Ausserhofer, J., Gutounig, R., & Oppermann, M. (2015, October). News Production Workflows in Data-driven, Algorithmic Journalism: A Systematic Literature Review. Presented at the Dubrovnik Media Days, Dubrovnik.
In the past decade, the “experimental use of algorithms, data and social science methods” (Gynnild, 2014, p. 715) in journalism has been growing rapidly. What was known as Computer-assisted reporting and database journalism and what was mainly employed by election analysts, weather reporters, and investigative journalists in the United States (Cox, 2000), is today important for many more practitioners in all kinds of newsrooms and departments all over the world. Data-driven journalism has become a key theme in journalism education, in the public discourse about journalism, and in journalism research. But in what way have journalistic workflows and routines actually changed due to the broad introduction of data in the newsroom? How has this impacted journalistic norms and ethics, and the skills requirements for journalists?
Based on a systematic review of scholarly papers and industry reports this paper develops a comprehensive conceptual model for newsroom processes in datadriven journalism. It discusses regional differences, the background and epistemology of data journalists, and enabling and hindering factors of data-driven news projects. In the conclusion, the article identifies gaps in the research landscape that are fruitful for future investigations.
--
Cox, M. (2000). The Development of ComputerAssisted Reporting. Presented at the Newspaper Division,
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Southeast Colloquium, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina.
Gynnild, A. (2014). Journalism Innovation Leads to Innovation Journalism: The Impact of Computational
Exploration on Changing Mindsets. J ournalism, 1 5( 6), 713–730. http://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913486393
Acknowledgements
The research for this paper is part of the project V isual Analytics in Data-driven Journalism (VALID) t hat is supported by a grant of the A ustrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT). VALID is financed under the I CT of the Future funding programme of the A ustrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG). Project number: 845598.
News Production Workflows in Data- driven, Algorithmic Journalism: A Systematic Literature Review
1. MEDIA & DESIGN
News Production Workflows in Data-
driven, Algorithmic Journalism
A Systematic Literature Review
Julian Ausserhofer1,2
,
@julauss
Robert Gutounig1
&
@sextus_empirico
Michael Oppermann2
@oppermann_m
1: FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences Graz
2: University of Vienna
Dubrovnik Media Days, 31.10.15
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
4. MEDIA & DESIGN
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays @julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 4
"experimental use of algorithms, data and social
science methods" in journalism (Gynnild, 2014, p. 715)
7. MEDIA & DESIGN
The datafication of journalism
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 7
"datafication" of society
(Mayer-Schönberger & Cukier, 2013)
"increased focus on measurement, outcomes
assessment" (Anderson, 2015, p. 363)
"journalism's quantitative turn" (Coddington, 2015)
… has also affected the "infrastructures of
journalism" (Russ-Mohl, 2006, p.199)
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
8. MEDIA & DESIGN
Research literature on data journalism
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 8
"internalist tendencies at [... the] early stage of
academic research" (Anderson, 2013, p. 1007)
↓
"an explosion in data journalism-oriented
scholarship" (Fink & Anderson, 2015, p. 476)*
"rapidly growing body" of scientific studies
(Lewis, 2015, p. 322)*
*cited via (Loosen, Reimer & Schmidt, 2015, p. 2)
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
9. MEDIA & DESIGN
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 9
In what way have journalistic workflows and
routines changed due to the broad introduction of
data in the newsroom?
How has this impacted journalistic norms and
ethics, and the skill requirements for journalists?
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Research questions
11. MEDIA & DESIGN
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays @julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 11
Systematic literature review
12. MEDIA & DESIGN
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 12
"to develop insights, critical reflections, future
research paths and research questions"
(Massaro, Dumay & Guthrie, forthcoming)
It adopts "a replicable, scientific and transparent
process [...] that aims to minimize bias [...]"
(Tranfield, Denyer & Smart, 2003)
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Why a systematic literature review?
13. MEDIA & DESIGN
Undertaking a systematic literature review
13
Adapted from Massaro et al. (forthcoming)
Own visualization
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Writing a literature review protocol
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
Coding dataDefining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
14. MEDIA & DESIGN
14
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Coding data
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
Defining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
In what way have journalistic workflows and
routines changed due to the broad introduction of
data in the newsroom?
How has this impacted journalistic norms and
ethics, and the skill requirements for journalists?
