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Study of the impact on the protection plan of a pv production integrated to the mv grid
1.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 63 STUDY OF THE IMPACT ON THE PROTECTION PLAN OF A PV PRODUCTION INTEGRATED TO THE MV GRID Mohamed DHARIF1 , Abdellah AIT OUHMAN1 , Lahbib BOUGHAMRANE2 , Ahmed IHLAL2 1 University CADI AYYAD, Marrakech, Morocco 2 University IBN ZOHR, Agadir, Morocco ABSTRACT In this paper, it was treated the dynamic stability of a photovoltaic production and its impact on the level of protection, a number of simulations were performed to evaluate the system response following the integration of a PV - production of 5 MW. The simulation results have explain theunjustified operation of the protection system and the protection of the disconnection of the PV- Production hence the need for treatment of individual cases of PV integration in order to adjust the level of protection at the rate of penetration of PV distributed generation (DG) on MV grid. Keywords: PV-Production, 3-Phases Injector, Simulation, Fault. 1. INTRODUCTION After promulgation the law N°13-09 to renewable energies [1], relating to the clauses of integration to the national electrical system the productions of energy from renewable sources, the national electrical grid MV (Medium Voltage), know very soon a massive integration of productions stemming of solar sources in the occurrence of them photovoltaic energy. Gold, the MV grid conceived to insure the transit of energy of the uphill system to consumers and to function on the basis of one direction of power flow, is not anticipated to welcome these DEP (Decentralized Energy Production) to the large scale [2]. And consequently, circulation of power flows are going to change and are going to be originally various problems disturbing the good functioning of the electrical system. Where, a behavior study is required so as to apprehend the reaction of the system MV in the face of this integration, especially in terms of aspect controls the grid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJEET.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 6.8310 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJEET © I A E M E
2.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 64 2. DESIGN MODEL OF THE PRODUCTION PV The production PV is designed by an injector of current with its regulation of power. The system of control regulates the injected power, by the production PV, to the bus of connection according to the irradiance. The goal of this control is to impose injected reactive and active powers, by the production PV to the bus of connection of the system MV, by defining external manner values of order Porder and Qorder. In reality, the active power Porder is DGermined by the MPPT module of the production PV and the reactive power Qorder its value is null [3]. The functioning of this model can be described as next (to see figure 1) ; from voltages and currents measured to the point of connection of the injection, the reactive and active powers are DGermined to need of regular control. These powers are controlled by simple Proportional-Integral corrector type (Kp+Ki/p). Figure 1: Principle of injector functioning of current P/Q The currents references are then calculated in the referential of Park by the following formula: ە ۖ ۔ ۖ ۓܫௗ = 2൫ܲ. ܸௗ + ܳ. ܸ൯ 3൫ܸௗ ଶ + ܸ ଶ൯ ܫ = 2൫ܲ. ܸ − ܳ. ܸௗ൯ 3൫ܸௗ ଶ + ܸ ଶ൯ (1) Where; • P and Q are active and reactive powers of reference of the production PV • Vd and Vq are respectively the direct and squareness components of the voltage, measured to the point of connection of the DEP. • Id and Iq are respectively the direct and squareness components of the current produced by the point of connection to the DEP A loop to bolting of phase PLL (Phase Locked Loop) is used to synchronize the transformation of Park on the pulsation of the voltage measured on the system. Thus, when the system is in established regime, the direct component Vd in exit of the transformation of Park is an image of the amplitude of the measured voltage, and the squareness component Vq is null. These current are then converted in the three phases referential, the amplitude and phasor of the currents injected on the system go thus regulated powers to their value of order.
