Papier ist ein endlos hergestelltes Vlies aus Pflanzenfasern. Der Hauptfaserrohstoff ist Holz. Andere Faserarten, z. B. Stroh, Hadern, Baumwolle und synthetische Fasern spielen eine untergeordnete Rolle.
In der Stoffaufbereitung werden sämtliche Komponenten, die für die Mischung des Papieres verwendet werden, zusammen geführt und rezeptmässig verarbeitet.
This document discusses fibers that are used in papermaking. It begins by explaining that the properties of paper are largely determined by the base paper fibers. It then discusses different types of fibers like wood, herbaceous plants, and seed hair fibers. The document focuses on wood fibers and the pulp making process. It describes softwood and hardwood fibers and pulping processes like mechanical, semi-chemical, and chemical pulping. Refining and its effects on fiber properties are also explained. The importance of fiber length, fines, and vessel elements are covered. Finally, priority properties for different paper types are listed.
Chemistry of papermaking - Around 3000 chemicals used in paper making processrita martin
This document discusses the chemistry of paper making. It describes how paper was first invented in ancient China and the introduction of papermaking to other parts of Asia and Europe. It then explains some of the key chemicals used in the papermaking process, such as caustic soda and sulfurous acid. The document also outlines several applications of paper, from books to packaging to medical uses. It concludes by listing some of the top paper manufacturing companies and providing interesting facts about paper recycling.
The document describes the process of paper production, including:
1) Wood fibers are the main raw material and are unlocked from surrounding tissue through mechanical or chemical processes to produce pulp.
2) The pulp is refined, additives are mixed in, and the slurry is formed into a continuous web on a paper machine where water is removed through several sections.
3) Key factors that determine paper properties are fiber length and orientation, degree of refining, and additives used. The paper making process produces a fiber-oriented sheet with different characteristics on each side.
Pulp and Paper Industry (Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, ...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibers, generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. In developing countries, about 60% of cellulose fibers originate from non wood raw materials such as bagasse, cereal straw, bamboo, reeds, esparto grass, jute, flax, and sisal. The main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing are: Raw material preparation and handling, Pulp manufacturing, Pulp Washing and Screening, Chemical recovery, Bleaching, Stock Preparation, and Papermaking.
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Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Pulp and Paper Industry, Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, Corrugating Medium Paper, Newspapers Hardboards, Pulp and paper processing industry, Pulp and paper making business, Investment Opportunity for Pulp & Paper, Paper Manufacturing Plant, Pulp from Bamboo, Profitable pulp and paper business, Pulp and paper production, Manufacture of corrugating medium paper, Feasibility of recycled newspapers hardboards, Paper mill in India, Best small and cottage scale industries, Book of Pulp and Paper, Paper Board and Paper-based Technology, Book on Pulping and Papermaking, Business guidance for Pulp and paper industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Drying of Paper, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hard-Board manufacturing, How to Start a Pulp and paper industry?, How to Start a Pulp and paper Production Business, How to start a successful Pulp and paper business, How to Start Pulp and paper Processing Industry in India, How to Start-Up a paper converting Business, Industry of pulp and paper, Kraft Paper manufacturing, Kraft Paper production, Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Manufacture of pulp and paper, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Pulp and paper Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Pulp and paper processing industry, Paper and pulp industries, Paper and Pulp Production Technology book, Paper Making Small Business Manufacturing, Paper Production, Paper production line, Paper Production: The Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Paper, Pulp and Paper Conversion, Papermaking Science and Technology book, Production of Kraft Paper, Production of Soda Semi-Chemical Pulp, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Pulp and paper manufacturing, Project for startups, Pulp and paper Based Profitable Projects, Pulp and paper Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology
In der Stoffaufbereitung werden sämtliche Komponenten, die für die Mischung des Papieres verwendet werden, zusammen geführt und rezeptmässig verarbeitet.
This document discusses fibers that are used in papermaking. It begins by explaining that the properties of paper are largely determined by the base paper fibers. It then discusses different types of fibers like wood, herbaceous plants, and seed hair fibers. The document focuses on wood fibers and the pulp making process. It describes softwood and hardwood fibers and pulping processes like mechanical, semi-chemical, and chemical pulping. Refining and its effects on fiber properties are also explained. The importance of fiber length, fines, and vessel elements are covered. Finally, priority properties for different paper types are listed.
Chemistry of papermaking - Around 3000 chemicals used in paper making processrita martin
This document discusses the chemistry of paper making. It describes how paper was first invented in ancient China and the introduction of papermaking to other parts of Asia and Europe. It then explains some of the key chemicals used in the papermaking process, such as caustic soda and sulfurous acid. The document also outlines several applications of paper, from books to packaging to medical uses. It concludes by listing some of the top paper manufacturing companies and providing interesting facts about paper recycling.
The document describes the process of paper production, including:
1) Wood fibers are the main raw material and are unlocked from surrounding tissue through mechanical or chemical processes to produce pulp.
2) The pulp is refined, additives are mixed in, and the slurry is formed into a continuous web on a paper machine where water is removed through several sections.
3) Key factors that determine paper properties are fiber length and orientation, degree of refining, and additives used. The paper making process produces a fiber-oriented sheet with different characteristics on each side.
Pulp and Paper Industry (Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, ...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibers, generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. In developing countries, about 60% of cellulose fibers originate from non wood raw materials such as bagasse, cereal straw, bamboo, reeds, esparto grass, jute, flax, and sisal. The main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing are: Raw material preparation and handling, Pulp manufacturing, Pulp Washing and Screening, Chemical recovery, Bleaching, Stock Preparation, and Papermaking.
