Future Meshed HVDC Grids: Challenges and Opportunities, 29th October 2015, Portoviejo Ecuador

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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD | fglongatt@fglongatt.org | Copyright © 2008-2015 1/102
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@fglongatt
29 Octubre 2015
Portoviejo, Ecuador
Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD

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Agenda
• Historic Overview
• Key Milestone
• Evolution of HVDC Projects
• Configurations of HVDC
• Operation of Multi-Terminal HVDC: Challenges
• A DC Grid as Part of a Larger System: Where is The
Border ???
• Conclusions
• Questions and Answers

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• This section presents a brief history and facts
related to the HVDC transmission systems, the
classical dilemma of AC versus DC.

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Ancient History
• The first electrical networks used direct current - generated,
distributed and consumed at a single voltage level
• By the late 1880s the increase in distance from generation to
load and increasing price of copper was making the
economies of dc difficult
• 1870s first ac transformers were built based on earlier work
on induction coils
• 1891 Westinghouse built the first commercial alternating
current distribution system
• 1893 transmission of ac power from Niagara (at 25Hz) and
dc was dead in the water
• But nothing ever goes away……
Invention of the transformer allowed voltage to be stepped up for transmission
• But transformers only work for AC to AC power transmission network.
• Hence AC became the preferred medium.

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War of Currents: AC versus DC
War of Currents
• George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison became adversaries due to Edison's
promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over alternating
current (AC) advocated by several European companies and Westinghouse
Electric based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
George Westinghouse, Jr
(October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914)
Thomas Alva Edison
(February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)
War of Currents
• Thomas Edison (DC) vs
George Westinghouse (AC)
• AC won…or so it seemed.
• Why?
However, AC transmission is hard to
control (power flows where it wants to
flow).
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
transmission is more efficient and more
controllable.
“Take warning! Alternating currents are
dangerous, they are fit only for the
electric chair”, Thomas A. Edison
(1847-1931)

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The Beginning of DC Systems
• 1882 – First Demo of 1.5 kW HVDC
• Marcel Deprez was a Frenchman who created the DC distribution
system for the Exposition in Paris helped Miller create the first
long distance high voltage direct current transmission ever.
• They transmitted 1,500 watts at 2000 volts over 35 miles from
Miesbach (the foothills of the Alps) to the Glaspalast in Munich.
Marcel Deprez (December 12, 1843 - October 13, 1918)
“The two systems shake hands fraternally in order to
give each other help and assistance…” (1889) R. Thury

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Thury Systems (1/4)
• 1889 – Rene Thury developed a new
630 kW system transmitted power
at 14 kV DC over 120 km.
• He was known for his work with high
voltage direct current electricity
transmission and was known in the
professional world as the “King of
DC”.
Schematic diagram of a Thury HVDC transmission system
René Thury (August 7, 1860 – April 23, 1938)
In 1882, Thury's 6 pole dynamos were more compact than
Edison's. The small 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) version produced 22 kW at
600 rpm, while a larger 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) version produced 66
kW at 350 rpm

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Thury Systems (3/4)
• 1913 – fifteen Thury systems were
in place up to 100 kV
Name
Converter
Station 1
Converter
Station 2
Cable
(km)
Overhead
line (km)
Voltage
(kV)
Power
(MW)
Year of
inaug.
Year of
decomm.
Remarks
Gorzente River
- Genoa DC
transmission
scheme
Italy -
Gorzente
River
Italy -
Genoa
? ? 6 ? 1889 ?
upgraded later to a
voltage of 14 kV,
power of 2.5 MW and
a length of 120 km,
dismantled
La Chaux-de-
Fonds DC
transmission
scheme
Switzerland
- ?
Switzerland
- ?
? ? 14 ? 1897 ? dismantled
St. Maurice -
Lausanne DC
transmission
scheme
Switzerland
- St. Maurice
Switzerland
- Lausanne
? ? 22 3.7 1899 ? dismantled
Lyon-Moutiers
DC
transmission
scheme
France -
Lyon
France -
Moutiers
10 190 ±75 30 1906 1936
Wilesden-
Ironbridge DC
transmission
scheme
UK -
Wilesden
UK -
Ironbridge
22.5 ? 100 ? 1910 ?
Chambéry DC
transmission
scheme
France - ? France - ? ? ? 150 ? 1925 1937
1889 1897 1906 1912 1925
Year
6
14
22
58
100
150
DirectVoltage[kV]
Gorzente River, Genoa
La Chaux de Fonds
St. Maurice, Lausanne
Lyon,Moutiers
Lyon, Moutiers, La Bridoire
Wilesden, Irongridge
Lyon, Moutiers,
La Bridoire and Bozel
Chambéry
Bipolar voltages
of up to 150 kV
where
successfully
achieved.

