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1. Fundamental Forces
Of
The Universe
Project By:-
Shamshad Khan
Rishabh Singh

2. Four Fundamental Forces
Strong
Nuclear
Weak
Nuclear
Gravitation
Electro-
Magnetism

3. Gravitational Force

4. Gravitational Force
 Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses
in the universe; (especially the attraction of the earth's mass for
bodies near its surface)
 "the more remote the body is less the gravity“
 The weakest of all forces.
 Has infinite range (acts across the entire universe)
 The “particle” that carries the force is called a graviton
 "the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.”

5. Few Questions regarding Gravitation.
"Why do objects move toward the earth?"
 "Objects yearn to be united with the earth."
Why do objects slow down when you put them in
motion?
 "Objects in motion slow down because they get
tired.“
 These are the works of Aristotle, which held sway for
almost 2,000 years until the beginning of modern
physics with Galileo and Isaac Newton.

6. Scientists Known for their contribution in
study of Gravitation.

7. Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

8. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

9. ELECTRO-MAGNETISM

10. •Electric force and Magnetic
force both can create Electro-magnetic
force.

11. Electric Force
It act only on
charged
particles such as
protons and
electrons.
Particles with
opposite charge
attract and
same charge
repel(push
apart).

12. Magnetic Force
It acts on certain metals(with magnetic
character), on the poles of magnets
and on moving charges.
Magnets are dipole(have two poles i.e.
south pole and north pole).
Like electric force, magnetic force is
attractive for opposite poles and
repulsive for similar poles.

13. The Fundamental Interactions
Interaction Strength Range
(m)
Mediator Mass
(GeV)
Gravitation 10^-43 ∞ Gravitons 0
Electromagnetic 10^-2 ∞ Photons 0
Strong 1 10^-15m Gluons 0
Weak 10^-6 10^-18m Bosons 80,80,91

14. THE UNIFICATION

15. How magnetism generates electricity.

16. •Famous Scientists in the field
of Electro-Magnetism

17. Hans Christian Orstead
. Fig: The Compass-wire Experiment
14th August 1777-9th March 1851

18. James Clerk Maxwell
13th June 1831-5th Nov. 1879
Unified Electricity and
Magnetism.
Formulated Maxwell’s Equations
Proposed Light as an EM-wave.

19. Electromagnetic Force
Acts between electrically charged particles
have infinite mass.
Described by Electro-Magnetic fields(EM-fields).
Act through an exchange(or Mediation)
of particles named photons.

20. Uses of Electromagnetic
Force
All the particles with either electric charge or
magnetic moment(and of course a photon)
interact with the electromagnetic interaction.
Hydro-Electric Dams, Nuclear Power Plants,
Generators etc. work on this phenomenon.
Describes a number of phenomenon such as
Friction, Rainbows, Lightening.
Is the basis of existence of all electrically-driven
devices such as Computers, Televisions, Lasers
etc.

21. STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE

22. Properties of Quarks and Gluons
Quarks
• There are six types of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top
and bottom.
• All quarks have an electric charge charge of either 2/3 or -1/3.
• All quarks have a spin of 1/2.
Gluons
• Gluons have a mass and electric charge of 0.
• Gluons have a spin of 1.

23. Diffrence between Electro-Magnetic
and Strong Force.

24. WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE

25. DEFINITION OF WEAK INTERACTION
Weak Nuclear Force or Weak Interaction is
responsible for decay of material . It can observed
on any material it time lapsed. Weak interaction
is responsible for such phenomena as beta decay
consolidated with electromagnetism as a single
interaction called electroweak interaction.

26. Example Of WEAK INTERACTION
What hold the Neutrons and Protons in the nucleus of an
atom together? Weak Nuclear Force is the glue that does
that. If the number of these particles gets too big, the weak
force cannot hold all the Protons and Neutrons that are
moving around together and they are moving around
together and they drop something.

27. The Fifth Force
Strong
Nuclear
Weak
Nuclear
Gravitation
Electro-
Magnetism
Dark Energy