Adaptation and Personalization
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This slide-set introduces the concepts adaptation and personalisation of ICT systems. It identifies different types of adaptive and personalisable systems.
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Adaptation and Personalization
- 1. What is Adaptation and Personalization? By Christian Glahn Open Universiteit Nederland Within the Grapple project http://www.grapple-project.org Slide
- 3. Personalization Slide Marie Wendy Marie’s profile Wendy’s profile Master Document
- 5. Personalisation is a special form of Adaptation Slide
- 10. Adaptable and Adaptive ICT Environments Slide Self-organizing System User-customized System User-configured System Pre-designed System control
- 15. Adaptable and Adaptive ICT Environments adaptive Slide Self-organizing System User-customized System User-configured System Pre-designed System control adaptable
- 16. Adaptable and Adaptive ICT Environments Slide control Self-organizing System User-customized System User-configured System Pre-designed System Grapple
- 20. Learn more about GRAPPLE on http://www.grapple-project.org/tutorial Slide
Hinweis der Redaktion
- There are many types of learning processes. Some require the learner to be very active and require a lot of experimentation or other activities in order to (re)discover knowledge. Other types of learning involve a teacher telling (or writing) a story to the learner. A textbook is typically a form of story telling (interleaved with activities or exercises). Textbooks are “old school” because they assume that there is a single way of learning (storyline) that will work well for all learners. In “future schools” we expect that teachers will anticipate that different learners will want to read the story in a different order, an order that suits their needs. The story will need to adapt itself to the order in which it is read. Different learners may also have a preference for a different writing style. Authors can also anticipate this by providing different versions of the same story, as if it were told by different characters. In this course we deal with the automatic adaptation of the story to the learner. We do not consider natural language processing that might in the future be part of this process, but consider ways to explicitly author for the different learning paths.
- Many systems are “automatic” in some way. The automatic transmission in a car for instance automatically changes gears depending on the speed of the car and the demand of power (as per position of the throttle or gas pedal). These systems follow a fixed set of rules. A fixed formula between car and engine speed, and throttle determines which gear is needed (with some hysteresis built in as well). The automatic transmission behaves the same for every driver and it still behaves the same after one year of use. In an adaptive system the automatic behavior does not follow fixed rules, but rather rules that cause changes in the system behavior depending on the environment. An adaptable automatic transmission can be switched between normal and sports mode. An adaptive automatic transmission detects the driver's driving style and changes the formula for deciding when to change gears depending on whether the driver has a sporty style or not. In such a first-order adaptive system the rules for detecting the environment and the needed adaptation are fixed. In a second-order adaptive system the system gradually discovers what the best rules are for performing adaptation. There is no limit in these levels or orders of adaptation. A system may discover the best way to discover the best way to perform adaptation to the rules of an automatic system, etc. In this course we will mainly consider first-order adaptive systems (but we will also look towards the future with second-order adaptive systems). The adaptation to the environment can be interpreted in a broad sense. There is adaptive audio filtering (to cancel noise without affecting the music), adaptive network routing (to optimize throughput), adaptive lighting (in digital cameras, to bring out shadow detail), etc. In this course we concentrate on adaptation to the user or a group of users and we concentrate on adaptation in the context of learning (meaning that a human is trying to learn something).
- Self organized systems: the system has some kind of “awareness” upon which it selects parameters and conditions of adapting itself. The user has no way to interfere this process. Pre-designed systems: A system follows pre-designed rules upon which it adapts its interaction with the user User configured system: A user specifies preferences that are used by the system to determine the adaptation User customized system: A user is able to customize the system and the system will not do any automatic adaptation. (e.g. changing the background of the desktop)
- When a system reacts to the user then It is called an adaptive system When a system can be influenced by the user then it is called an adaptable system
- GRAPPLE SCOPE Pre-designed systems: A system follows pre-designed rules upon which it adapts its interaction with the user automatically. User configured system: A user specifies preferences that are used by the system to determine the adaptation
- This drawing illustrates how a user-adaptive system works. The system collects data about the user while the user is interacting with the system. These data are processed in order to create and update a user model . The user model is used by the system to perform the adaptation to the interaction, for instance by adapting information that is presented. It is important to note here that the user model is not just a log of the user’s actions. It is not a log of interaction events. There are two reasons for this: There is a technical reason, namely that in order to perform meaningful adaptation the system needs fairly global information about the user. In the case of adaptation to the user’s knowledge for instance, the system will often adapt to the user’s knowledge of major topics, and to fairly global knowledge levels. Occasionally the system may perform small adaptations that depend on whether the user performed one specific action, like reading a specific Web-page, but more often the adaptation will be based on aggregated information. There is also a legal reason, namely that in order to protect the user’s privacy the law in some countries requires adaptive systems to remove the log of actions at the end of a session. The system is only allowed to maintain a user model that contains more global and thus less specific information. Fortunately with user consent almost everything is allowed (as long as consent is not required to deliver a basic version of the same information service as the adaptive one).