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Thury Systems (4/4)
• 1930 – Thury system were obsolete due the rotating
machinery required high maintenance and had high
energy loss.
PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE THURY MACHINE

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Early History: Mercury-Arc
• 1932 – General Electric used mercury-vapor valves
and a 12 kV DC transmission line in Mechanicville,
New York. HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady was the first
experimental HVDC transmission line in the United
States. Built in 1932, the circuit traversed 37
kilometres (23 mi) from Mechanicville, New York
to Schenectady, New York.
The system used mercury arc rectifiers at a voltage
of 20,000 volts and a rated power of 5 MW. The
facility was dismantled after World War II.
Mechanicville Hydroelectric
Station. HVDC from hydroelectric
power plant in Mechanicville to
Schenectady (NY).
37 km / 12 kV / 5 MW.
Interesting fact: 40 Hz at plant and
60 Hz in NY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpvQyB0wClc

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Early History: Elbe-Berlin Project
• 1941- Berlin used a similar line underground, however, project
terminated due to the fall of government in 1945.
• 1939 - 1951: 7 experimental HVDC transmission systems using mercury-arc
valves were built in Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and Russia.
The Elbe-Berlin Project
The Elbe-Berlin transmission line would
bring power from the power plant
Vockerode on the river Elbe to the Reich
capital. Although the distance was 115 km
over land, and raw materials extremely
scarce in those days of World War II, the
Reich authorities ordered that the line be
built as a pair of underground cables.
Perhaps it is not so far-fetched an
assumption that the government wanted to
hide the transmission line from allied
bomber planes. The history and properties
of the transmission scheme are described
in detail by Tröger (Entstehung der 440 kV
Gleichstrom-Hochspannungs-Übertragung
Elbe-Berlin, ETZ 69, 1948).
Six single-anode mercury-arc
valves at Charlottenburg Station,
Berlin, for the HVdc test
installation, Berlin-Moabit, 1942
(photo courtesy of Siemens AG,
Siemens Press Picture, ref.
number sosep200501-01).

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Modern History
• 1950- First modern HVDC system was in service between
Sweden and the island Gotland (ASEA Swedish industry
company), rated 20MW, 100kVdc
• 1960 - Three additional order were received by ASEA in New
Zealand, Sweden/Denmark, and Japan.
Mercury arc valve at Ygne, Gotland
Thyristor valves at Ygne converter station, Gotland
Connected the Swedish
mainland, at Vstervik, to Ygne in the island of
Gotland. 98 km / 20 MW / 100 kV

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Modern History
• 1961 1st Cross Channel link from England to France rated
160MW, 100kVdc
The first HVDC Cross-Channel went into service in 1961 between static inverter plants at Lydd in England and Echinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, in France.
This scheme was equipped with mercury vapour rectifiers. In order to keep the disturbances of the magnetic compasses of passing ships as small as possible, a
bipolar cable was used. The cable had a length of 64 kilometres (40 mi) and was operated symmetrically at a voltage of ±100 kV and a maximum current of 800
amperes. The maximum transmission power of this cable was 160 megawatts (MW). The cable was built by ABB Group.
Anglo-French Interconnector Echinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
Lydd in England
52km
225 kV, 60Hz
275 kV, 50Hz
Électricité de France
CEGB (the Central
Electricity Generating Board
UK)

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Modern History
• 1964 Volgograd-Donbass overhead line link rated
750MW 400kVdc and 450km long.
The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a high voltage direct
current line between the static inverter plants at
Volzhskaya (situated near the hydro-electric power plant
Volgograd) and Mikhailovskaya in the Donbass area,
which went into service in 1964.
It consists of a 475 kilometre long overhead line.
The static inverters of the HVDC Volgograd-Donbass are equipped
with mercury arc rectifiers for a voltage of 100 kV and a maximum
current of 940 ampere, which were partly replaced at the beginning
of the 90's by thyristors.
The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a bipolar HVDC with an
operating voltage of 400 kV.
It can transfer a maximum power of 750 megawatts.
475 Km

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Modern History
• 1969- First HVDC system to use solid state valves.
• 1970s – First HVDC system implemented within an AC
network (Los Angeles, California).
• 1972 Eel River Canada back-to-back rated at 320MW
1st thyristor based link
• First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in
1979.
It is Commissioned in 1972, between Hydro-Quebec (QHQ) and the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission (NBEPC).
it supplies 320 MW at 80 kV d.c.
The link is of zero length and connects two a.c. systems of the same nominal frequency (60Hz).
The largest thyristors used in converter valves have blocking voltages of the order of kilovolts and currents of the order 100s of amperes.
Source: HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and System Interactions
by K. R. Padiyar
Eel River
Controller
http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/reference
s/eel-river