15. MEDIA & DESIGN
15
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Coding data
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Defining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
● Empirical research on DDJ
● Social science focus, but open to other disciplines
● Published after 1995
Included
Journal articles
Book sections
Conference papers
Reports (from industry and
research projects)
PhD theses
Not included
Bachelor's and Master's theses
Press reports
Blog posts
16. MEDIA & DESIGN
16
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Coding data
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Defining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
● Preliminary search with “data-driven journalism”
● Extracting related terms from the keyword
section of research papers
17. MEDIA & DESIGN
17
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Coding data
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Defining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
Search terms
algorithmic journalism
computational journalism
computer-assisted reporting
data journalism
data-driven journalism
data-driven reporting
database journalism
datajournalism
datenjournalismus
quantitative journalism
No search terms
accountability journalism
crowdsourced journalism
dataviz
datavis
ddj
drone journalism
investigative journalism
online journalism
open journalism
18. MEDIA & DESIGN
18
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Coding data
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Defining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
Scientific Databases
ACM Digital Sowiport
EBSCO Springer
IEEE SpringerLink
JSTOR Taylor & Francis Online
ProQuest Web of Science
Science Direct Wiley
Scopus Google Scholar
Sociological Abstracts
19. MEDIA & DESIGN
19
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Coding data
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Defining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
772 search results
↓
Assessment of title, abstract & keywords
- by two independently working researchers
(Thomas et al., 2004)
↓
33 research publications
20. MEDIA & DESIGN
20
Determining
the type of
studies and
carrying out a
comprehensive
literature
search
Defining the
questions that
the literature
review should
answer
Developing
future research
paths and
questions
Developing
insights and
critique
through
analyzing the
dataset
Coding data
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
qualitative coding
computational analysis
23. MEDIA & DESIGN
23
Research literature on workflows in DDJ
Development of literature over time
n=33
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
24. MEDIA & DESIGN
24@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Research literature on workflows in DDJ
Publication type
Parasie &
Dagiral,
2013
Lewis &
Usher, 2013
Diakopolus,
2015
Karlsen &
Stavelin,
2014
n=33
node size = number of citations in Google Scholar
25. MEDIA & DESIGN
25@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Research literature on workflows in DDJ
Publication year of referenced papers
1787-2015
n=1151
Constitution of the
United States
26. MEDIA & DESIGN
26@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Research literature on workflows in DDJ
Publication year of referenced papers
1999-2015
n=1004
2013: 176 cited papers
27. MEDIA & DESIGN
27@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Research literature on workflows in DDJ
Most-cited references
28. MEDIA & DESIGN
28@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
edges = 165
corpus publications, n=33
references, n = 70
size = nr. of citations from the corpus
Research literature on workflows in DDJ
Corpus and most-cited references
The Journalist as Programmer
Precision Journalism
Accountability through Algorithm
29. MEDIA & DESIGN
Nr. of studies
Survey 3
In-depth interviews 22
(Particpant) observation 4
Method(s) of data collection
29@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
30. MEDIA & DESIGN
Geographical scope
30@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Nr. of studies Nr. of studies
United States 9 Multinational (>4) 2
United Kingdom 9 Norway 1
Germany 4 Netherlands 1
Sweden 2 Argentina 1
Switzerland 2 Austria 1
Finland 2 Belgium 1
32. MEDIA & DESIGN
News production workflow
Collecting
Collecting digitalized information from
● publicly available data sets
● requested data
● own research or data collected through crowdsourcing
● automated research (scraping)
● leaked data
(17; Loosen, 2015)
32@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
33. MEDIA & DESIGN
Type of data source
● government or public bureau
● private corporation
● other organizations like NGOs, research institutes
(28, Loosen, 2015)
33@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Collecting
34. MEDIA & DESIGN
Access to information
in Norway and USA generally considered good (due to freedom of
information legislation)
Barriers to easy data access
● fees
● lacking competencies for exporting data at public offices
● the form data is often delivered (e.g. as PDF)
● lack of legal legal resources to get access to data that is denied
to journalists in the first place
(6; 14)
34@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Collecting
35. MEDIA & DESIGN
Selecting data
Because data journalists don’t have much time in the newsroom,
they prefer easy-accessible data, e.g. datasets from public bodies.
They are very cautious when it comes to work with data from
companies or private sources.