See more
https://goo.gl/MqZ7s4
https://goo.gl/jByd5s
https://goo.gl/4KnBEM
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Pulp and Paper Industry, Pulp Mill, Paper Mill, Printing and Writing Papers, Corrugating Medium Paper, Newspapers Hardboards, Pulp and paper processing industry, Pulp and paper making business, Investment Opportunity for Pulp & Paper, Paper Manufacturing Plant, Pulp from Bamboo, Profitable pulp and paper business, Pulp and paper production, Manufacture of corrugating medium paper, Feasibility of recycled newspapers hardboards, Paper mill in India, Best small and cottage scale industries, Book of Pulp and Paper, Paper Board and Paper-based Technology, Book on Pulping and Papermaking, Business guidance for Pulp and paper industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Drying of Paper, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hard-Board manufacturing, How to Start a Pulp and paper industry?, How to Start a Pulp and paper Production Business, How to start a successful Pulp and paper business, How to Start Pulp and paper Processing Industry in India, How to Start-Up a paper converting Business, Industry of pulp and paper, Kraft Paper manufacturing, Kraft Paper production, Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Manufacture of pulp and paper, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Pulp and paper Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Pulp and paper processing industry, Paper and pulp industries, Paper and Pulp Production Technology book, Paper Making Small Business Manufacturing, Paper Production, Paper production line, Paper Production: The Kraft Process in the paper and pulp industry, Paper, Pulp and Paper Conversion, Papermaking Science and Technology book, Production of Kraft Paper, Production of Soda Semi-Chemical Pulp, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Pulp and paper manufacturing, Project for startups, Pulp and paper Based Profitable Projects, Pulp and paper Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology
The document summarizes the effects of stock treatment, drying, and recycling on fiber properties. It discusses how mill pulps have shorter, less uniformly delignified fibers than laboratory pulps due to mechanical damage. Drying fibers causes further strength loss. Recycled fibers have even lower strength due to increased damage. Refining improves fiber bonding but also causes defects. Proper electrostatic conditions and minimizing turbulence can improve strength. Fiber fines and properties like length, fibrillation, and curl strongly influence paper strength.
The document describes the key components and processes of a paper machine. It discusses the wet end which includes stock preparation and transport to the headbox. It then explains the headbox, wire section for initial dewatering, press section for further dewatering including conventional, German and shoe presses. Drying sections are described next for heating and drying the paper web. A size press is included to make the surface water repellent before winding the finished paper onto large reels. Water is circulated throughout the entire papermaking process.
The document discusses the finishing process for paper products. Finishing involves cutting paper to size, packaging it for customers, and applying identifying labels. Key steps include calendering to make the paper smooth, slitting large reels into smaller ones, reel packaging, sheet cutting, and packaging sheets or reams with labels. The goal is to prepare the paper according to customer specifications and protect it during transport and storage. Various machines such as calenders, slitters, cutters, and packaging equipment are used to complete the finishing steps.
This document discusses various paper properties including color space, measuring methods, thickness, bulk, formulas, machine direction, humidity, temperature effects on acclimatization time, classifications of coated and uncoated papers for printing, and technical support contact information. It provides information on paper testing methods, calculations, recommendations, and classifications.
This document summarizes the pulp and paper production process in 16 sections. It describes how pulp is produced from wood chips through mechanical and chemical pulping processes. The wood chips are cooked with chemicals to separate cellulose fibers from lignin. The fibers are then bleached and formed into a paper sheet on a paper machine. The sheet goes through several stages of pressing, drying, and calendering before finishing processes like coating are applied to enhance the paper's properties. The process aims to efficiently produce pulp from wood sources and transform it into high-quality paper products.
The document summarizes the paper and pulp industries. It discusses that paper is made from cellulose fibers derived from wood, rags or grasses. The pulp and paper industry converts these fibers into pulp and paper. Wood is broken down mechanically or chemically into fibers, which are then mixed with water and dried to form paper. The key raw materials are fibers from wood or non-wood sources, chemicals for pulping, energy, and water. The major pulping processes are mechanical, chemical (kraft and sulfite), and semichemical. Paper is manufactured using a paper making machine that removes water from the pulp to form a continuous paper sheet.
This document summarizes the paper making process from wood to coated paper in 9 steps:
1) Wood production - Wood is the raw material and is debarked and cut into chips.
2) Pulp production - Chips are turned into pulp through mechanical or chemical pulping processes.
3) Paper production - Pulp is refined and formed into a paper sheet on a paper machine.
4) Surface treatment - The paper sheet is sized and calendered.
5) Coating - The paper is coated for a smooth surface.
6) Finishing - The coated paper is calendered, rewound, slit, and cut.
7) Packing and storage - The finished paper
Carbide Doctor Blades on Ceramic Press RollsKadant Inc.
Ceramic press rolls have become popular choices for improving papermaking efficiency and product quality. The proper selection and use of ceramic-tipped doctor blades and cleaning shower systems is critical in getting the highest performance from these rolls.
This document provides a detailed history and overview of the paper making process. It discusses that the Chinese invented modern paper making in 105 AD using mulberry bark, hemp waste, and old rags. The key steps of paper making included pulping wood or plant fibers to form a pulp slurry, depositing the slurry onto a moving wire mesh using a headbox to form a wet mat, and then draining water out of the mat using suction boxes to produce a paper sheet. The document covers various pulping methods and the significance of paper in history.
This document discusses producing pulp from agricultural waste materials like palm fronds and banana leaves as an alternative to imported wood fiber for paper production. The objectives are to pulp these materials using atmospheric and high pressure cooking. The experimental process involves drying, chopping, digesting with NaOH, washing, and defiberizing the materials. Various pulp properties are tested and strength is found to be comparable to bagasse pulp. The conclusion is that optimizing pulping of palm fronds and banana leaves can produce pulp to substitute some imported wood pulp.