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Evolution of Mercury Arc
• Evolution of mercury-
arc valves HVDC
systems.
• 1970s: voltages > 400
kV and capacities >
1000 MW.
• Pacific Intertie
(1970): 1440 MW, 500
kV
• Nelson River Bipole
(1973-1977): 1620
MW, 450 kV
0
Commissioning Year
DirectVoltage(kV)
100
200
300
400
500
600
1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975
Kingsnorth
Pacific DC Intertie
Volgograd-
Donbass
Nelson River
Bipole 1
Inter-Island 1
Vancouver Island 1
SACOI 1
Sakuma B2B
Konti-Skan 1
Moscow-Kashira
Elbe-Project
Cross-Channel
Gotland 1
Lehrte-Misburg
Trollhattan-Merud
Charlottenburg-Moabit
Zurich-
Wettingen
Mechanicville-Schenectady
Biggest
1620 MW
Average
357 MW
Legend
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Recent History
• 1986 - 2nd Cross Channel link from England to France rated
2x1000MW 270kV.
“Interconnexion France Angleterre” (IFA)
Connection to France; Owned by National Grid and RTE
Because the first installation did not meet increasing requirements, it
was replaced in 1985–1986 by a new HVDC line with a maximum
transmission rate of 2,000 MW between France and Great Britain,
for which two new static inverter plants were built in Sellindge
(UK) and in Bonningues-lès-Calais (Les Mandarins station), near
Calais, (France).
The cable and substations were built by Areva.
This HVDC-link is 73 kilometres (45 mi) long in route, with 70
kilometres (43 mi) between the two ends.
The undersea section consists of eight 46 kilometres (29 mi) long 270 kV submarine cables (four pairs), laid
between Folkestone (UK) and Sangatte (France), arranged as two independent bipoles.
The landside parts of the link consist of 8 cables with lengths of 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) in England, and 6.35
kilometres (3.95 mi) in France.
Interconnexion France-Angleterre : Station de conversion courant alternatif-courant continu des Mandarins (Pas de Calais)
http://www.rte-france.com/fr/mediatheque/medias/infrastructures-62-fr/interconnexions-interconnexions-fr
In 2006, 97.5% of the energy transfers have been made from France to UK, supplying
the equivalent of 3 million English homes. The link availability is around 98%, which
is among the best rates in the world. The continued size and duration of this flow is
open to some doubt, given the growth in demand in Europe for clean electricity, and
increasing electricity demand within France.
18

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Recent History
• 1984-87 Itaipu Brazil 2x3150 600kVdc 800km
overhead line link
The HVDC Itaipu is a High Voltage Direct Current transmission line in Brazil from the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant to the region of São Paulo.
The project has two bipolar lines, which run from the generator site at Foz do Iguaçu in Paraná to the "load" (user) site Ibiúna near São Roque, São Paulo.
The lines were put in service in several steps between 1984 and 1987, and are among the major installations of HVDC in the world.
Bipole 1.
1. stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW in July 1984
2. stage: + 300kV,2362.5 MW in April 1985
- 600 kV
3. stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW in May 1986
4.stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW { commissioned
Bipole 2.
5.stage: + 300 kV, 2362,5 MW { at the
- 600 kV { same time by
6.stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW { August, 1987
Simplified diagram of the Itaipu Transmission System
SOURCE: ITAIPU HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 10 YEARS OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE,
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/81f41178f000ca94c1256fda004aead6/$file/sepope2.pdf
Itaipu HVDC System main
circuit and evolution

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Recent History
• Foz do Iguaçu converter station

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Recent History
• First active DC filters for
outstanding filtering
performance in 1994.
• First Capacitor
Commutated Converter
(CCC) in Argentina-Brazil
interconnection, 1998
“Garabi” the Argentina – Brazil 1000 MW Interconnection Commissioning
and Early Operating Experience
Source: http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/336dd56474cadec5c1256fda004aeadd/$file/erlac01.pdf
60Hz 60Hz50Hz
50Hz

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First Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
• First Voltage Source Converter (VSC) for
transmission in Gotland, Sweden, 50MW 80 kV, 1999.
Backs
Nas
Wind Farms
P = 50 MW
D = 70 km
Vdc = 80kV
Bipolar

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Evolution of Thyristor
• Thyristor (or SCR):
possible to achieve higher
voltages.
• A modern 6-inch thyristor:
up to 4 kA / block up to 8.5
kV.
• Thyristor valves
improvements: larger
powers through longer
distances.
• 1st commercial system:
1972 Eel River link in
Canada (GE). B2B / 320
MW / 160 kV
BlockingVoltage(kV)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
21000
24000
27000
6"
Si-area(mm2
)
1.5"
1000 MW Converter
400 thyristors
8.5 kV
0
1
2
3
1.65 kV
4
5
6
7
8
9
1000 MW Converter
14000 thyristors
Year
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Evolution of CSC
• Evolution of CSC-HVDC voltage versus Transmission
distance (km).
• Very mature technology (> 140 HVDC systems
worldwide) –Figures 2014.
DirectVoltage(kV)
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
30002500200015001000500
Transmission Distance (Km)
@fglongatt

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Examples LCC
• Yunnan-Guangdong (2009).
• 5,000MW,800kV Bipolar
• 1418km
• Three Gorges (2004)
• 3000MW, 500kV Bipolar
• 940km
• Melo-Uruguay-Brazil (2011)
• 500MW,Back-to-Back
Three Gorges ABB
UHV DC Yunnan - Guangdong Project: Chuxiong
Substation, China - DC Yard
500kV 50Hz Uruguay
525kV 60Hz Brazil
Alstom
Grid

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First Voltage Source Converter (VSC) built for
importing power from an offshore wind park to
shore

