge proportional Stoffmenge
 Stoney (1874): Vorhersage des Elektrons als Ladungsträger
 Thompson (1897):Entdeckung des Elektrons
 Bestimmung von e/m
 Ist die elektrische Ladung quantisiert oder kontinuierlich?
 Wie groß ist ihr Wert?
Bestimmung der Elementarladung
 Townsend, ionisierte Wasserdampfwolke(1898)
 H. A. Wilson, ionisierte Wasserdampfwolke (1903)
 Planck, theoretisch ohne eigene Messung (1906)
 Rutherford, Geiger; Alpha-Strahlungsquelle (1908)
 Regener, Alpha-Strahlungsquelle (1909)
 Diese Versuche liefern nur statistische Mittelwerte von vielen
Ladungsträgern!
Der Versuch – Das Prinzip
 Idee: Verwendung eines geladenen Tröpfchens
 Problem: Wir können Radius (und Masse) nicht messen
 Steigzeiten und Fallzeiten geben Rückschluss auf
Kräfte
 Differenz zwischen Zeiten allein durch Schwerkraft
-> Masse, Radius
 Mithilfe der Masse kann die Elementarladung
bestimmt werden
Versuchsaufbau
 Langsamere Verdampfung
 Hohe Gleichspannung (10.000 V)
 Beobachtung von Teilchen >1µm
 Minimierung der Konvektion
Durchführung
 Steigzeiten, Fallzeiten eines
Öltröpfchens messen
 Wiederholung der Messung
 Statistische Auswertung
Originalpublikationen
 A new modification of the cloud method of determining the
elementary electrical charge and the most probable value of that
charge (1909/10)
 The Isolation of an Ion, a Precision Measurement of its Charge, and
the Correction of Stokes’s Law (1910/11)
 On the Elementary Electrical Charge and the Avogadro Constant
(1913)
 The Electron – Its Isolation and measurement and the determination
of some of its properties (1917)
Ergebnisse und Rezeption
 Messung der Ladung eines einzelnen Objektes
 Nobelpreis 1923
 Lehrbuchversuch
Kontroversen
 Felix Ehrenhaft entwickelte 1909 einen ähnlichen Versuch für feste
Partikel, kann aber keine Elementarladung nachweisen
 In der Folge Diskussion zwischen Millikan und Ehrenhaft über
Versuchsdurchführung
 Auslassen von Messwerten?
Von 75 Messungen während 63 Tagen erscheinen nur 58 in Millikans
Veröffentlichung
 Elementarladung wurde nicht direkt gemessen, sondern nur deren
Vielfache
Millikans Frau, nach der Arbeit ihres Mannes gefragt:
“He’s probably gone to watch an ion.”
Die Antwort:
“I know we don’t pay our assistant professors very much,
but I didn’t think they
had to wash and iron!”

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Millikan Versuch - Die Bestimmung der Elementarladung

  • 2. Grundlagen - Fragestellung  Faraday (1834): Ladungsmenge proportional Stoffmenge  Stoney (1874): Vorhersage des Elektrons als Ladungsträger  Thompson (1897):Entdeckung des Elektrons  Bestimmung von e/m  Ist die elektrische Ladung quantisiert oder kontinuierlich?  Wie groß ist ihr Wert?
  • 3. Bestimmung der Elementarladung  Townsend, ionisierte Wasserdampfwolke(1898)  H. A. Wilson, ionisierte Wasserdampfwolke (1903)  Planck, theoretisch ohne eigene Messung (1906)  Rutherford, Geiger; Alpha-Strahlungsquelle (1908)  Regener, Alpha-Strahlungsquelle (1909)  Diese Versuche liefern nur statistische Mittelwerte von vielen Ladungsträgern!
  • 4. Der Versuch – Das Prinzip  Idee: Verwendung eines geladenen Tröpfchens  Problem: Wir können Radius (und Masse) nicht messen  Steigzeiten und Fallzeiten geben Rückschluss auf Kräfte  Differenz zwischen Zeiten allein durch Schwerkraft -> Masse, Radius  Mithilfe der Masse kann die Elementarladung bestimmt werden
  • 5. Versuchsaufbau  Langsamere Verdampfung  Hohe Gleichspannung (10.000 V)  Beobachtung von Teilchen >1µm  Minimierung der Konvektion
  • 6. Durchführung  Steigzeiten, Fallzeiten eines Öltröpfchens messen  Wiederholung der Messung  Statistische Auswertung
  • 7. Originalpublikationen  A new modification of the cloud method of determining the elementary electrical charge and the most probable value of that charge (1909/10)  The Isolation of an Ion, a Precision Measurement of its Charge, and the Correction of Stokes’s Law (1910/11)  On the Elementary Electrical Charge and the Avogadro Constant (1913)  The Electron – Its Isolation and measurement and the determination of some of its properties (1917)
  • 8. Ergebnisse und Rezeption  Messung der Ladung eines einzelnen Objektes  Nobelpreis 1923  Lehrbuchversuch
  • 9. Kontroversen  Felix Ehrenhaft entwickelte 1909 einen ähnlichen Versuch für feste Partikel, kann aber keine Elementarladung nachweisen  In der Folge Diskussion zwischen Millikan und Ehrenhaft über Versuchsdurchführung  Auslassen von Messwerten? Von 75 Messungen während 63 Tagen erscheinen nur 58 in Millikans Veröffentlichung  Elementarladung wurde nicht direkt gemessen, sondern nur deren Vielfache
  • 10. Millikans Frau, nach der Arbeit ihres Mannes gefragt: “He’s probably gone to watch an ion.” Die Antwort: “I know we don’t pay our assistant professors very much, but I didn’t think they had to wash and iron!”