The Bel-Champ dryer section patented by Beloit in the 1990s aimed to reduce drying shrinkage, especially at web edges, but was unable to reduce edge shrinkage significantly. As a result, the Bel-Champ design produces a very high shrinkage gradient at web edges compared to other dryer designs. This high shrinkage gradient causes problems like cockling, curling, wrinkling and increased broke that negatively impact runnability and paper quality. Additionally, the Bel-Champ requires high web and fabric temperatures that reduce drying efficiency and paper strength properties while increasing stickies problems.
This document provides a summary of a material balance study and steam and condensate system study conducted at JK Paper Ltd.'s Central Pulp Mills unit. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking various managers and staff for their assistance during the author's training period. Graphs and calculations are presented to show the material balance from the stock to the pope reel of paper machine 2, as well as the steam and condensate system of that paper machine, which is divided into 6 parts in a cascade system. Conclusions recognize the graphical representations provided and state that the material balance and flows will change according to different operating data.
The document provides information about the pulp and paper industry, including its history and the processes involved in pulp production. It discusses the key components of wood (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and describes different pulping processes - mechanical (stone groundwood, refiner mechanical, thermomechanical, chemithermomechanical), semichemical, and chemical (kraft and sulfite). The kraft process is highlighted as the most commonly used chemical pulping method today due to its ability to pulp a variety of wood types and recover chemicals for reuse.
This document discusses different types of selvedges used in weaving to prevent fraying of fabric edges. There are three main types: conventional selvedges produced on shuttle looms, which require strength; tuck selvedges where extra yarn is pulled into the shed; and fringe selvedges where alternating weft tails point up and down to hide the fringe. Special selvedges are needed when the weft yarn is cut, and leno structures that twist or lock outside ends with thread are also used to create strong, uniform selvedges.
The document summarizes the effects of stock treatment, drying, and recycling on fiber properties. It discusses how mill pulps have shorter, less uniformly delignified fibers than laboratory pulps due to mechanical damage. Drying fibers causes further strength loss. Recycled fibers have even lower strength due to increased damage. Refining improves fiber bonding but also causes defects. Proper electrostatic conditions and minimizing turbulence can improve strength. Fiber fines and properties like length, fibrillation, and curl strongly influence paper strength.
The document describes the key components and processes of a paper machine. It discusses the wet end which includes stock preparation and transport to the headbox. It then explains the headbox, wire section for initial dewatering, press section for further dewatering including conventional, German and shoe presses. Drying sections are described next for heating and drying the paper web. A size press is included to make the surface water repellent before winding the finished paper onto large reels. Water is circulated throughout the entire papermaking process.
The document discusses the finishing process for paper products. Finishing involves cutting paper to size, packaging it for customers, and applying identifying labels. Key steps include calendering to make the paper smooth, slitting large reels into smaller ones, reel packaging, sheet cutting, and packaging sheets or reams with labels. The goal is to prepare the paper according to customer specifications and protect it during transport and storage. Various machines such as calenders, slitters, cutters, and packaging equipment are used to complete the finishing steps.
This document discusses various paper properties including color space, measuring methods, thickness, bulk, formulas, machine direction, humidity, temperature effects on acclimatization time, classifications of coated and uncoated papers for printing, and technical support contact information. It provides information on paper testing methods, calculations, recommendations, and classifications.
This document summarizes the pulp and paper production process in 16 sections. It describes how pulp is produced from wood chips through mechanical and chemical pulping processes. The wood chips are cooked with chemicals to separate cellulose fibers from lignin. The fibers are then bleached and formed into a paper sheet on a paper machine. The sheet goes through several stages of pressing, drying, and calendering before finishing processes like coating are applied to enhance the paper's properties. The process aims to efficiently produce pulp from wood sources and transform it into high-quality paper products.
The document summarizes the paper and pulp industries. It discusses that paper is made from cellulose fibers derived from wood, rags or grasses. The pulp and paper industry converts these fibers into pulp and paper. Wood is broken down mechanically or chemically into fibers, which are then mixed with water and dried to form paper. The key raw materials are fibers from wood or non-wood sources, chemicals for pulping, energy, and water. The major pulping processes are mechanical, chemical (kraft and sulfite), and semichemical. Paper is manufactured using a paper making machine that removes water from the pulp to form a continuous paper sheet.
This document summarizes the paper making process from wood to coated paper in 9 steps:
1) Wood production - Wood is the raw material and is debarked and cut into chips.
2) Pulp production - Chips are turned into pulp through mechanical or chemical pulping processes.
3) Paper production - Pulp is refined and formed into a paper sheet on a paper machine.
4) Surface treatment - The paper sheet is sized and calendered.
5) Coating - The paper is coated for a smooth surface.
6) Finishing - The coated paper is calendered, rewound, slit, and cut.
7) Packing and storage - The finished paper
Carbide Doctor Blades on Ceramic Press RollsKadant Inc.
Ceramic press rolls have become popular choices for improving papermaking efficiency and product quality. The proper selection and use of ceramic-tipped doctor blades and cleaning shower systems is critical in getting the highest performance from these rolls.
This document provides a detailed history and overview of the paper making process. It discusses that the Chinese invented modern paper making in 105 AD using mulberry bark, hemp waste, and old rags. The key steps of paper making included pulping wood or plant fibers to form a pulp slurry, depositing the slurry onto a moving wire mesh using a headbox to form a wet mat, and then draining water out of the mat using suction boxes to produce a paper sheet. The document covers various pulping methods and the significance of paper in history.