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First Key Milestone: BorWin1 2009
• VDC BorWin1 is the first HVDC facility in Germany to use
Voltage Sourced Converters (VSC), and the first in the world to
be built for importing power from an offshore wind park to
shore.
Commissioning year: 2015
Power rating: 400 MW
No of circuits: 1
AC Voltage:
170 kV (Platform BorWin
alpha),
380 kV (Diele)
DC Voltage: ±150 kV
Length of DC
underground cable:
2 x 75 km
Length of DC
submarine cable:
2 x 125 km
Main reason for
choosing HVDC
Light:
Length of land and sea
cables
Application: Offshore wind connections
http://www.tennettso.de/site/binaries/content/assets/press/information/en/100341_ten_husum_borwin_1_en.pdf

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First Key Milestone: BorWin1 2009
• 2009 Borwin1 400MW 150kVdc, VSC 1st large
offshore wind farm connection.
http://www.tennettso.de
125 km sea cable
400 MW
Offshore
converter
Source: ABB
400 MW HVDC Light® system off-shore
station on platform with sub-sea structure
80 Wind Turbines
40 m Deep
100 km
https://library.e.abb.com/public/9379edf992f625b6c125777c00328e51/Project%20BorWin1%20-%20150%20kV%20HVDC%20Light%20subm%20rev%202.pdf

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Offshore Wind rojects
• Offshore wind power plants are growing in terms of
rated power and are being located farther from the
coasts and the grid entry points.
Project
Company
/Location
Rated
Power
(MW)
System
Voltage
(kV)
DC Cable
length (km)
Year of
Completion
BornWin1
TanneT
(Germany)
400
DC: 150
AC: 155/400
SM: 2x125
UG: 2x75
2009
DolWin1
TanneT
(Germany)
800
DC: 320
AC: 155/400
SM: 2x75
UG: 2x90
2014
DolWin2
Tanner
(Germany)
900
DC: 320
AC: 155/380
SM: 2x45
UG: 2x90
2015

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First Ultrahigh Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC)

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First Ultrahigh Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC)
• The first Ultrahigh Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC)
project in the world to go into commercial operation, in
July 2010.
http://www08.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/57af6cb9ca0204ffc1257dcf004d7495
/$file/POW0056%20Rev%202.pdf
Commissionin
g year:
2010
Power rating:
6,400 MW (7,200
MW)
No. of poles: 2
AC voltage:
525 kV (both
ends)
DC voltage: ±800 kV
Length of
overhead DC
line:
1,980 km
Main reason
for choosing
HVDC:
Long distance
Application:
Connecting
remote generation
6400 MW
800 kV
1980 Km
XianJiba- Shanghai

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Recent History
• 2010 XianJiba- Shanghai 6400 MW 800 kV
±800kV DC
Fulong
Substation
FengXiang
Substation
State Grid Corporation of China
Source: ABB
Source: ABB

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First Modular Multi-level converter (MMC)

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Second Milestone: Trans Bay Cable
• The Trans Bay Cable is a high-voltage direct current
underwater cable interconnection between San Francisco,
California and Pittsburg, California
Potrero
Hill
Pittsburg
400 MW
88 km
http://www.transbaycable.com/
First MMC
Multilevel
system

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Longest HVDC Line: Rio Madeira
• The Rio Madeira transmission link in Brazil is the world's
longest power transmission line: 600kV, bipolar, 2375 km.
Commercial operation in November 2013
Power rating: 3 150 MW
2 x 400 MW (back-to-back)
AC voltage: Transmission link: 500 kV
Back-to-back: 500 kV and 230 kV
DC voltage: ± 600 kV
Length of DC
overhead line:
2,375 km
Type of link * Long distance overhead line
* Back-to-back station
Main reason for
choosing HVDC:
Long distance
Back-to-back: Asynchronous
networks
Application: Connecting remote generation
Interconnecting grids
http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/137155e51dd72f1ec125774b004608ca.aspx%7Ctytu%C5%82=

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Rio Madeira

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Nanao 3-Terminal VSC-HVDC
• The world’s first three-terminal VSC HVDC system in China.
• The pilot project with designed ratings of ±160kV/200MW-
100MW-50MW brings dispersed, intermittent clean wind power
generated on Nanao island into the mainland Guangdong power
grid through 32km of combination of HVDC land cables,
sea cables and overheard lines.
Diagram of Nan’ao three-terminal HVDC Flexible project
R&D and application of voltage sourced converter based high voltage direct current engineering
technology in China
Guangfu TANG (&), Zhiyuan HE, Hui PANG
https://www.dnvgl.com/news/dnv-gl-advises-on-world-s-first-multi-terminal-vsc-hvdc-
transmission-project-integrating-clean-energy-into-china-s-regional-power-
composition-mix-6205

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Nanao 3-Terminal VSC-HVDC -2013
Wind farms in Nanao Island: By 2011, total capacity is 143MW n In 2013, more 25MW; In
2015, offshore 50MW (Tayu).
VSC-MTDC project in Nanao Island: Three sending converter stations, One receiving
inverter station Voltage ±160kV, Capacity 200 MW, Capacity 200 MW, Distance: 20km.

