Galgal png national stakeholder workshop presentation

Dr. Keith Galgal
Agriserf Limited
EVIDENCE BASE
AGRICULTURAL-NUTRITION
NEXUS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Introduction
• Food and nutrition security (FNS) is high on the global policy agenda
• FNS is of special significance for the African, Caribbean and the
Pacific (ACP) region.
• CTA has prioritized strengthening the linkages between nutrition and
agriculture from 2015 and beyond for ACP region
• Joint EC/FAO/CTA/WBG framework of action (2014)
on “Agriculture and nutrition: a common future”
• Strategic Priority = improving ”the knowledge and evidence base to
maximize the impact of food and agricultural systems on nutrition”

Introduction (Cont.)
• Reflected in the CTA regional business plans (2015).
• CTA - interested in collecting more detailed information on the
agriculture and food and nutrition situation in selected countries where
malnutrition is prevalent to determine the entry points which provide the
greatest opportunity for strengthening the agriculture-nutrition nexus.
• This rapid scan for evidence base agriculture nutrition nexus in Papua
New Guinea was commissioned CTA.
• The analysis presented in this report is intended to Inform Food and
Nutrition Security Policy and Practice: Strengthening the Agriculture-
Nutrition Nexus and Improving Outcomes.

Methodology
• Rapid appraisal and case study to scan for evidence to build case for
agriculture nutrition nexus in Papua New Guinea,
• The study involved first, review of government policies that were linked
to agriculture, food and nutrition from secondary sources,
• Secondly, from the review of secondary sources identify institutional
framework, intervention programs and target groups and
• Lastly, 4 case studies were conducted to assess lessons learnt in terms
of agricultural food and nutrition access, availability, income and health
outcomes.
• Case study # 1 - POM urban settlement
• Case study # 2 - Lae peri urban block
• Case study # 3 - Ambunti, East Sepik
• Case study # 4 - Finschaffen, Morobe province

Papua New Guinea (PNG) -
Overview
Geography
– Largest of the Pacific Islands Nations.
- Made up of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea in the
western Pacific Ocean
- Several large volcanic islands & 600 small and scattered islands
to the east and north in the Bismarck and Solomon Seas.
- Total land area is over 462, 840 km2.
- Land border with Indonesian province of West Papua, and sea
boundaries with the Solomon Islands and Australia.
- Topography - among the most rugged in the world, with altitudes
of over 4000 m.
- Large geographical diversity exists with offshore islands,
lowland forests and extensive marches, dry savannah and
temperate highlands
- < 20 % of the country is inhabited

- Overview
Population – 7 Million Spread over 22
provinces
Density – 16 persons per Km2
Population Growth – 2.7 %
85 % largely rural
Culturally diverse with 800 languages
Official language – English
National language – Tok Pisin (Pidgin)
National Flag

Overview - Economy
Pre – Independence – Largely Agricultural export (Coffee, Cocoa,
Copra, Coconut oil, Rubber, Spice, Fisheries)
Post Independence – 1980 onwards (Mines, Oil & Gas)
Up to 2015 – PNG is a net exporter of raw materials (renewable & non
renewable sectors) & a net importer
 2015 Economy dominated by non-renewable (Mining & Energy)
 US$10 b (70 % of GDP)
 Agriculture contribution – 27 % GDP (US$ 2 b)
 Agriculture - Main export commodities 2 % of total exports; Crude Oil Palm –
PGK1 b (US$380); Coffee – PGK500 m (US$190 m); Cocoa – PGK300 m
(US114.3 m)
 Domestic Market - Fresh food valued at PGK3 b (US$1.143 b) annually;
Poultry – PGK821 m annually (US$285.8 m)
 Economy growing at 10 % last 5 years
*The reliability of PNG’s national statistics, including GDP figures, remain an
issue, being largely imputed rather that calculated from extensive data collected.

Level of Development – Social
Indicators
1. Health
 Infant mortality rate (< 12 months of age) – 57 per 1000 births (5.7 %) in
2006. The 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target tailored for PNG
is 44 per 1000 live births. This rate is still high by international standards
compared to countries in the region, eg. 10 for Malaysia in 2007 and 16 for
Fiji in 2007.
 Infant mortality rate (under 5 years) – 75 per 1000 births (7.5 %) in 2006.
The 2015 MDG target tailored for PNG is 72 per 1000. Key reasons for this
high rate are poor health and a lack of nutrition. Comparing with countries in
the region, Malaysia was 12 per 1000 live births in 2007 and Fiji was 18 per
1000 live births in 2007.
 Infants under 5 years of age with moderate to high malnutrition - Over
50% in 2008. Most children under 5 years visiting public health facilities have
been diagnosed with severe or moderate malnourishment.
 Maternal mortality rate – 733 per 100,000 women in 2006. Maternal
mortality rate has worsened, is very high by international standards – 4 times
higher on average than Pacific island countries. The 2015 MDG target for
PNG is 274 per 100,000 live births.
 Incidences of Tuberculosis – 473 per 100,000 people in 2008. The current
rate is three times higher on average than middle income countries. The MDG
target for PNG is to have TB under control by 2015, and to reverse the
incidence of TB by 2020.
 Incidences of Malaria – 246 per 100,000 people in 2008. Although the
incidence of malaria has fallen recently, the number of deaths has risen. The
2015 MDG target for PNG is to have malaria under control by 2015, and to
reverse the incidence of malaria by 2020.

Indicators
Health (cont.)
 HIV/AIDS prevalence rate – 1 % in rural areas and 2 – 4 % in urban areas. A
generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic is underway in PNG and has the potential to
have a devastating impact on rural livelihoods and economic development
through its direct and indirect impact on household labour availability. One
forecast estimates HIV/AIDS could cause a 34 % reduction in the size of
PNG’s workforce by 2020 (O’Keefe et al., 2005).
 Cardiovascular risk factors prevalence rates for obesity (BMI>30) – High
prevalence; men 27%, women 38% among the urban coastal population; 16%
(men and women) among the rural coastal population; and 3.3% (men) and
2.2% (women) in the rural highlands. With diet and changes in lifestyle and
coronary diseases are becoming more prevalent.
 Life expectancy – 59.2 years. PNG’s life expectancy is very low by
international standards. The average for developing countries is 67 and for
East Asia and Pacific 72. Future progress depends on controlling HIV/AIDS
and pre-mature deaths from diet related lifestyle diseases.

Indicators
Health (cont.)
 Number of hospitals in full operation - 19. PNG’s hospitals have
deteriorated due to the lack of capacity and specialized skills required to
meet the increasing demand for quality health services.
 Number of functioning aid posts in PNG - 1870 in 2008. Of the 2672 aid
posts in the country, about 30% are closed and many are not operating at full
capacity due to lack of equipment, health workers and medical supplies.
 Facilities with adequate medical supplies – 51 % in 2008. Distribution of
medical supplies to health facilities declined markedly in 2008.
 Facilities receiving at least one visit from Health headquarters a year –
53 % in 2008. Average supervisory visits to health facilities have remained
low with little improvement in most provinces.
 Ratio of physicians per 100,000 people – 5 per 100,000 people (300
Physicians). The number of physicians is inadequate, particularly in rural
areas. By comparison, the ratio in Malaysia is 70 per 100,000. Only 35
physicians a year are trained in PNG.
 Number of nursing staff – 50 per 100,000 people in 2009 (2844 nurses)
and 80 % nearing retirement age.

Indicators
Health (cont.)
 Community health workers - 3883 in 2009. Health services delivery in rural
areas has been a major challenge with insufficient community health workers
in health posts and health centres.
 Supervised deliveries – 37 % in 2008. Unsupervised deliveries are a key
reason infant and maternal mortality rates are very high.
 Antenatal care – 63 % of pregnancies in 2008. Insufficient attention is paid
to antenatal care for detecting early risks in pregnancies, maternal and infant
health.
 Immunization coverage - 52% of children aged 12 to 23 months fully
immunized in 2006. Immunization coverage has 100% improved from 38% in
1996 to 69 % of the population are immunized in 2008 but is still inadequate.
Full coverage is needed for reducing infant mortality, preventing diseases
and reducing the demand on health treatment services.
 Food outlets implementing safe food code of practice – 40 % in 2008.
Food regulation safety is inadequately enforced, putting the community at
risk. Prevention of food borne diseases reduces the burden on health
services.
 Access to health services - Poor in rural areas where more than 83 % of
population reside. In urban areas access to quality health services is poor.
 Clean water and sanitation – 9 % of the population have access to piped
clean water. Provisions of clean water and good sanitation and essential for
reducing the spread of diseases, sustain good health and hygiene.

Indicators
Health (Summary)
1. The mortality pattern has not changed in the last ten years.
Communicable diseases account for the majority of deaths in
Papua New Guinea. Immunization coverage is not sufficient.
2. Infant mortality can be attributed to five causes; pneumonia (33%),
neonatal infection (17 %), slow foetal growth/immaturity (11 %),
hypoxia/asphyxia (17 %) and meningitis (7 %). Pneumonia and
malaria are the prominent causes of death among older children.
Differences in infant mortality rates and maternal mortality rates
vary greatly between regions.
3. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer and coronary
heart disease are prevalent later in life especially in urban centres.
4. Obstetric causes, especially in the rural areas, are a prominent
cause of death in women of child bearing age. Nearly twice as
many women in urban centres (87 %) than in rural areas (43 %)
use health facilities to deliver their babies.
5. Lifestyle and change of attitude towards food is critical for good
health & wellbeing

Indicators
2. Education
 Net admission rate (percentage of ages 6 -14) – 11.5 %.
Many children are not admitted to school at correct age.
International research demonstrates that students attending
school at the correct official age perform better.
 Net enrolment rate (percentage of ages 6-14) – 52.9 %. Low
enrolment rate by world standard is due to low affordability, lack
of infrastructure and poor quality teaching, especially in rural
areas.
 Completion rate to grade 8 – 45.4 %. The rate of completion
at all levels of education has not improved and of the total
number of students admitted at the first grade, only 45.4%
completed level 8.
 Retention rate – 30 %. There is a low transition of students
from one level of education to another, particularly at year 8 and
higher. Lack of capacity in the education system is the key
constraint.
 Average class size (teacher to pupil ratio) – 1:45.
Performance of students and quality of education has been
undermined by a high teacher student ratio. This can be
overcome by reducing class size and/or by integrating IT and
other facilities into the classroom.

Indicators
Education (cont.)
 Youth literacy rate (% of ages 15-25 years) – less than 64
%. Poor outcome in literacy are a result of low enrolment and
retention, a misguided curriculum and weak teaching.
Literacy skills are essential for economic social participation.
 Numeracy (percentage of ages 15-25) – n/a. There is a lack
of emphasis in the teaching of numeracy skills and this is
holding back PNG’s progress. International research
demonstrates a strong link between mathematical skills and
development.
 Number of teachers and support staff – 38,000 in 2008.
The number of teachers and support staff is insufficient to
meet the needs of higher enrolment rates, reduced class
sizes and a rising population.
 The adult literacy rate - 72%, (81% for males and only 63% for
females (UNICEF, 2002).
 HDI – 50 out of 148 countries (UN)

Indicators
3. Poverty
 38 % of population (1996 household survey)
 Significant high in rural PNG (93 %) > one million people
live in severe poverty
 Proportion of those living below the national poverty line
increased from 38 % to 54 % between 1996 and 2003
(World Bank, 2003).
 Proportion of people living on less than US$1/day
(adjusted for purchasing power) increased from 25 % to
40 %.
 Varies significantly both between and within different
provinces (relative geographic isolation being a major
determinant).

Indicators
 Low Birth Weight
 About 10 % of infants born in health facilities have a low birth
weight (<2500 g) (data compiled NDH)
 10.2% in 1999,
 9.9% in 2000,
 8.9% in 2001, and
 9.7% in 2002.
*Geographical differences, with infants in the
highlands heavier than infants of lowland or
coastal mothers. Milne Bay, Madang, East Sepik
and Sandaun Provinces have each recorded
more than 15 % low birth weight rates.
4. Nutrition & Health

Indicators
 Child growth – Malnutrition
obvious in 2nd & 3rd yr of life
 40 % malnourished
 45 % after major El Nino
caused drought in 1998
◦ Nutritional Anaemia
 40 % pregnant mothers
(could be high in rural
areas)
 In infants anaemia is one of
the top 10 cause of hospital
admissions & death
Nutrition & Health (cont.)

 Obesity
 48 % In a peri urban village near the capital,
 26 % in settlement near the capital,
 Communities in rural areas have relatively low levels of obesity,
 Cardiovascular risk factors prevalence rates for obesity
(BMI>30), with the highest prevalence (men 27%, women 38%)
among the urban coastal population, 16% (men and women)
among the rural coastal population, and 3.3% (men) and 2.2%
(women) in the rural highlands.
 Malnutrition in women is frequently due to an inadequate intake
of energy and protein, and in rural women BMI decreases with
age.
*The nutritional problem is not simply one of production, but also of
knowledge and attitude to food.
Indicators
Nutrition & Health (cont.)

 These social indicators for PNG
contradicts the bold statement
below.
 “We have made some bold
statements in the Papua New
Guinea Vision 2050 about the kind
of society we want to enjoy and
leave for the future generations. It
goes without saying that we aim
for nothing less than achieving the
highest quality of life for our
people” (Extract from PNG Vision
2050).
Indicators
Founding Prime Minister of Papua New
Guinea – Grand Chief Sir Michael T Somare.

Agriculture – Nutrition Nexus
Rapid Scan
Data collection
Secondary - Policy scan – to identify
government policies (what worked & what did
not work)
Case studies

Policies & Strategies Directed at
Agriculture & Food Security
Vision 2050 – PNG Govt.’s development blue print, a framework for long-term
development strategy.
 Vision 2050 is underpinned by seven Strategic Focus Areas, which are referred
to as pillars:
◦ Human Capital Development, Gender, Youth and People Empowerment;
◦ Wealth Creation;
◦ Institutional Development and Service Delivery;
◦ Security and International Relations;
◦ Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change;
◦ Spiritual, Cultural and Community Development; and
◦ Strategic Planning, Integration and Control.
 The Vision 2050 strategy for agriculture is pinned under the wealth creation pillar
and has the following visions:
◦ Establish two major economic projects in all 89 districts;
◦ Expand production volume of all major cash crops to enable downstream
processing;
◦ Provide two agriculture extension officers per district;
◦ Improve the terms and conditions of employment of agricultural officers; and
◦ Establish a unified agricultural plan by 2015.

2. Medium Term Development Strategy
(MTDS)
 The MTDS was intended to provide an
overarching plan for economic and social
development. It had three specific objectives:
◦ Good governance
◦ Export – driven growth, and
◦ Rural development through poverty reduction,
empowerment and human resource development

 Export – driven growth was to have been
achieved through - Promotion of income earning
opportunities (including agricultural research and
extension, and marketing; the nucleus estate model;
revitalizing the Rural Development Bank; micro-credit
scheme and skills training; and establishing industrial
parks)
Medium Term Development Strategy
(MTDS) (Cont.)

3. National Agriculture Development Strategy
(NADS)
 The NADS 2002 – 2012 provided the overarching framework
for Agriculture sector with emphasis on:
◦ Developing enabling environments to support the National Agriculture
Development Plan (NADP)
◦ Harmonizing the legislation reform
◦ Promotion of the private sector
◦ Organization reforms for National department of Agriculture and
Livestock (NDAL)
◦ Reforms of the agricultural credit system
◦ Improve social, economic, physical and institutional infrastructure
◦ Improve economic services
◦ Improve marketing through cooperative-based services, and
◦ Science-based development through a more coordinated
prioritized and better funded national agricultural research effort.

4. Medium Term Development Plan
(MTDP)
Key strategies for MTDP to achieve the agricultural sector goal
are:
 Land development
 Providing adequate extension
 Developing and improving roads and other agricultural
infrastructure
 Other strategies for implementation are major rehabilitation and
development programs in the tree crops and livestock
industries,
 Control and eradication of exotic pests and diseases and
 Enforcing Codex food safety and fair trade standards which, in
turn, will support the marketing of PNG’s food exports
*The impact of the current and future MTDPs on the agricultural
sector will be a five-fold increase in the level of production by
2030, worth K7.2 billion and contributing 267,000 additional jobs.

5. National Agriculture Development
plan (NADP)
 The NADP 2007 – 2016 - strategic implementation plan
for the agriculture sector with provision of PGK100 Million
annually from PNG Government.
 Goal of NADP - to stimulate growth and sustainable
development of the agriculture sector.
 Purposes:
◦ Underpin the government’s MTDS
◦ Guide agriculture sector development by aligning identified
priorities with resources
◦ Institutionalize planning system and determine planning
process for coordinated sector development
◦ Institutionalize implementation arrangements of the national
plan
◦ Contribute to promoting food security for PNG households.

1. National Nutrition Policy
 The first National Nutrition Policy was endorsed in 1978,
 The interdepartmental Food and Nutrition Advisory Committee organized
the 1992 National Workshop to reformulate the Food and Nutrition
Policy.
 The workshop laid the foundation of the National Nutrition Policy,
endorsed by the National Executive Council in 1995.
2. Food Security Policy
 In 2000 the Papua New Guinea National Food Security Policy was
endorsed by National Executive Council and mainly implemented by the
Department of Agriculture and Livestock.
 After 1997 El Neno inflicted drought
Policies and Programmes directed at
Nutrition

3. National Dietary Guidelines
 National Dietary Guidelines - nutrition manual Nutrition for Papua New Guinea "Six nutrition messages
for good health", aimed especially at women and children, are promoted through use of a flipchart.
 A National Coordinating Committee for Iodine Deficiency Disorders - Plan of Action for the Control of
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (1995),
 Pure Food Act was amended to state that all salt, imported or produced domestically, should be
iodized.
 Vitamin enrichment of imported white rice
4. Breast-feeding policy
 A decline in breast-feeding in the 1970s was reversed by legislation in 1977 (the Baby
Feed Supplies Control Act) - controlled the sale of feeding bottles and teats.
 This successful strategy served as a model for the International Code of Marketing of
Breast-milk Substitutes.
 A 1995 study showed - main reason for switching to bottle- feeding was employment.
Implementation of the law needs to be strengthened.
 There is a National Breast-feeding Policy. Mother support groups, e.g. Susu Mamas, are
active and distribute information materials for mothers.
 Provision for 12 weeks Maternity leave. The general orders for the Public Service grant
mothers two breast-feeding breaks a day, but a 1995 study showed that only 27% of
women used this right and 64% were unaware of it. Most workplaces do not have
facilities for breast-feeding.
Policies and Programmes Directed at
Nutrition

5. Monitoring and surveillance of nutritional status

 There is no systematic monitoring of nutritional status,
 Information is routinely collected on birth weight, weight-for-age and nutritional
anaemia.
 Weight-for-age data is collected on a monthly basis for children of 0-5 years and
the data is compiled for the Health Information System.
6. Intervention programmes
 Improve nutrition in pregnancy, infant-feeding practices, child growth and
nutritional anaemia.
 The Health Information and Monitoring Branch of the Department of Health
provides annual reports to assist with monitoring and planning of intervention
programmes.
 Provincial Nutritionists provide nutrition education for the general public and for
schoolchildren.
 In 2003, new nutrition education materials became available (flipcharts, posters).
Nutrition

7. Nutrition effort
 Based on evidence from early national nutrition surveys, mostly
anthropometric,
 Trend in food consumption pattern - increasing dependency on
imported foods & contributing effect on the existing nutritional
problem. The principal concerns for the National Nutrition Policy
were:
◦ The nature of food supply
◦ The selection of nutritious diets, and
◦ The provision of medical services for the nutritionally vulnerable.
Policies & Programmes Directed
at Nutrition

 The policy was implemented holistically by an extensive
network of nutritional personal in PNG having
connections with village affairs (community affairs),
agriculture, food science, education, and health. This
network provided an excellent opportunity to bring the
many ecological advantages of village life to bear on the
problem and maximize self-sufficiency
 National Nutrition Policy enabled food and nutrition
training programs at:
◦ University of PNG Medical Faculty (Degree in Medicine –
Human Nutrition)
◦ College of Allied Health Science (Diploma in Health Extension)
and Goroka Teachers College (Diploma in Teaching)
◦ University of Technology (Degree in Food Science and
Technology)
◦ Provincial Health Centres and Aid Posts (on site maternal and
child care awareness programs)
Nutrition

Summary of Policy &
Development Strategies
o Government Strategic Policies – well defined
o However, there is disconnection amongst implementation
agencies (eg. Agriculture, Health, Treasury, Environment etc)
o Within agency there is lack of communication
o Most statistics & development data outdated eg. National
household, National nutrition, food & nutrition security,
o Weak link between Agriculture - Food – Nutrition
o NADP placed lot of emphasis on role of the National
Department of Agriculture and Livestock in its implementation
plan but less emphasis on the role of the private sector and
civil society. The NADP had not planned for cross-sectoral
linkages with other sectors that are likely have significant
direct and indirect impacts, i.e. nutritional impact on health
and well being of the population.

Case study 1: Mueller et al., 2001(a). