1. Perspective and ContrastDesign Principles for Supporting Self-directed and Incidental Learning Christian Glahn Marcus Specht and Rob Koper CELSTEC, Open University of the Netherlands I-Know + I-Semantics 2009 Graz, 4 September 2009

2. Self-directed LearningIncidental Learning Learner controlled Unguided Unstructured Experience based Hardly recognized as real learning but Most common form of learning

3. Self-directed LearningIncidental Learningmost common forms of learning amongKnowledge Workers

4. Knowledge Workers are working environment Specialized Experts Flexible Performance

5. Knowledge Workers=Working-lifelong Learners Steward, 1997

6. How to supportself-directed and incidental learningof knowledge workers? No tutoring No prepared learning materials Integrated into practice

7. Support through feedback : Visualisations of Activity Traces

8. Reflection is essential forlearning of practitioners Schön, 1983

9. Reflection Reflection in action Reflection on action Reflection for action

10. Reflection(in other words) Monitoring Evaluating Planning

11. Reflection requires Awareness requires Feedback requires Actions

12. Action - Feedback – Reflection Loop Butler & Winne, 1995

13. Monitoring – Response Flow Zimmermann, Specht, & Lorenz, 2005

14. Feedback is related toits Context Ley & Young, 2001

15. What information is requiredfor giving feedback to knowledge workers? What are the design principles of feedback?

16. Situated Learning and Context

17. People can Think The approach relies on the predicate that

18. People need support to think about their actions

19. 2 design-research studies innon-artificial settings

20. Feedback needs perspective 1. Design principle

21. 1. Study Glahn, Specht, & Koper, 2009

22. Perspective Personal Actions Peer Actions

23. Results

24. Feedback needs contrast 2. Design principle

25. 2. Study Glahn, Specht, & Koper, 2008

26. Contextual Factors and Dimensions

27. Results

28. Insights from the Studies Perspective Principle Contrast Principle

29. Conclusions Supportive feedback can be provided independently from explicit domain knowledge. Perspective is required to focus on relevant information. Contrast is required for meaningful relations between actions and their context.

30. Thank you