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World's First 5-Terminal VSC HVDC
• 4th July 2014, ±200kV Zhoushan VSC-HVDC project--the world
first 5-terminal one was put into service (141 km).
• This project establishes a critical interconnection between mainland
and 5 isolated islands.
State Grid Company of
Zhejiang province
Diagram of Zhoushan five-terminal HVDC Flexible project
16 km
34 km
52 km
39km
400 MW
300 MW
100 MW
100 MW
100 MW

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North-East Agra: 1st UHVDC Multi-Terminal
• Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. The world’s first multi-
terminal UHVDC transmission link.
• The ±800 kV North-East Agra UHVDC link will have a record 8,000 MW
converter capacity, including a 2,000 MW redundancy, and transmit clean
hydroelectric power from India's northeast region to the city of Agra, a distance
of 1,728 km.
Power rating:
6,000 MW
(multiterminal)
No. of poles:
Converter: 4
Line: 2
AC voltage:
400 kV (all
stations)
DC voltage: ±800 kV
Length of overhead
DC line:
1,728 km
Main reason for
choosing HVDC:
Long distance,
bulk power
Application:
Connecting
remote
generation

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Evolution of VSC Projects in North America,
Europe and Asia

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HVDC Installation Around the World

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HVDC Projects in North America
Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total
Length
(Cable/P
ole)
(km)
Volt
(kV)
Power
(MW)
Year Type
Rock Island Clean
Line
USA - O'Brien
County, IA
USA - Grundy
County, IL
805
(0/805)
600 3500 ~2017 Thyr
Plains & Eastern
Clean Line
USA - Texas
County, OK
USA - Shelby
County, TN
1207
(0/1207)
600 3500 ~2018 Thyr
TransWest Express
USA – Sinclair,
WY
USA – Boulder
City, NV
1165
(0/1165)
600 3000
New England Clean
Power Line
USA - Alburgh,
VT
USA - Ludlow,
VT
248
(248/0)
320 1000 ~2019
Labrador-Island
Link
Canada -
Muskrat Falls,
NL
Canada -
Soldiers Pond,
NL
1135
(35/1100)
350 900 ~2017 Thyr
Maritime Link
Canada -
Bottom Brook,
NL
Canada -
Woodbine, NS
360
(170/190)
200 500 ~2017 IGBT

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HVDC Projects in Europe
Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length
(Cable/Pole)
(km)
Volt (kV)
Power
(MW)
Year Type
BorWin3 Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Gamma platform 200 (200/0) ±320 900 2019 IGBT
DolWin3 Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 160 (160/0) ±320 900 2017 IGBT
HVDC Italy-
Croatia
Italy - Candia Croatia - Konjsko ? 2017 Thyr
Shetland HVDC
Connection
UK - Upper Kergord
Valley
UK - Blackhillock 345 (345/0) ? 550 2016 Thyr
BorWin2 Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Beta platform 200 (200/0) ±300 800 2015 IGBT
DolWin1 Germany - Heede Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 165 (165/0) ±320 800 2015 IGBT
HelWin1 Germany - Büttel Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 130 (130/0) ±250 576 2015 IGBT
SylWin1 Germany - Büttel Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 205 (205/0) ±320 864 2015 IGBT
LitPol Link Lithuania - Alytus Poland - Elk 160 (0/160) 70 500 2015 Thyr
Åland - Finland Åland - Ytterby Finland - Nådendal 158 (158/0) 80 100 2015 IGBT
Troll A 3&4 Norway - Kollsnes Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform 70 (70/0) 66 100 2015 IGBT
Western HVDC
Link
UK - Hunterston UK - Connah's Quay 414 (414/0) 600 2000 2015 Thyr
HVDC NordBalt Sweden - Nybro Lithuania - Klapeida 450 (450/0) 300 700 2015 IGBT
DolWin2 Germany - Heede Germany - DolWin Beta platform 135 (135/0) ±320 900 2015 IGBT
HelWin2 Germany - Büttel Germany - HelWin Beta platform 130 (130/0) ±320 690 2015 IGBT
HVDC Finland -
Åland
Finland - Ytterby Finland - Nådendal 158 (158/0) 80 100 2015 IGBT

www.fglongatt.org
HVDC Projects in Asia
Name
Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2
Total Length
(Cable/Pole)
(km)
Volt (kV)
Power
(MW)
Year Type
Humeng - Liaoning China China 800 6400 2018 Thyr
Jinsha River II -
Fujian
China China 800 6400 2018 Thyr
Humeng - Liaoning China China 800 6400 2018 Thyr
Jinsha River II - East
China
China China 800 6400 2016 Thyr
Goupitan -
Guangdong
China China 3000 2016 Thyr
Humeng - Shandong China China 800 6400 2015 Thyr
Xiluodo - Hanzhou China China 800 6400 2015 Thyr
Irkutsk - Beijing
Russia -
Irkutsk
China -
Beijing
800 6400 2015 Thyr
Xiluodo - West
Zhejiang
China-
Xiluodu
China-
Jinghua
1680 800 8000 2014 Thyr
Hami - Central China China-Hami
China-
Zhengzhou
2192 800 6400 2014 Thyr
Naoao Multi-terminal
VSC HVDC
China China
32
(10/32)
±160 200/100/50 2013 IEGT/IGBT

www.fglongatt.org
UHVDC Prospects 600kV-800kV

www.fglongatt.org
UHVDC Prospects 500kV-1100kV in China
New Constructions by 2015
800 kV HVDC: 13 lines
1100 kV HVDC: 1 line
Total HVDC (approx.):
30000 km
50 HVDC lines