(14)
35@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Collecting
36. MEDIA & DESIGN
Methods
● Journalists use statistical programs (e.g. MySQL, Excel, Access,
SPSS, Google Docs, Maps, Google Refine, Google Fusion Tables
etc.)
● Statistical methods and packages including cluster, network &
regression analysis
--> Journalists are quite cautious with it, since they consider this
outside of their field of expertise.
(6, 14)
36@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Analyzing
37. MEDIA & DESIGN
Results of DDJ research depend in increasing manner on
(graphical) display of (automated) data analysis software
Tools and programming languages
● Developers use Python, Ruby on Rails, JavaScript, HTML
● Used third-party software includes MySQL, Access, Excel,
Caspio, Tableau, Arcview, TimelineSetter etc.
(14, 17, 28)
37@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Building and visualizing
38. MEDIA & DESIGN
DDJ is connected to a special way of representation which consists
of
● displaying key messages as graphics and/or
● building interactive web applications
Storytelling is done through
(1) interactive web applications with continuous update of data
(2) interactive application based on a stable data set
(3) continuously updated info graphic or
(4) static infographics
(17)
38@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Building and visualizing
39. MEDIA & DESIGN
● Working alone at small and medium-sized newspapers, and
part of teams at larger news organizations
● New connections between journalists and programmers
● Members of teams usually have complementary backgrounds
(6, 9, 14, 18)
39@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Collaboration
40. MEDIA & DESIGN
● Rise of "annotative journalism"
● Regarding the collaboration between newsroom and ICT-
department in media corporations data journalists perceive
the relation as troublesome.
Rather data journalists try to bypass ICT department when
installing extra software or setting up databases or servers
(6, 28)
40@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Collaboration
41. MEDIA & DESIGN
● The goal of DDJ activities is by definition the [very accurate]
journalistic publication
● Publication of data sources and raw data following open data
principles is mentioned too as an integral part of DDJ.
(6, 17, Coddington, 2014)
41@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
News production workflow
Publishing the product
43. MEDIA & DESIGN
Backgrounds of data journalists
● Data journalists are appx. 5 years younger than the average
age of German journalists
● All of them have started a university program, 80% have also
finished it
● There is no generalizable “data journalism” career path.
Background is mostly either social science or informatics.
● Backgrounds include programming, design, typography, info
graphics, usability, databases, Web and journalism
● USA: dominance of National Institute for Computer-Assisted
Reporting (NICAR)
(14, 17, 18; 6)
43@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
45. MEDIA & DESIGN
Enabling and indering factors
Critical factors
● Skills of the involved journalists
● Support networks (internal and external) important for the
development of skillsavailability of data
● Tools
● Legal resources
● Available resources
(6, 14, 17)
45@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
47. MEDIA & DESIGN
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 47#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
● New kind of people arriving in the newsroom
● New skills needed in the newsroom
● Increase of collaborative newswork
● Shift to data-driven approaches (and
epistemologies debates connected to that)
48. MEDIA & DESIGN
@julauss, @sextus_empirico & @oppermann_m 48
Scope:
● Practices outside of Europe and North America
● The construction of "facts"
● Gender aspects
Methods of data collection:
● Survey
● (Participant) observation
● Content analysis
● Digital methods
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
Research gaps
49. MEDIA & DESIGN
49
Explore the (preliminary) corpus
online – it's a protoype:
http://tinyurl.com/valid-survey
http://validproject.at
Julian Ausserhofer1,2
,
@julauss
julian.ausserhofer@fh-joanneum.at
Robert Gutounig1
&
@sextus_empirico
robert.gutounig@fh-joanneum.at
Michael Oppermann2
@oppermann_m
michael.oppermann@univie.ac.at
1: FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences Graz
2: University of Vienna
Dubrovnik Media Days, 31.10.15
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays
51. MEDIA & DESIGN
51
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Corpus 3/3
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Explore the (preliminary) corpus
online – it's a protoype:
http://tinyurl.com/valid-survey
http://validproject.at
Julian Ausserhofer1,2
,
@julauss
julian.ausserhofer@fh-joanneum.at
Robert Gutounig1
&
@sextus_empirico
robert.gutounig@fh-joanneum.at
Michael Oppermann2
@oppermann_m
michael.oppermann@univie.ac.at
1: FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences Graz
2: University of Vienna
Dubrovnik Media Days, 31.10.15
#DuMD2015 & #DUMediaDays