This document discusses producing pulp from agricultural waste materials like palm fronds and banana leaves as an alternative to imported wood fiber for paper production. The objectives are to pulp these materials using atmospheric and high pressure cooking. The experimental process involves drying, chopping, digesting with NaOH, washing, and defiberizing the materials. Various pulp properties are tested and strength is found to be comparable to bagasse pulp. The conclusion is that optimizing pulping of palm fronds and banana leaves can produce pulp to substitute some imported wood pulp.
The Bel-Champ dryer section patented by Beloit in the 1990s aimed to reduce drying shrinkage, especially at web edges, but was unable to reduce edge shrinkage significantly. As a result, the Bel-Champ design produces a very high shrinkage gradient at web edges compared to other dryer designs. This high shrinkage gradient causes problems like cockling, curling, wrinkling and increased broke that negatively impact runnability and paper quality. Additionally, the Bel-Champ requires high web and fabric temperatures that reduce drying efficiency and paper strength properties while increasing stickies problems.
This document provides a summary of a material balance study and steam and condensate system study conducted at JK Paper Ltd.'s Central Pulp Mills unit. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking various managers and staff for their assistance during the author's training period. Graphs and calculations are presented to show the material balance from the stock to the pope reel of paper machine 2, as well as the steam and condensate system of that paper machine, which is divided into 6 parts in a cascade system. Conclusions recognize the graphical representations provided and state that the material balance and flows will change according to different operating data.
The document provides information about the pulp and paper industry, including its history and the processes involved in pulp production. It discusses the key components of wood (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and describes different pulping processes - mechanical (stone groundwood, refiner mechanical, thermomechanical, chemithermomechanical), semichemical, and chemical (kraft and sulfite). The kraft process is highlighted as the most commonly used chemical pulping method today due to its ability to pulp a variety of wood types and recover chemicals for reuse.
This document discusses different types of selvedges used in weaving to prevent fraying of fabric edges. There are three main types: conventional selvedges produced on shuttle looms, which require strength; tuck selvedges where extra yarn is pulled into the shed; and fringe selvedges where alternating weft tails point up and down to hide the fringe. Special selvedges are needed when the weft yarn is cut, and leno structures that twist or lock outside ends with thread are also used to create strong, uniform selvedges.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview October 2015SappiHouston
The document summarizes economic indicators and forecasts from Europe, the US, and Japan in October 2015. In Europe, GDP growth forecasts remained stable for 2015 but declined slightly for 2016, and industrial confidence increased slightly while consumer confidence declined. In the US, GDP forecasts remained the same for 2015 but declined slightly for 2016. Japan's GDP forecasts declined for both 2015 and 2016, and its credit rating was downgraded. The document also includes charts and data on topics like GDP, inflation, unemployment, and business climate indexes for various countries and regions.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview August 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts, inflation rates, unemployment, industrial and consumer confidence indexes, and capacity utilization in the EU. Charts show trends in these indicators. The report also provides data on business climate indexes in Germany and worldwide from IFO and advertising expenditure forecasts from ZenithOptimedia.
Papier ist ein endlos hergestelltes Vlies aus Pflanzenfasern. Der Hauptfaserrohstoff ist Holz. Andere Faserarten, z. B. Stroh, Hadern, Baumwolle und synthetische Fasern spielen eine untergeordnete Rolle.
The document discusses paper processing and rolling. It describes the calendering process which uses a super calender with 12 steel and soft rollers to smooth and finish the paper surface. It then discusses how the paper is wound onto rolls after calendering and the equipment used such as roll cutters, jumbo roll cutters, and roll packing machines.
Der Offsetdruck hat die größte Bandbreite an Druckprodukten, von Visitenkarten bis zu Zeitungen, Zeitschriften, Katalogen oder Bildbänden.
Wir unterscheiden zwischen Bogenoffsetdruck und Rollenoffsetdruck.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview June 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes that GDP growth in the EU remained stable in 2015 but declined in the US due to harsh weather and a strong dollar. Industrial confidence in the EU improved slightly while consumer confidence declined. The German economy remains on track with recent data showing accelerated growth, though the IFO Business Climate Index edged downward.
Economic Indicators and Monthly Overview April 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and globally. Key points include:
- GDP growth forecasts for Europe and Germany improved slightly, while forecasts declined for the US and Japan.
- Industrial confidence in the Eurozone rose again in March, and consumer confidence continued to improve significantly.
- Unemployment rates and inflation rates in the Eurozone are trending downward.
- The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany reached its highest level since July 2014, indicating continued economic expansion.
Economic indicators and Monthly Overview January 2015SappiHouston
The document provides an economic outlook for January 2015. It summarizes forecasts for GDP growth in Europe, the US, and Japan in 2015 and 2016. GDP growth is expected to be 1.5% in Europe in 2015 and 1.8% in 2016. In the US, GDP growth is forecast to be 3.2% in 2015 and 2.8% in 2016. Japan's GDP growth is projected to be 1.2% in 2015 and 1.5% in 2016. The document also reviews recent economic indicator data for the EU, Germany, and other regions.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts for Europe and Japan were lowered for 2014 but raised slightly for Japan in 2015. Industrial and consumer confidence in the EU improved slightly in October, breaking prior downward trends. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany continued to fall, indicating a deteriorating outlook for the German economy.
This document provides an economic overview and indicators for Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany from October 2014. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts were lowered slightly for Europe and Japan, while the US forecast improved slightly. Industrial confidence and consumer confidence in Europe continued to decline in September. The German IFO Business Climate Index fell again, indicating the German economy is slowing. Charts show trends in GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other economic indicators for various regions.
Economic Indicators and Montly Overview September SappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes data on GDP growth, unemployment, inflation, business and consumer confidence indexes. GDP growth forecasts for Europe in 2014 were lowered slightly due to stagnation in the Eurozone recovery. US GDP growth forecasts remained unchanged, while Japan's forecasts saw a small decrease and increase for 2014 and 2015 respectively. Several indexes tracking European industrial and consumer confidence declined further in August.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts, business and consumer confidence indexes, unemployment and inflation rates. GDP growth is expected to be modest in Europe and the US in 2014, while forecasts for Japan remain stable. Several indexes for Germany fell slightly in June due to concerns about the impact of crises in Ukraine and Iraq. Advertising growth forecasts from Zenith also are included, with global growth expected to be 4.7% in 2014.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. Key points include: the GDP growth forecast for the EU remained stable at 1.5% for 2014 but decreased for the US; the ECB cut interest rates to stimulate lending; consumer confidence in the EU continued to improve while Germany's business climate index fell slightly; and global advertising growth is projected to increase by 4.9% in 2014.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and global advertising trends. It summarizes GDP forecasts, economic confidence indexes, inflation rates, and unemployment in key regions. Recent data points to positive but uneven growth returning to the Eurozone. The ECB is expected to cut interest rates further to boost low inflation. The US economy showed mixed results in Q1 2014 due to weather impacts. Japanese consumer spending increased sharply ahead of a sales tax hike. Global advertising is forecast to grow 5.1% in 2014 led by digital media, especially in emerging markets.
Economic indicators april 2014 houstonSappiHouston
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts which remained positive for Europe and the US but fell slightly for Japan. It also reviews recent economic data on industrial confidence, unemployment, inflation and other indicators, which were mostly stable or improving. However, the IFO Business Climate index for Germany fell in March due to concerns about emerging markets and events in Crimea.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes GDP growth forecasts which were improved slightly for Europe but decreased for the US and Japan. Unemployment and industrial confidence indicators for Europe are also discussed. Key points about advertising growth forecasts from Zenith are presented.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan and Germany. It summarizes GDP forecasts, inflation rates, unemployment, consumer confidence indexes and other metrics. According to the document, GDP growth is expected to improve in the US and Eurozone in 2014, while Japan's GDP forecast was lowered slightly. Inflation remains a concern in the Eurozone. The German economy started 2014 promisingly with rising business sentiment indicators.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators and forecasts from various sources. It summarizes that consensus GDP forecasts for major economies remained largely unchanged, while industrial confidence in the EU improved and consumer confidence declined slightly. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany rose significantly on improved current business assessments and expectations. Zenith data showed global advertising expenditures are forecast to grow 4.9% in 2013 and 5.1% in 2014.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators and forecasts from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany in October 2013. Key points include:
- The Eurozone GDP growth forecast remained flat at 0.0% for 2013 and 1.3% for 2014, while the ECB unexpectedly cut interest rates to 0.25% due to deflation concerns.
- US GDP growth was revised up to 1.7% for 2013 and remained at 2.6% for 2014 following stronger than expected third quarter growth.
- Japan's GDP forecast remained unchanged at 1.9% for 2013 but declined slightly to 1.6% for 2014, despite other improving economic parameters.
- The IFO Business Climate Index
This document provides contact information for specialists at Sappi who can assist with technical issues in various languages and regions. It lists representatives for different countries and language groups in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the United Kingdom, along with their names and email addresses. It encourages contacting Sappi for any needed assistance and directs to their website for additional paper and printing knowledge.
The document provides an economic outlook overview for October 2013. It summarizes consensus GDP forecasts for Europe, the US, and Japan. For Europe, it notes improving industrial and consumer confidence in the EU, while the ECB kept interest rates unchanged. In the US, recovery has been hurt by the government shutdown. Japan took a small step to reduce debt by raising sales tax. Charts show historical GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other economic indicator trends in the EU. The report also summarizes IFO and Zenith economic indicator forecasts.
ContiVision - Web Break Analysis SystemSappiHouston
ContiVision is a system that automatically analyzes web breaks during the printing process. It determines the time, location, process circumstances, and most probable cause of each web break. This allows printers to optimize their process, prevent recurring breaks, and claim breaks caused by paper faults. The system collects data from sensors and cameras to analyze each break and produce a report with evidence to determine the root cause.
The document provides an economic outlook overview for September 2013. Key points include:
- GDP growth forecasts improved slightly for the Eurozone, US, and Japan. Recent data also indicates the Eurozone recovery is being maintained.
- Several economic indicators show improvements, such as industrial confidence and consumer confidence rising in the Eurozone. The IFO Business Climate Index for Germany also continued to climb.
- Global ad expenditure is forecast to grow at a slower 3.5% in 2013 due to issues in Europe and South Korea, but a rebound is expected in 2014-2015, led by rising markets. Internet and mobile advertising are outpacing other media in growth.
The document provides an overview of recent economic indicators from Europe, the US, Japan, and Germany. It summarizes that GDP growth forecasts for Europe and the US were slightly lowered, while forecasts for Japan remained unchanged. Several economic indicators for Europe showed improvements, including industrial confidence, consumer confidence, and GDP, pointing to a cautious recovery. The German IFO index rose for the third month in a row, with firms remaining cautiously optimistic.
This document discusses how materials modify light and how color is measured. It explains that light can be scattered, reflected, refracted, transmitted, absorbed, or diffracted when interacting with materials. Color measurement is based on spectroscopy, which measures light absorption across the electromagnetic spectrum. The CIE L*a*b* color space is commonly used to define color in a device-independent way using lightness, chroma, and hue. Print density is also measured to characterize color in printing and is calculated from spectral data using virtual filters.
2. Papier ist ein endlos hergestelltes Vlies aus Pflanzenfasern. Der Hauptfaserrohstoff ist Holz. Andere Faserarten, z. B. Stroh, Hadern, Baumwolle und synthetische Fasern spielen eine untergeordnete Rolle. Je nach Holzart besitzen die Fasern unterschiedliche Strukturen. So sind z. B. die Fasern der Nadelhölzer (Fichte, Kiefer) bedeutend länger als die der Laubhölzer (Birke, Buche). Bevor das Holz für die Papiererzeugung einsetzbar ist, muss es aufbereitet werden. Hierbei unterscheidet man den: - mechanischen Aufschluss und den - chemischen Aufschluss.
3.
4. Der mechanische Aufschluss des Holzes erfolgt durch Anpressen an einen rotierenden Stein mit rauer Oberfläche, in sogenannten Schleifern. Dabei wird viel Wasser zugesetzt und man erhält ein Gemisch aus Faserbruchstücken und Wasser, den Holzschliff. Je nach späteren Verwendungszweck erzeugt man Grob- oder Feinschliff, der je nach Bedarf gebleicht werden kann. Bei diesem Aufschluss bleiben alle natürlichen Bestandteile des Holzes, einschließlich Lignin, erhalten. Sie führen dazu, dass mit Holzschliff hergestellte Papiere stark zur Vergilbung neigen. Die unter Verwendung von Holzschliff hergestellten Papiere fasst man unter dem Begriff »holzhaltige Papiere« zusammen. Mechanischer Aufschluss im Magazinschleifer
5. Beim chemischen Aufschluss des Holzes verwendet man in der Hauptsache zwei Verfahren an: den sauren Aufschluss und den alkalischen Aufschluss In beiden Fällen werden aus den Hackschnitzeln von etwa 2 x 2 x 1,5 cm, unter Verwendung von Druck und Temperatur und mit Hilfe von Chemikalien, die Harze und das Lignin (Gerüstsubstanz des Holzes) herausgelöst. Nach diesem Kochvorgang kann man die jetzt weichen Holzschnitzel in Einzelfasern auflösen. Das erhaltene Produktbezeichnet man als Zellstoff. Dieser wird gewaschen (Entfernung der Chemikalien), sortiert und nach Bedarf gebleicht und getrocknet. Bei sauren Aufschlussverfahren wird eine Lösung aus Magnesiumbisulfit und freier schwefliger Säure verwendet. Man erhält den sogenannten Sulfitzellstoff. Die Abwässer beider Kochverfahren werden vollständig erfasst und in mehreren Verfahrens-schritten zur Energie- und Rohstoffgewinnung eingesetzt. Mehr als 95 % der Chemikalien werden so im Kreislauf gefahren. Für den alkalischen Aufschluss verwendet man Natronlauge und Natriumsulfat und erhält den Sulfatzellstoff, welcher sich durch besonders gute Festigkeitseigenschatten auszeichnet. Papier, welches ausschließlich aus Zellstoff hergestellt ist, bezeichnet man als holzfreies Papier.
7. Zu den Faserstoffen, welche man auch als Rohstoffe bezeichnet, werden noch verschiedene Hilfsstoffe beigemischt, um dem zu erzeugenden Papier spezielle Eigenschaften zu verleihen. Zu den Hilfsstoffen gehören: Füllstoffe, Leim, Alaun, Farbstoffe und optische Aufheller. Als Füllstoffe finden verschiedene Mine-ralien Verwendung. Hauptsächlich verwen-dete Füllstoffe sind: Silikate : Magnesiumsilikat, Talkum, Kaolin, Aluminiumsilikate. Sulfate: Calciumsulfataluminat (Satinweiß), Bariumsulfat (Blanc-Fix, Baryt), Calciumsulfat, Anilin. Carbonate: Calciumcarbonat (Kalkstein, Schlämmkreide), Magnesiumcarbonat, Magnesit (Patentweiß). Oxide: Titandioxid (Titanweiß).
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9. Papier ist ein mehr oder weniger poröses Geflecht aus Fasern, das in hohem Maße Flüssigkeiten aufnehmen kann. Bei dieser Flüssigkeitsaufnahme des Papiers findet ein Quellungsvorgang der Fasern statt, der die wichtigste Einflussgröße für die Dimensionsstabilität eines Papiers darstellt. Von den meisten Papieren wird jedoch verlangt, dass die auf ihrer Oberfläche aufgebrachten Flüssigkeiten in scharf umrissener Form erhalten bleiben (Ausnahme: Lösch- und Filterpapiere). Die Leimung von Papieren vermindert in starkem Maße das Eindringen von Wasser und wässrigen Lösungen in den Faserverband des Papiers. Die Saugfähigkeit wird entscheidend vermindert.
10. Zur Verwendung gelangen Naturharzleime (Kolophonium wird aus dem Harz der Nadelbäume gewonnen) oder synthetische Leime. Harzleim wird entweder als gelöste Harzseife oder als Harzdispersion mit der Faser -Wasser -Suspension innig vermischt und die einzelnen Leimpartikel werden mit Hilfe von Aluminiumsulfat (Alaun) an die Fasern gebunden. Synthetische Leime besitzen reaktive Gruppen, die sich an die Papierform ohne den Zusatz von Alaun anlagern können. In der Trockenpartie sintern die Leimpartikel und bilden eine wasserabstoßende Schicht in den Papierporen, wodurch der Leimungseffekt erzielt wird. Durch die Leimung wird die Festigkeit nur unbedeutend beeinflusst.
11. Abgesehen von den farbigen Papieren, wo der Einsatz von Farbstoffen selbstverständlich ist, werden diese auch bei weißen Papieren verwendet. Es gibt kein reines Weiß als Papierfärbung, sondern alle Papiere haben einen »Farbstich« ins rötliche, bläuliche, grünliche oder gelbliche. Da die Roh- und Hilfsstoffe ebenfalls in der Färbung unterschiedlich sind, müssen zur Erzielung einer gleich bleibenden Papierfärbung Nuancierfarbstoffe eingesetzt werden. Neben den Farbstoffen werden noch sogenannte optische Aufheller eingesetzt. Diese verleihen dem Papier ein höheres Weiß, indem sie Lichtanteile aus dem unsichtbaren Teil des Wellenlängenbereichs überführen. Ein Effekt, der besonders von der Waschmittelindustrie genutzt wird (Weißmacher).
12. Die Eigenschaften des Papiers werden aber nicht nur von der Stoffzusammensetzung (Langfaser, Kurzfaser, Sulfit-, Sulfatzellstoffe) und den Hilfsstoffen (Füllstoffe, Leim etc.) bestimmt, sondern auch von der Mahlung der Fasern. Die Mahlung erfolgt in wässriger Verdünnung bei etwa 4-7% Fasergehalt. Sie dient in erster Linie der Erhöhung der Festigkeit. Bei engem Messerabstand werden die Fasern abgeschnitten, kaum gequetscht. Die Faserhohlräume bleiben erhalten. Der kurzfaserige Stoff fühlt sich körnig an. Man spricht von der röschen Mahlung (rösch= resch = knusprig, rau, körnig). Bei der Blattbildung legen sich die Fasern mit ihren natürlichen Poren locker übereinander, bilden Hohlräume. Es entsteht ein weiches, voluminöses, saugfähiges Papier von geringer Festigkeit. Beispiel: Werkdruckpapier, Löschpapier.
14. Bei etwas weiterem Messerabstand wird die Faser in erster Linie gequetscht, spaltet sich in ihre Fibrillen (feinste Einzelstränge) auf. Die Faserhohlräume gehen verloren. Der gemahlene Stoff fühlt sich schmierig an. Man spricht von einer schmierigen Mahlung. Bei der Blattbildung verfilzen die Fibrillen eng miteinander; das ergibt ein sehr dichtes, wenig saugfähiges Papier mit geringer Opazität und hoher Festigkeit. Beispiel: Transparentpapier, Pergamin.
16. Die eingesetzten Faserstoffe werden meistens in Ballen angeliefert. Mit Wasser werden die Ballen in Pulpern (System wie Küchenmaschinen) aufgelöst. Das StoffWasser-Gemisch hat ca. 4-7 % Fasergehalt und wird durch Pumpen innerhalb der Papierfabrik zu den einzelnen Bearbeitungsstufen transportiert. In großen Mischbütten erfolgt nach der Mahlung die Zusammenmischung der einzelnen Faserroh- und Hilfsstoffe. Dieser »Ganzstoff« wird anschließend erheblich mit Wasser verdünnt (ca. 1 % Stoffdichte) und durchläuft verschiedene Reinigungsstufen (Cleaner, Vertikalsichter, Knotenfänger), in welchen die Verunreinigungen wie Sand, Splitter, Plastik entfernt werden. Danach gelangt der Stoff auf die Papiermaschine.
18. Die Papiermaschine setzt sich aus folgenden Teilabschnitten zusammen, welche das Papier nacheinander durchläuft : Stoffauflauf Siebpartie Pressenpartie Vortrockenpartie Leimpresse Nachtrockenpartie Glättwerk Aufrollung Im Stoffauflauf wird der Stoff gleichmäßig verteilt und tritt durch einen schmalen Spalt in Papiermaschinenbreite auf das Sieb aus. Dieses ist ein feines, endlos umlaufendes Metall- oder Kunststoffgewebe. Es wird durch Walzen oder Leisten getragen, die das Wasser nach unten abziehen. Eine Siebschüttelung kann die Stoffverteilung (Durchsicht) und die Verfilzung der einzelnen Fasern positiv beeinflussen. Die weitere Entwässerung geschieht durch Vakuumkästen, Saugwalzen und ein Ober-sieb. Die fertige Papierbahn wird mit ca. 20% Feststoffgehalt an die Pressenpartie übergeben.
19. Entstehung der Laufrichtung in der Siebpartie der Papiermaschine Auf dem Sieb der Papiermaschine ordnen sich die Papierfasern während des Entwässerungsprozesses in Laufrichtung des Siebes an. Während der Blattbildung und der ersten Entwässerung auf dem Sieb werden zwei für den Drucker sehr wichtige Eigenschaften des Papiers beeinflusst: Die Faserorientierung und die Zweiseitigkeit .
20. Durch die Strömungsrichtung im Stoff-auflauf findet eine Orientierung der Fasern in der Laufrichtung des Siebes statt. Da die Fasern bei Wasseraufnahme oder Wasser-abgabe im Durchmesser bis zu siebenmal stärker quellen bzw. schrumpfen als in der Längsrichtung, hat die Faserlage einen großen Einfluss auf die Passgenauigkeit (Dimensionsstabilität). Hieraus ergeben sich die beiden Begriffe: Laufrichtung und Dehnrichtung . Mit den Begriffen Laufrichtung, Maschinenrichtung , Längsrichtung, Faserrichtung meint man die Arbeitsrichtung der Papiermaschine und die Lage der meisten Papierfasern.
21. Hygroskopische Wirkung durch Kapillaren Fasern nehmen leicht Feuchtigkeit auf und quellen dabei besonders in der Dehnrichtung (Faserbreite). Laufrichtung der Faser Dehnrichtung der Faser
22. Die weitere Entwässerung des Papierblattes geschieht in der Pressenpartie. Dabei wird das Papier, auf einem endlos umlaufenden Filz liegend, zwischen stark angepressten Walzenpaaren hindurchgeführt. Eine der Walzen ist in der Regel als Saugwalze ausgebildet, um das ausgepresste Wasser abzusaugen. Dieser Vorgang geschieht mehrmals, bis ein Trockengehalt von ca. 40-45 % erreicht und eine weitere mechanische Entwässerung nicht mehr möglich ist. Die weitere Trocknung ist nur noch durch Wasserverdampfung möglich. Diese findet in der Trockenpartie statt. Das Papier wird durch Trockensiebe an dampfbeheizte Zylinder angepresst.
23. Nach dem Trockenvorgang wird das Papier in vielen Fällen in der Papiermaschine oberflächenveredelt. Dies kann durch den Auftrag einer Lösung von Kunstharzen oder Stärkelösungen erfolgen. Er hat den Zweck, die Papieroberfläche zu binden, um ein späteres Rupfen und Stauben zu verhindern. Dabei wird das Papier wieder nass und muss erneut getrocknet werden. Diesmal erfolgt die Austrocknung soweit, dass das Papier sich bei einem Klima von ca. 20°C und 55% relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit nicht mehr verändert (keine Wasseraufnahme aus der Luft bzw. Wasserabgabe an die Luft). Danach wird die Papierbahn aufgerollt.
24. Hochwertige Papieroberflächen werden durch »Streichen« des Papiers erreicht. Die geschlossene und homogene Oberfläche von matt gestrichenen oder der Glanz von glänzend gestrichenen Papieren bewirken mit einer hohen Opazität bei Mehrfarbendrucken eine weitaus höhere Leuchtkraft der Druckfarbe. Der höhere Weißgrad, den gestrichene Papiere besitzen, ermöglicht eine exakte Wiedergabe des Farbtons. Originalgetreue Mehrfarbendrucke können somit nur auf gestrichenen Papieren durchgeführt werden. Beim Streichen wird auf die Papieroberfläche eine Masse aus hochwertigen Pigmenten und natürlichen oder synthetischen Bindemitteln aufgebracht.
25. Die Qualität des gestrichenen Papiers wird von der Auftragsmenge und dem Auftragsverfahren beeinflusst. Ebenfalls übt das Streichrohpapier einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Qualität des gestrichenen Papiers aus. Folgende Eigenschaften sind erforderlich: - Gleichmäßige Blattbildung - Gleichmäßige Saugfähigkeit - Keine Splitter, Stippen, Nadellöcher - Festigkeit in der Quer- und Längsdimension - Mechanische und klimatische Dimensionsstabilität - Gleichmäßiges Feuchtigkeitsprofil beim Streichvorgang
26. Die einfachste Form der Veredelung ist die Oberflächenbehandlung in der Leimpresse, die in die Papiermaschine integriert ist. Allerdings ist die Auftragsmenge von Pigment mit der Leimpresse begrenzt. Bei der weiterentwickelten Filmpresse können hohe Konzentrationen in Leimung und Pigmentierung fahren werden. Diese in-line gestrichenen Papiere werden auch „maschinengestrichen“ genannt, obwohl dieser Begriff auch für off-line gestrichene Papiere gebraucht wird. Die Qualität eines Papiers wird bestimmt durch die Auftragsmenge und dem Auftragsverfahren. Dabei überlappen sich die klassischen Abgrenzungen nach maschinengestrichenem Papier, Kunstdruckpapier und gussgestrichenem Papier, so dass es häufig nur graduelle Unterschiede gibt.
27. Bei Rollenausrüstung ist vorwiegend auf folgende Punkte zu achten: - Gute Klebestellen - Einwandfreie Schnittkanten - Gerade laufende Rollenseiten (kein Teleskopieren) - Gleichmäßige Wickelhärte über die Breite - Gute Mittelhülsen - einer den Anforderungen gerechten Verpackung. Bei den Formatpapieren stehen im Vordergrund: - Formatgenauigkeit - Winkelgenauigkeit - Saubere Schnittkanten - Freiheit von fehlerhaften Bogen - einer den Anforderungen gerechter, vor Klimaeinflüssen schützender Verpackung. Je nach Kundenwunsch wird das Papier in Rollen- oder Formatwaren ausgeliefert.
28. Bei Aufteilung der Papierbahn in Formatbogen können sie entweder schmal oder breit aus der Bahn herausgeschnitten werden. Hieraus erklären sich die Begriffe Schmalbahn und Breitbahn
30. Prüfung der Laufrichtung 1. Die Nagelprobe. Unter festem Druck streift man mit dem Fingernagel über beide Kanten, wobei eine unterschiedlich starke Wellenbildung entsteht. 3. Die Feuchtprobe Ein Stück Papier wird dem Probebogen ent-nommen und einseitig angefeuchtet. Die dabei durch die Feucht-dehnung entstehende Einrollung deutet auf die Laufrichtung. 2. Die Streifenprobe. Man schneidet zwei gleich lange und breite Streifen aus der Länge und Breite des Bogens. Hält man sie waage-recht, so wird die Durchbiegung des Streifens aus der Quer-richtung stärker sein. 4. Die Reißprobe. Durch Einreißen des Bogens in Längs- und Querrichtung kann man aus den Riß-kanten auf die Lauf-richtung schließen.
31. 1. Die wellige Seite liegt quer zur Laufrichtung. 2. Der steifere Streifen liegt in Laufrichtung. 4. Der glattere Riss liegt parallel zur Laufrichtung. 3. Die Seiten mit hoch stehenden Kanten liegen in der Laufrichtung.