www.fglongatt.org
±1100kV UHVDC Project in China
• Ratings: 1100kV, 11,000MW /
5000A, 12 pulse, 26000 km
• Timeline: Lab: 2007 Aug at CEPRI
• Decision: End of 2010
• Spec issued: May, 2011
• Converter Transformer & Bushings
Prototype: June,2012
• Valve prototype: Feb. 2012
• Construction Kick-off meeting: July 10,
2013
• June 2016 , Low end energized
• Dec. 2016 , High end energized
• Project Org. Chengdu, Sichun
• EPC Project Management:
• HVDC Construction Division of
SGCC.
• 15 main subcontractors
• Engineering: Led by SPERI of
SGCC
Zhundong, Xingjiang
Chengdu,
Sichun
24 m Wall Bushing in ABB Ludvika, Apr 2012

www.fglongatt.org
A Super – Infrastucture: SuperGrid
Baltic and North Sea Countries: bring offshore wind farm power to onshore.
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
www.fglongatt.org.ve
Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
June 2012
Coventry, UK
Supergrid is defined as "a pan-European transmission
network facilitating the integration of large-scale renewable
energy and the balancing and transportation of electricity,
with the aim of improving the European market"
North Africa under Mediterranean Sea to
Continental Europe: bring renewable energy
of Photovoltaic, solar and wind.
AC Network
DC Network
@fglongatt
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
North Sea National Targets 2030 (1/4)
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
June 2012
Coventry, UK
@fglongatt
Data source: EWEA
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Massive Penetration Renewables: UK
• Birmingham, UK Speaking at the Renewable UK
conference in Birmingham (5 Nov 2013), UK Energy
Secretary Ed Davey confirmed plans for the
development of up to 39 GW of offshore wind capacity
in UK waters by 2030.
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/uk-confirms-plans-for-39-gw-of-offshore-wind-by-2030?cmpid=WindNL-Thursday-November14-2013

www.fglongatt.org
UK Wind Farms: East Anglia (3/4)
Docking Shoal
540 MW
East Anglia Five
1200 MW
East Anglia Four
1200 MW
East Anglia Three
1200 MW
East Anglia Six
1200 MW
East Anglia Two
1200 MW
East Anglia Five
1200 MW
East Anglia Six
1200 MW
East Anglia
Three
1200 MW
East
Anglia
Four
1200 MW
East Anglia
Two
1200 MW
East Anglia One
1200 MW
Galloper Wind Farm
Greater Gabbard
London Array
Phase 1
London Array
Phase 2
Kentish Flats
90 MW
Thanet
Thanet 2
147 MW
Dudgeon
560 MW
Race Bank
Scroby
sands
Gunfleet Sands I +II
173 MW
Gunfleet Sads 3 –
Demonstration Project
Sheringhan
Shoal
Kentish Flats
Extension 51 MW
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
Francisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD
June 2012
Coventry, UK
@fglongatt
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Firth of Forth
Phase 1
1075 MW
Firth of
Forth
Phase 3
790 MW
Firth of Forth
Phase 2
1820 MW
Forth Array
Neart na
Gaoith
Inch Cape
Bell Rock
UK Wind Farms: Dogger Bank, HornSea, Firth of Forth (4/4)
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
Francisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD
June 2012
Coventry, UK
Dogger
Bank
6000 MW
Hornsea
2800 MW
Njord
(Hornsea)
600 MW
Hornsea
2800 MW
Heron Wind
(Hornsea)
600 MW
Triton Knoll
1200 MW
Westermost
Rough
Race
Bank
Dudgeon
560 MW
Dogger Bank Project One
Dogger Bank Tranche A
1600 MW
"They could see gross value added to the UK economy of £7 billion and a
cumulative cost-reduction impact of £45 billion for the whole offshore wind
sector in UK waters by 2050,"
Wind farm 'may save £45bn' in costs
Offshore wind could boost GDP by “huge” 0.6%
The figures build on 2010 research from the Offshore Valuation Group
which found that by harnessing less than a third of the UK’s offshore wind
resource, the UK could generate the equivalent of
one billion barrels of oil a year by 2050
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Bigger is Better (?) (3/5)
• UpWind: Design limits and solutions for very large
wind turbines .
• A 20 MW turbine is feasible
(2011).

www.fglongatt.org
8MW Offshore Wind Turbine (4/5)
• 8MW is something normal!!!
1. Vestas V164 8MW
The V164 8MW turbine is the latest addition to the to top 10 list.
The Vestas V164 came online in January 2014, nearly three
years after the project was first unveiled in London. Curiously for
an offshore turbine, the V164 is geared. Other notable features
include a 80 metre-long blades and a lightweight nacelle that
won the design innovation category in Windpower Monthly's
annual wind turbine awards. The first machine has been installed
for testing at the Danish national wind turbine test centre at
Osterild.
2. Enercon E126 7.5MW
3. Samsung S7.0 171 7MW
4. MHI SeaAngel 7MW
5. Repower 6M Series
6. Siemens SWT-6.0 150
7. Alstom Haliade
8. Sinovel SL6000
9. Areva M5000
10. Gamesa G5MW
http://www.windpowermonthly.com/10-biggest-turbines

