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DEMOSTRACIONES DE CONVOLUCION Y TRANSFORMADA DE FOURIER
I. CONVOLUCION
Sean dos seรฑales u(t) y v(t) totalmente integrales en R, su convolucion esta dada por la siguiente
formula:
(u โˆ— v)(t) = โˆซ u(s)v(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Una de las seรฑales debe ser acotadas en R y la otra debe ser totalmente integrable en R.
Teorema 1: La convoluciรณn es conmutativa
Demostraciรณn. Hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable t โˆ’ s = ฮป, de modo que:
u โˆ— vฬ‚(t) = โˆซ u(s)
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
v(t โˆ’ s)ds = โˆ’ โˆซ u(t โˆ’ ฮป)v(ฮป)dฮป
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โ€ฆ. (Cambio de variable)
u โˆ— vฬ‚(t) = โˆซ v(ฮป)u(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮป =
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
v โˆ— uฬ‚(t)
u โˆ— vฬ‚(t) = v โˆ— uฬ‚(t)
Teorema 2: La convolucion es asociativa.
Sean tres seรฑales u(t), v(t)y w(t) , su convolucion viene dada por:
u(t) โˆ— v(t) โˆ— w(t) = (u(t) โˆ— v(t)) โˆ— w(t) = u(t) โˆ— (v(t) โˆ— w(t))
Demostracion:
Usando la definiciรณn de convolucion:
u(t) โˆ— h(t) = โˆซ u(s)h(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Tenemos:
C1 = [u(t) โˆ— v(t)]โˆ— w(t) = [โˆซ u(suv)v(t โˆ’ suv)dsuv] โˆ— w(t)
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
La expresiรณn global quedarรญa:
C1 = [u(t) โˆ— v(t)] โˆ— w(t) = โˆซ [โˆซ u(suv)v(svw โˆ’ suv)dsuv]w(t โˆ’ svw)
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
dsvw]
Para:
C2 = u(t) โˆ— [v(t) โˆ— w(t)] = u(t) โˆ— [โˆซ v(svw)w(t โˆ’ svw)dsvw]
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
C2 = u(t) โˆ— [v(t) โˆ— w(t)] = โˆซ u(suv)[
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆซ v(svw)w(t โˆ’ suv โˆ’ svw)dsvw]dsuv
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Lo que yo quiero probar es:
C1 = C2
โˆซ โˆซ u(suv)v(svw โˆ’ suv)w(t โˆ’ svw)
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
dsuvdsvw
= โˆซ โˆซ u(suv)v(svw)w(t โˆ’ suv โˆ’ svw)dsvwdsuv
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable: ฮป = suv + svw y dฮป = dsuv entonces:
C2 = โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮป โˆ’ svw)v(
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
svw)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdsvw
Luego hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable: ฮธ = ฮป โˆ’ svw y dฮธ = โˆ’dsvw
C2 = โˆ’โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮธ)v(ฮปโˆ’
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
ฮธ)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdฮธ
C2 = โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮธ)v(ฮปโˆ’
โˆ’โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
ฮธ)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdฮธ
Entonces, nos queda:
โˆซ โˆซ u(suv)v(svw โˆ’ suv)w(t โˆ’ svw)
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
dsuvdsvw = โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮธ)v(ฮป โˆ’
โˆ’โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
ฮธ)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdฮธ
Teorema 3: La convolucion es distributiva
Sean tres seรฑales u(t), v(t)y w(t) , se cumple que:
u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = u(t) โˆ— v(t) + u(t) โˆ— w(t)
Demostraciรณn:
u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = โˆซ u(t)[v(tโˆ’ s) + w(t โˆ’ s)]ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = โˆซ u(t)v(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
+ โˆซ u(t)w(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = u(t) โˆ— v(t) + u(t) โˆ— w(t)
Teorema 4: La convolucion es bilineal
Sean tres seรฑales u(t), v(t)y w(t) , se cumple que:
(ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) โˆ— w(t) = ฮฑ(u(t) โˆ— w(t)) + ฮฒ(v(t) โˆ— w(t))
Demostraciรณn:
(ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) โˆ— w(t) = โˆซ (ฮฑu(s)+ ฮฒv(s))w(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
(ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) = โˆซ ฮฑu(s)w(t โˆ’ s)ds+ โˆซ ฮฒv(s)w(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
(ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) = ฮฑ(u(t) โˆ— w(t) + ฮฒ(v(t) โˆ— w(t))
Teorema 5: Propiedad de escalabilidad
Sea:
y(t) = u(t) โˆ— h(t) y z(t) = u(at) โˆ— h(at), a > 0
Entonces:
z(t) = โˆซ u(as)h(a(t โˆ’ s))ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Demostraciรณn:
Haciendo el siguiente cambio de variable: ฮป = as, ds =
dฮป
a
, para a > 0
z(t) =
1
a
โˆซ u(ฮป)h(at โˆ’ ฮป)dฮป
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Donde:
y(t) = u(t) โˆ— h(t) = โˆซ u(s)h(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Entonces podemos definir, las siguientes relaciones:
z(t) = (
1
a
) y(at)
(
1
a
) y(at) = u(at)h(at)
Entonces quedarรญa:
y(at) = |a|u(at)h(at)
Teorema 6: Propiedad de desplazamiento en el tiempo
u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = z(t + a + b)
Donde:
z(t) = โˆซ u(s)v(t โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Demostraciรณn:
u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = โˆซ u(s + a)v(t + b โˆ’ s)ds
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Aplicando el cambio de variable: s + a = r
u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = โˆซ u(r)v(t + a + b โˆ’ r)dr
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = z(t + a + b)
Teorema 7: Si ๐’–( ๐’•) ๐’š ๐’—(๐’•) son seรฑales continuas y totalmente integrables en R, entonces su
convolucion ๐’–( ๐’•) โˆ— ๐’—(๐’•) es tambien una seรฑal totalmente integrable. Se verifica la
desigualdad.
โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…) โ‰ค โ€– ๐‘ข(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…)โ€– ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…)
Antes de demostrar dicho teorema, definimos el teorema de fubini.
Teorema de Fubini:
Afirma que si :
๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ, ๐‘ฆ) = ๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘”(๐‘ฆ)d
Entonces:
โˆซ ๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ โˆซ ๐‘”( ๐‘ฆ) ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ = โˆซ ๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘”( ๐‘ฆ) ๐‘‘(๐‘ฅ, ๐‘ฆ)
๐ด๐‘‹๐ต๐ต๐ด
Demostraciรณn:
Ahora retomemos la demostraciรณn:
โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1( ๐‘…) = โˆซ | ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)| ๐‘‘๐‘ก
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 ( ๐‘…) = โˆซ |โˆซ ๐‘ข( ๐‘ ) ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ 
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
| ๐‘‘๐‘ก
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1( ๐‘…) โ‰ค โˆซ โˆซ | ๐‘ข( ๐‘ )|| ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘ ๐‘‘๐‘ก
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…) โ‰ค โˆซ {โˆซ | ๐‘ข(๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘ 
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
} | ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘ก (๐ด๐‘๐‘™๐‘–๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘œ ๐น๐‘ข๐‘๐‘–๐‘›๐‘–)
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…) โ‰ค โ€– ๐‘ข(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…) โˆซ | ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘ก =
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โ€– ๐‘ข(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…)โ€– ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1
(๐‘…)
II. TRANSFORMADA DE FOURIER
Sean las siguientes funciones: ๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) ๐‘ฆ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก) y sus transformadas de Fourier son:
๐น1 = โˆซ ๐‘“1(๐‘ก)๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ก
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐น2 = โˆซ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก)๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ก
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Sus transformadas inversas son:
๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) =
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐น1 (๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐œ”
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐‘“2( ๐‘ก) =
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐น2 ( ๐œ”) ๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐œ”
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Entonces:
Teorema 1:
๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = ๐นโˆ’1
[๐น1 ( ๐œ”) ๐น2( ๐œ”)]
Demostraciรณn:
๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ ) ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ 
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ )[
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐น2(๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”(๐‘กโˆ’๐‘ )
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐‘‘๐œ”]๐‘‘๐‘ 
๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น2( ๐œ”)[
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐‘“1(๐‘ )๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ 
๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐œ”
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = 2๐œ‹ โˆซ
1
2๐œ‹
๐น2( ๐œ”) ๐น1(๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐œ”
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐’‡ ๐Ÿ โˆ— ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ = ๐Ÿ๐…๐‘ญโˆ’๐Ÿ
[๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž) ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž)]
Teorema 2:
๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] = 2๐œ‹๐‘“1 ๐‘“2
Demostraciรณn:
๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2 ( ๐œ”)] = ๐นโˆ’1
[โˆซ ๐น1( ๐‘ ) ๐น2( ๐œ” โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ]
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] =
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ [
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆซ ๐น1( ๐‘ ) ๐น2 ( ๐œ” โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐œ”
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable: ๐œ” โˆ’ ๐‘  = ๐‘ฅ, ๐œ” = ๐‘ฅ + ๐‘ , ๐‘‘๐œ” = ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ
๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] =
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ [
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆซ ๐น1 ( ๐‘ ) ๐น2( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’ ๐‘—(๐‘ฅ+๐‘ )๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1 ( ๐œ”)โˆ— ๐น2 ( ๐œ”)] =
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐น1 ( ๐‘ )
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆซ ๐น2(๐‘ฅ)
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐‘’ ๐‘—( ๐‘ฅ+๐‘ ) ๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ๐‘‘๐‘ 
๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2 ( ๐œ”)] =
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐น1 ( ๐‘ ) ๐‘’ ๐‘—๐‘ ๐‘ก
[โˆซ ๐น2(๐‘ฅ)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐‘ฅ๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ฅ]๐‘‘๐‘ 
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Multiplicamos y dividimos por 2๐…
๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] = 2๐œ‹[
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐น1( ๐œ”) ๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐œ”][
1
2๐œ‹
โˆซ ๐น2 (๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐œ”]
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐‘ญโˆ’๐Ÿ[ ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž)โˆ— ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž)] = ๐Ÿ๐…๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•) ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ(๐’•)
Teorema 3:
La transformada de Fourier de la convolucion de dos funciones ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•) ๐’š ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ(๐’•) es la
multiplicaciรณn de las transformadas de Fourier de ambas funciones.
๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก)) = ๐น1( ๐œ”) ๐น2 (๐œ”)
Demostraciรณn:
๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ [โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ ) ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ก
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ )[โˆซ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ก]๐‘‘๐‘ 
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
Pero:
โˆซ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก
๐‘‘๐‘ก
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
= ๐น[ ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )] = ๐น2 (๐œ”)๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ 
Finalmente reemplazamos en la expresiรณn:
๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2 ( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ )
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐น2( ๐œ”) ๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ 
๐‘‘๐‘ 
๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2 ( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ ๐‘“1 ( ๐‘ )
โˆž
โˆ’โˆž
๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ 
๐‘‘๐‘ ๐น2(๐œ”)
๐‘ญ(๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•)โˆ— ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•)) = ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž) ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ(๐Ž)

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Convolucion y transformada_de_fourier

  • 1. DEMOSTRACIONES DE CONVOLUCION Y TRANSFORMADA DE FOURIER I. CONVOLUCION Sean dos seรฑales u(t) y v(t) totalmente integrales en R, su convolucion esta dada por la siguiente formula: (u โˆ— v)(t) = โˆซ u(s)v(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž Una de las seรฑales debe ser acotadas en R y la otra debe ser totalmente integrable en R. Teorema 1: La convoluciรณn es conmutativa Demostraciรณn. Hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable t โˆ’ s = ฮป, de modo que: u โˆ— vฬ‚(t) = โˆซ u(s) โˆž โˆ’โˆž v(t โˆ’ s)ds = โˆ’ โˆซ u(t โˆ’ ฮป)v(ฮป)dฮป โˆ’โˆž โˆž โ€ฆ. (Cambio de variable) u โˆ— vฬ‚(t) = โˆซ v(ฮป)u(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮป = โˆž โˆ’โˆž v โˆ— uฬ‚(t) u โˆ— vฬ‚(t) = v โˆ— uฬ‚(t) Teorema 2: La convolucion es asociativa. Sean tres seรฑales u(t), v(t)y w(t) , su convolucion viene dada por: u(t) โˆ— v(t) โˆ— w(t) = (u(t) โˆ— v(t)) โˆ— w(t) = u(t) โˆ— (v(t) โˆ— w(t)) Demostracion: Usando la definiciรณn de convolucion: u(t) โˆ— h(t) = โˆซ u(s)h(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž Tenemos: C1 = [u(t) โˆ— v(t)]โˆ— w(t) = [โˆซ u(suv)v(t โˆ’ suv)dsuv] โˆ— w(t) โˆž โˆ’โˆž La expresiรณn global quedarรญa:
  • 2. C1 = [u(t) โˆ— v(t)] โˆ— w(t) = โˆซ [โˆซ u(suv)v(svw โˆ’ suv)dsuv]w(t โˆ’ svw) โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž dsvw] Para: C2 = u(t) โˆ— [v(t) โˆ— w(t)] = u(t) โˆ— [โˆซ v(svw)w(t โˆ’ svw)dsvw] โˆž โˆ’โˆž C2 = u(t) โˆ— [v(t) โˆ— w(t)] = โˆซ u(suv)[ โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆซ v(svw)w(t โˆ’ suv โˆ’ svw)dsvw]dsuv โˆž โˆ’โˆž Lo que yo quiero probar es: C1 = C2 โˆซ โˆซ u(suv)v(svw โˆ’ suv)w(t โˆ’ svw) โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž dsuvdsvw = โˆซ โˆซ u(suv)v(svw)w(t โˆ’ suv โˆ’ svw)dsvwdsuv โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž Hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable: ฮป = suv + svw y dฮป = dsuv entonces: C2 = โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮป โˆ’ svw)v( โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž svw)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdsvw Luego hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable: ฮธ = ฮป โˆ’ svw y dฮธ = โˆ’dsvw C2 = โˆ’โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮธ)v(ฮปโˆ’ โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž ฮธ)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdฮธ C2 = โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮธ)v(ฮปโˆ’ โˆ’โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž ฮธ)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdฮธ Entonces, nos queda: โˆซ โˆซ u(suv)v(svw โˆ’ suv)w(t โˆ’ svw) โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž dsuvdsvw = โˆซ โˆซ u(ฮธ)v(ฮป โˆ’ โˆ’โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž ฮธ)w(t โˆ’ ฮป)dฮปdฮธ Teorema 3: La convolucion es distributiva Sean tres seรฑales u(t), v(t)y w(t) , se cumple que: u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = u(t) โˆ— v(t) + u(t) โˆ— w(t)
  • 3. Demostraciรณn: u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = โˆซ u(t)[v(tโˆ’ s) + w(t โˆ’ s)]ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = โˆซ u(t)v(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž + โˆซ u(t)w(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž u(t) โˆ— [v(t) + w(t)] = u(t) โˆ— v(t) + u(t) โˆ— w(t) Teorema 4: La convolucion es bilineal Sean tres seรฑales u(t), v(t)y w(t) , se cumple que: (ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) โˆ— w(t) = ฮฑ(u(t) โˆ— w(t)) + ฮฒ(v(t) โˆ— w(t)) Demostraciรณn: (ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) โˆ— w(t) = โˆซ (ฮฑu(s)+ ฮฒv(s))w(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž (ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) = โˆซ ฮฑu(s)w(t โˆ’ s)ds+ โˆซ ฮฒv(s)w(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž (ฮฑu(t) + ฮฒv(t)) = ฮฑ(u(t) โˆ— w(t) + ฮฒ(v(t) โˆ— w(t)) Teorema 5: Propiedad de escalabilidad Sea: y(t) = u(t) โˆ— h(t) y z(t) = u(at) โˆ— h(at), a > 0 Entonces: z(t) = โˆซ u(as)h(a(t โˆ’ s))ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž Demostraciรณn: Haciendo el siguiente cambio de variable: ฮป = as, ds = dฮป a , para a > 0 z(t) = 1 a โˆซ u(ฮป)h(at โˆ’ ฮป)dฮป โˆž โˆ’โˆž Donde:
  • 4. y(t) = u(t) โˆ— h(t) = โˆซ u(s)h(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž Entonces podemos definir, las siguientes relaciones: z(t) = ( 1 a ) y(at) ( 1 a ) y(at) = u(at)h(at) Entonces quedarรญa: y(at) = |a|u(at)h(at) Teorema 6: Propiedad de desplazamiento en el tiempo u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = z(t + a + b) Donde: z(t) = โˆซ u(s)v(t โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž Demostraciรณn: u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = โˆซ u(s + a)v(t + b โˆ’ s)ds โˆž โˆ’โˆž Aplicando el cambio de variable: s + a = r u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = โˆซ u(r)v(t + a + b โˆ’ r)dr โˆž โˆ’โˆž u(t + a) โˆ— v(t + b) = z(t + a + b) Teorema 7: Si ๐’–( ๐’•) ๐’š ๐’—(๐’•) son seรฑales continuas y totalmente integrables en R, entonces su convolucion ๐’–( ๐’•) โˆ— ๐’—(๐’•) es tambien una seรฑal totalmente integrable. Se verifica la desigualdad. โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…) โ‰ค โ€– ๐‘ข(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…)โ€– ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…) Antes de demostrar dicho teorema, definimos el teorema de fubini.
  • 5. Teorema de Fubini: Afirma que si : ๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ, ๐‘ฆ) = ๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘”(๐‘ฆ)d Entonces: โˆซ ๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ โˆซ ๐‘”( ๐‘ฆ) ๐‘‘๐‘ฆ = โˆซ ๐‘“( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘”( ๐‘ฆ) ๐‘‘(๐‘ฅ, ๐‘ฆ) ๐ด๐‘‹๐ต๐ต๐ด Demostraciรณn: Ahora retomemos la demostraciรณn: โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1( ๐‘…) = โˆซ | ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)| ๐‘‘๐‘ก โˆž โˆ’โˆž โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 ( ๐‘…) = โˆซ |โˆซ ๐‘ข( ๐‘ ) ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘  โˆž โˆ’โˆž | ๐‘‘๐‘ก โˆž โˆ’โˆž โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1( ๐‘…) โ‰ค โˆซ โˆซ | ๐‘ข( ๐‘ )|| ๐‘ฃ( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘ ๐‘‘๐‘ก โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…) โ‰ค โˆซ {โˆซ | ๐‘ข(๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘  โˆž โˆ’โˆž } | ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘ก (๐ด๐‘๐‘™๐‘–๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘œ ๐น๐‘ข๐‘๐‘–๐‘›๐‘–) โˆž โˆ’โˆž โ€– ๐‘ข( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…) โ‰ค โ€– ๐‘ข(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…) โˆซ | ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )| ๐‘‘๐‘ก = โˆž โˆ’โˆž โ€– ๐‘ข(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…)โ€– ๐‘ฃ(๐‘ก)โ€– ๐ฟ1 (๐‘…)
  • 6. II. TRANSFORMADA DE FOURIER Sean las siguientes funciones: ๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) ๐‘ฆ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก) y sus transformadas de Fourier son: ๐น1 = โˆซ ๐‘“1(๐‘ก)๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ก โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐น2 = โˆซ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก)๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ก โˆž โˆ’โˆž Sus transformadas inversas son: ๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) = 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น1 (๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐œ” โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก) = 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น2 ( ๐œ”) ๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐œ” โˆž โˆ’โˆž Entonces: Teorema 1: ๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = ๐นโˆ’1 [๐น1 ( ๐œ”) ๐น2( ๐œ”)] Demostraciรณn: ๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ ) ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘  โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ )[ 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น2(๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”(๐‘กโˆ’๐‘ ) โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐‘‘๐œ”]๐‘‘๐‘  ๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น2( ๐œ”)[ 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐‘“1(๐‘ )๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘  ๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐œ” โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐‘“1 โˆ— ๐‘“2 = 2๐œ‹ โˆซ 1 2๐œ‹ ๐น2( ๐œ”) ๐น1(๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐œ” โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ โˆ— ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ = ๐Ÿ๐…๐‘ญโˆ’๐Ÿ [๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž) ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž)] Teorema 2: ๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] = 2๐œ‹๐‘“1 ๐‘“2
  • 7. Demostraciรณn: ๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2 ( ๐œ”)] = ๐นโˆ’1 [โˆซ ๐น1( ๐‘ ) ๐น2( ๐œ” โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ] โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] = 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ [ โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆซ ๐น1( ๐‘ ) ๐น2 ( ๐œ” โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐œ” โˆž โˆ’โˆž Hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable: ๐œ” โˆ’ ๐‘  = ๐‘ฅ, ๐œ” = ๐‘ฅ + ๐‘ , ๐‘‘๐œ” = ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ ๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] = 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ [ โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆซ ๐น1 ( ๐‘ ) ๐น2( ๐‘ฅ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’ ๐‘—(๐‘ฅ+๐‘ )๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1 ( ๐œ”)โˆ— ๐น2 ( ๐œ”)] = 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น1 ( ๐‘ ) โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆซ ๐น2(๐‘ฅ) โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐‘’ ๐‘—( ๐‘ฅ+๐‘ ) ๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ๐‘‘๐‘  ๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2 ( ๐œ”)] = 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น1 ( ๐‘ ) ๐‘’ ๐‘—๐‘ ๐‘ก [โˆซ ๐น2(๐‘ฅ)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐‘ฅ๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ฅ]๐‘‘๐‘  โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž Multiplicamos y dividimos por 2๐… ๐นโˆ’1[ ๐น1( ๐œ”) โˆ— ๐น2( ๐œ”)] = 2๐œ‹[ 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น1( ๐œ”) ๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐œ”][ 1 2๐œ‹ โˆซ ๐น2 (๐œ”)๐‘’ ๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐œ”] โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐‘ญโˆ’๐Ÿ[ ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž)โˆ— ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž)] = ๐Ÿ๐…๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•) ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ(๐’•) Teorema 3: La transformada de Fourier de la convolucion de dos funciones ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•) ๐’š ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ(๐’•) es la multiplicaciรณn de las transformadas de Fourier de ambas funciones. ๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก)) = ๐น1( ๐œ”) ๐น2 (๐œ”) Demostraciรณn: ๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ [โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ ) ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ ) ๐‘‘๐‘ ]๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ก โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ )[โˆซ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ก]๐‘‘๐‘  โˆž โˆ’โˆž โˆž โˆ’โˆž Pero:
  • 8. โˆซ ๐‘“2(๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘ก ๐‘‘๐‘ก โˆž โˆ’โˆž = ๐น[ ๐‘“2( ๐‘ก โˆ’ ๐‘ )] = ๐น2 (๐œ”)๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘  Finalmente reemplazamos en la expresiรณn: ๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2 ( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ ๐‘“1( ๐‘ ) โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐น2( ๐œ”) ๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘  ๐‘‘๐‘  ๐น(๐‘“1( ๐‘ก) โˆ— ๐‘“2 ( ๐‘ก)) = โˆซ ๐‘“1 ( ๐‘ ) โˆž โˆ’โˆž ๐‘’โˆ’๐‘—๐œ”๐‘  ๐‘‘๐‘ ๐น2(๐œ”) ๐‘ญ(๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•)โˆ— ๐’‡ ๐Ÿ( ๐’•)) = ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ( ๐Ž) ๐‘ญ ๐Ÿ(๐Ž)