3.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 65 Gold, so as to keep the realistic and dynamic aspect of this model tells simplified, the DEP and the converter insuring the interface with the system are going to be designed by a limitation and a delay. 2.1. Hypothesis of study [2] & [3] A. Simplification of dynamics We consider that the dynamics of the converter is very rapid as compared to the dynamics of the element of production. The dynamic deduction for the converter is in the order the tenth of second. As for the dynamics of the unit of production PV is in the order some seconds. In these conditions, the dynamics (constant of time) of the converter is retained for the regulation of the reactive power and that the unit of production for the regulation of the active power. B. Consideration of limitations The limit for the component Id is chosen according to the maximal current in exit of the converter and the active power limit of the production PV, gold limits it the component Iq is chosen consequently, manner to does not exceed the limit of the reactive power datum by a report Q/P=0,4. The next table recapitulates dynamics and limitations considered for our model of the production PV: Table 1: characteristics of regulation loops P/Q Loop of regulation Parameter Value retained Active Power τ 0,5 Ki 2 Kp 1 Reactive Power τ 0,1 Ki 10 Kp 1 C. Validation of the model of simulation of DG-PV The next graph represents the different dynamics of the control P/Q for two values of order, of the reactive power P=2.5MW and 5MW to t=3s. The value of order of the reactive power is maintained at Q=0MVAR. Figure 2: Active and Reactive power 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 x 10 6 Time (s) Power(W/VAR) Production active and reactive Active Power Reactive Power
4.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 66 Figure 3: Current PV Production 3. SYSTEM OF STUDY To undertake studies of simulation, a system aerial typical MV has been modeled (figure 4), this system is constituted a transformer HTB/MV and three MV lines. Figure 4: Grid MV of study Parameters of this system are illustrated on the following table: Table 2: characteristics of MVgrid Component Parameter Value retained HV Source Psc 277MVA Nominal voltage 63kV Nominal frequency 50Hz R/X 0,05 Transformer data Power 20MVA Primary voltage 63kV Secondary voltage 22kV Usc 16% Wiring YNyn Neutral resistance 42,5 m Line N°1 data Length 36km Section 148mm² Rd 0,2236 m/km Ro 0,368 m/km Xd 0,35 m/km Xo 1,588 m/km Cd 11,13nF/km Co 5nF/km 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Current production PV Time (s) Current(A)
5.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 67 The value of neutral resistance is 42,5 m so as to limit the current to the earth to 300A. Loads are simply modeled by a RL circuit in parallel; the next table recapitulates the different load by line; Table 3: Values of loads Line Active load (P en kW) Reactive load (Q en kVAR) Line N°1 5103 2016 Line N°2 4217 1668 Line N°3 5808 2295 The settings of the relays installed of the arrival MV and the line N°1 are DGermined as follows: Table 4: Setting of protection Bus MV and line N°1 Protection Fonction Setting Bus MV Max I- Phase 610A Max I -Homopolaire 17A Line N°1 Max I-Phase 240A Max I-Homopolaire 14A Concerning the production PV, its protection of DG Disconnection is that typical H3 according to [4] & [5]: Table 5: thresholds of setting protection PV Production Protection Relay Setting Action Phase to Earth Faults Max V0 10%Vn 0.650 s Phase to Phase Faults Min U 85%Um 0.650 s Separate grid working Min U 85%Um 0.650 s Max U 115%Um instantaneous Min freq 49.5Hz instantaneous Max frq 50.5Hz instantaneous Strong off-peak voltage Min U 25%Um instantaneous 4. SCENARIOS OF STUDY The line N°1 having sheltered the PV production of 5MW is considered to equip a normal ASR (Automatism of Service Resumption) of where the line faults are supposed cancelled in rapid cycle temporized to 150ms. Three types of fault will be analyzed: • Three-Phase symmetrical and frank fault; • Two-phase Frank fault; • Phase-earth fault, with resistances of earth are 30ohm and 450ohm. These faults will be simulated on four points: • In end of line N°1 • To the MV bus • To the adjacent line N°2 • To the HTB bus
6.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 68 A comparison with the functioning of system without PV production has been made so as to divulge the impact of the integration of the generator PV on the behavior of system protection. View that 80% of the faults are fugitive defects [6]&[7]; the faults is supposed cancelled in rapid cycle The different stemming curves of the simulation are represented to the next section. 4.1. Results of simulation the fault in end of line N°1 A. 3-Phase symmetrical fault The next table recapitulates the behavior of the different protections: Table 6: Recapitulation of simulation results Point of grid Relay Measure Action Grid with PV-P Bus MV Max I 590A Not activated Line N°1 Max I 470A Activated Connection PV Production Min U 9732V Activated Max U 19.103 V Not Activated Min freq 49,8Hz Not Activated Max Frq 50,15Hz Not Activated Grid without PV-P Bus MV Max I 638A Activated Line N°1 Max I 506A Activated For a three-phase fault, we observe the normal opening of the line N°1 breaker, the PV production is not disconnect seen the temporization of the relay Max Vo. Nevertheless, we observe the blindness of the protection Max I bus MV in case of system with PV production B. PH A-B The next table recapitulates the behavior of the different protections: Table 7: Recapitulation of simulation results Point of grid Relay Measure Action Grid with PV-P Bus MV Max I 574A Not activated Line N°1 Max I 427A Activated Connection PV Production Min U 9700V Activated Max U 19.103 V Not activated Min freq 49,9Hz Not activated Max Frq 50,0Hz Not activated Grid without PV-P Bus MV Max I 657A Activated Line N°1 Max I 478A Activated For a two-phase fault, we observe the normal opening of the line N°1 breaker, the PV production is not disconnect seen the temporization of the relay Max Vo. Nevertheless, we observe the blindness of the protection Max I bus MV in case of system with PV production
7.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 69 C. Fault PH 1-Ground (30 m) The next table recapitulates the behavior of the different protections: Table 8: Recapitulation of simulation results Point of grid Relay Measure Action Grid with PV-P Bus MV Max I 255A Not activated Max Ihom 25A Activated Line N°1 Max I 59A Not activated Max Ihom 8,5A Not activated Connection PV Production Max VO 9320V Activated Min U 18,9.104 V Not activated Min freq 49,8Hz Not activated Max freq 50,0Hz Not activated Grid without PV-P Bus MV Max I 374A Not activated Max Ihom 24A Activated Line N°1 Max I 150A Not activated Max Ihom 8A Not activated For a phase-earth fault, with an earth resistance is 30Ohm , we observe the normal opening of the Bus MV breaker, the PV production is not disconnect seen the temporization of the relay Max Vo. D. Fault PH 1-Ground (450 m) The next table recapitulates the behavior of the different protections: Table 9: Recapitulation of simulation results Point of grid Relay Measure Action Grid with PV-P Bus MV Max I 245A Not activated Max Ihom 12,5A Not activated Line N°1 Max I 57A Not activated Max Ihom 4,19A Not activated Connection PV Production Max VO 4580V Activated Min U 19,9.104 V Not activated Min freq 49,91Hz Not activated Max freq 49,99Hz Not activated Grid without PV-P Bus MV Max I 363A Not activated Max Ihom 11,8A Not activated Line N°1 Max I 139A Not activated Max Ihom 3,9A Not activated In this type of fault with a great resistance of earth, alone the PV production is disconnected to the system. In reality a research of the earth resistance undertakes to the level the source MV, this relay is temporized to 15s.
8.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 70 4.2. Results of simulation the fault in adjacent line N°2 In this part it will be processed the behavior of the production PV beside to the faults situated on the adjacent line. Alone numerical simulation results will be presented, considered faults are short-circuit 3 phases and phase-earth to variable distances. A. 3-Phase symmetrical fault Table 10: Recapitulation of simulation results Point of grid Relay Measure Action To 1km of bus MV Connection PV Production Min U 900V Activated Min freq 49,95Hz Not activated Max freq 51,17Hz Activated To 5km of bus MV Connection PV Production Min U 4350V Activated Min freq 49,87Hz Not activated Max freq 50,14Hz Not activated To 10km of bus MV Connection PV Production Min U 7090V Activated Min freq 49,80Hz Not activated Max freq 50,20Hz Not activated For 1Km of distances the PV production will be disconnected instantaneously by the relay Max freq, in the other cases it disconnection is make to the level of the line N°2. B. Fault PH 1-Ground (30 m) Table 11: Recapitulation of simulation results Point of grid Relay Measure Action To 1km of bus MV Connection PV Production Max VO 1,45.104 V Activated Min U 1,90.104 V Not activated Min freq 49,89Hz Not activated Max freq 50,01Hz Not activated To 5km of bus MV Connection PV Production Max VO 1,43.104 V Activated Min U 1,90.104 V Not activated Min freq 49,89Hz Not activated Max freq 50,01Hz Not activated To 10km of bus MV Connection PV Production Max VO 1,41.104 V Activated Min U 1,90.104 V Not activated Min freq 49,89Hz Not activated Max freq 50,01Hz Not activated For resistant faults, alone the line N°2 will be disconnected.
9.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 63-71© IAEME 71 4.3. Results of simulation the fault in grid HTB In this time the 3 phases fault is supposed localized on the system HTB, the system HTB is considered equipped an automatism of service resumption. Table 12: Recapitulation of simulation results Point of grid Relay Measure Action To 1km of bus MV Connection PV Production Min U 2800V Activated Min freq 49,95Hz Not activated Max freq 51,81Hz Activated In case of three phase fault to the level of the bus HTB, the production will be disconnected by Min voltage 5. CONCLUSION In this article it has been object to study the stability of the PV-production and its impact on the protection plan of the MV grid. Results of simulation have revealed: • Blindness of the protection Max I bus MV in case of failure protection Max I line N°1, for the 3 - Phase and 2 – Phase faults; • Unjustified Disconnection of the PV production by Min VO, in case of research of the resistance earth ; • Unjustified Disconnection of the PV production by Min U and Max Freq, in case fault on the adjacent line ; • Unjustified Disconnection of the PV production by Min U and Max freq, in case of HV fault. In this paper, it was demonstrated the need for simulation of the electrical network in case of integration of PV products, to provide for the review of the thresholds of protection settings, and therefore protect the network against faults that may occur. 6. REFERENCES 1. Law N°13-09 to renewable energies 2. Thi Minh Chau LE, Coupling Photovoltaic Inverters and Network aspects / control and disturbance rejection, PH.D. THESIS UNIVERSITY OF GRENOBLE, 2012 3. G.RAMI, "Auto-adaptive voltage control for decentralized energy productions connecting to the electrical distribution grid", PhD thesis of ENSIEG, November 2006 4. ERDF-PRO-RES_09E Study Impact Protection Plan connecting distributed generation in MV, Version 3, 01/03/2008 5. ERDF-NOI-RES_13E, Protection of production systems connected to the public distribution system, Version 3, 01/07/2011 6. B.de Metz, Calculation of short circuit, Technical Manual N°158,Schneider Electric, Octobre, 2000 7. ABDELHAY.A.SALLAM, O.P.MALIK « Electric Distribution Systems », IEEE Press Editorial Board, 2011 8. Nimmy George, “Grid Connected Pv System Using 9-Level Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter” International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 5, Issue 12, 2014, pp. 57 - 64, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
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