www.fglongatt.org
Vestas V164-8.0 MW
Vestas V164-8.0 MW - a game changer in offshore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJBFAAJXH4c

www.fglongatt.org
Technologies for Energy Storage
• 471 Global Energy Projects
2013
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/
1339 Projects
186,224 GW
2015

www.fglongatt.org
Global Energy Storage
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/data_visualization

www.fglongatt.org
Global Storage

www.fglongatt.org
Technologies for Energy Storage (4/4)
1339 Projects
186,224 GW
2015

www.fglongatt.org
Storage in UK (2/4)
Dinorwig
Power
Station
30 Projects
3255 MW

www.fglongatt.org
Storage in UK (3/4)
• Smarter Network Storage
The Smarter Network Storage (SNS) project aims to carry out a range of
technical and commercial innovation to tackle the challenges associated with the
low-carbon transition and facilitate the economic adoption of storage. It is
differentiated from other LCNF electrical storage projects by its demonstration of
storage across multiple parts of the electricity system, outside the boundaries of the
distribution network. By demonstrating this multi-purpose application of
6MW/10MWh of energy storage at Leighton Buzzard primary substation, the
project will explore the capabilities and value in alternative revenue streams for
storage, whilst deferring traditional network

www.fglongatt.org
Storage in UK
• Preliminary analysis in UK suggest an additional storage
could be installed in the range of 1GW - 29GW under
certain future scenarios by 2050, of which distribution
storage is estimated to dominate bulk storage, due to the
savings from avoided distribution network costs.
The Electricity Storage Network has warned
that delays in installing at least an additional
2GW of electricity storage by 2020 will
result in costs of £100m a year for
taxpayers and investors.
The alert came as DECC named the first
two winners of its £20m energy storage
competition with the ESN adding that failure
to act would also cause a loss of value
rising to £10bn a year by 2050.
http://renews.biz/53357/uk-urged-to-focus-on-storage/

www.fglongatt.org
EV at Loughborough University
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
EV at Loughborough University
• Electric Vehicles at Loughborough University
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Electric vehicle charging
• Electric vehicle charging profiles have been constructed
from data on time-of-arrival for drivers at their home
destination, from the National Travel Survey.
Number of electric vehicles arriving
home, in 10-minute intervals, calculated
from the National Travel Survey (2010)
for 7.6 million vehicles
http://www.element-energy.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/HEUS_Lot_II_Correlation_of_Consumption_with_Low_Carbon_Technologies_Final.pdf
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Electric vehicle charging
• For simplicity, it is assumed all drivers travel the same
distance every day, 365 days per year
• The charging profile of a typical electric vehicle is
aggregated here from an ensemble of vehicles (including
PHEVs, RE-EVs and BEVs) and arrival times.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
2012 2030
Distance(km)
Year
Distance Travelled (km)
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Annual Distance Driven
Annual electric vehicle mileage (km) as a function of year
The annual distance driven is informed by
Element Energy’s work in modelling of the
GB vehicle stock.
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
EV Type Evolution
EV type distribution, DECC Low Uptake Scenario
The modelling of electric vehicles assumes battery capacities of 8kWh for PHEVs,
16kWh for RE-EVs, and 22kWh for BEVs
Range-extended electric vehicles (REEV) Battery electric vehicle (BEV) Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Demand Profile: EV
Average aggregated electricity
demand profile for a single electric
vehicle, at a single household
without DSR measures
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
EV –Prospective 2030
UK domestic electric vehicles uptake for 2012-2030
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
This section presents several different types of
HVDC configurations

www.fglongatt.org
Types of HVDC Systems
Different common system configurations and operating
modes used for HVDC transmission
Monopole, Ground Return
Monopole, Metallic Return
Monopole, Midpoint Grounded
Back-to-Back
(a) Monopole (b) Bipole
Bipole Bipole, Metallic Return
(c) Multi-Terminal
Multiterminal
Bipole, Series-Connected
Converters
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
This section presents several different types of
HVDC configurations

www.fglongatt.org
Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems
• Future Electricity Network use the concept of Multi-
Terminal HVDC Systems
MTDC
AC
System
,dc iU
,dc iP
i
Multiterminal
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Practical Multi-Terminal HVDC
10GW
5GW
Belgium
London
Hull
Glasgow
Norfolk Bank
2GW
5GW
10GW
Firth of Forth
5GW
5GW
5GW
5GW
Norway
German WF
Dogger Bank
2
8
4ac
3
8ac
1 10ac101ac
9ac
9
4
1-2
VSC4
VSC9
2-10
VSC1
G10
UK1
3-7
2-3
3-6
8-9
3-92-5
1-4
5ac
5VSC5
UK2
6ac
6VSC6
UK3
7ac
7
3acVSC3
2acVSC2
G1
G2
G3
G9
VSC8
G8
Germany
UK
VSC7
Zeebrugge
VSC8
VSC10
WF
WF
WF
March 2015
Loughborough, UK
4.30
5.00
0.70
3.60
13.60
10.00
5.30
4.50
5.10
5.00
10.00
8.75
43.45
35.00
1.15
4.70
4.73
2.00
4.26
1.86
4.0
G7
2.22
27.26
16.8
30.8
27.3
5.50
Pdc
Pac

www.fglongatt.org
This section introduces challenges of MTDC in
terms of System Operation

www.fglongatt.org
Introduction
• HVDC is present in the system for
several decades.
• It is part of the operational
procedures of the system operator:
• Part of the scheduling process.
• Used in special protection schemes.
• Used to manage power system stability.
• However, the used schemes tend to
be “specific” and “special” to the
situation.
• HVDC is often regarded as
“external” to the system operator.
• As HVDC penetration is
increasing, there is a need to
consider it as an inherent part of the
power system.
SURVEY PAPER 2: Modeling and Control of HVDC Grids: A Key Challenge for the Future Power
System. Authors: Jef Beerten, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Xavier Guillaud, Johan Rimez, Arjen van der Meer,
Dirk Van Hertem

www.fglongatt.org
HVDC Grid Influences Operations
Emergency
operations
Energy Balance
Market Operation
Preventive
and
Corrective
actions
Reliability in
the system
(and how it is
dealt with):Both
dynamically (all
forms of
stability) and
steady state.

www.fglongatt.org
HVDC Grid Influences Operations
Technology used influences the system’s
operation :
• Appropriate ratings for cables, lines
and converters (e.g. maximum steady-
state and transient voltages and power
ratings).
• Protection system (largest effect of a
single failure, fault ride through
requirements).
• Harmonic filter requirements.
• Converter requirements (e.g. ramp
rates).
• Need for DC choppers or offshore wind
farm control.
• Technology requirements and
operational requirements are linked.
SURVEY PAPER 2: Modeling and Control of HVDC Grids: A Key Challenge for
the Future Power
System. Authors: Jef Beerten, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Xavier Guillaud, Johan
Rimez, Arjen van der Meer,
Dirk Van Hertem

www.fglongatt.org

www.fglongatt.org
Where is The Border?
•Area which is operated
by the same entity:
1. One single zone of
operation
2. DC separate from the
AC system.
3. Each zone separately.
4. Based on country
borders.

www.fglongatt.org
• Area which is operated
by the same entity:
operation
AC system.
4. Based on country
borders.

www.fglongatt.org
by the same entity:
operation
AC system.
4. Based on country
borders.

www.fglongatt.org
• Area which is operated
by the same entity:
operation
AC system.
4. Based on country
borders.

www.fglongatt.org
Different possible definitions.
Different implementations.
Different consequences towards cost-benefit.
by the same entity:
operation
AC system.
4. Based on country
borders.

www.fglongatt.org
Where to draw the border between AC and DC?
• Where to draw the
border between AC and
DC:
• At the DC busbar/PCC.
• At the AC busbar/PCC.
• Halfway the converter the
border.

www.fglongatt.org
Where to Draw the Border Between AC and DC?
• Where to draw the
border between AC and
DC:
• Halfway the converter the
border.

www.fglongatt.org
Where to Draw the Border Between AC and DC?
• Where to draw the border
between AC and DC:
• Halfway the converter
the border.
The border determines the
interactions and who controls?

www.fglongatt.org

www.fglongatt.org
Frequency/Voltage Management:
• Solving unbalances through
power injection adjustment
(simplified).
• Outage of a converter station
connecting the HVDC grid
with AC grid 1, zone 1.
• Examples of Solutions:
1. Equal droop reaction causes
all converters connected to
the HVDC grid to contribute.
2. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1
takes the full unbalance over
from the other systems.
P

www.fglongatt.org
(simplified).
connecting the HVDC grid with
AC grid 1, zone 1.
1. Equal droop reaction causes
all converters connected to the
HVDC grid to contribute.
2. The schedule with AC grid 2 is
corrected, resulting in only a
contribution from AC grid 1
P
/6P
/6P
/6P
/6P
/6P
/6P

www.fglongatt.org
(simplified).
connecting the HVDC grid with AC
grid 1, zone 1.
1. Equal droop reaction causes all converters
connected to the HVDC grid to
contribute.
3. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1 takes the full
unbalance over from the other systems.
P
/ 4P
0 0
/ 4P
/ 4P
/ 4P

www.fglongatt.org
(simplified).
AC grid 1, zone 1.
1. Equal droop reaction causes all
converters connected to the
P
0 0
0
0
0
P

www.fglongatt.org
(simplified).
AC grid 1, zone 1.
1. Equal droop reaction causes all
converters connected to the
P
0 0
0
0
0
P
Still an action
needed to fix
frequencies and
voltages

www.fglongatt.org

www.fglongatt.org
Conclusions
• As HVDC is increasingly present in power systems.
• New technology allows to provide new “services”.
• It is needed to adapt our operational procedures to make
HVDC operations an inherent part of system operations.
• Influence reaches far into neighbouring zones: both
positive and negative
• Coordination is needed.
• The framework in which the AC and DC systems are
operated will play a key role.
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
It is time for questions and answers
Copyright Notice
The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or
copied in any form or by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M.
Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any
trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the
documents by you.

Future Meshed HVDC Grids: Challenges and Opportunities, 29th October 2015, Portoviejo Ecuador

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Future Meshed HVDC Grids: Challenges and Opportunities, 29th October 2015, Portoviejo Ecuador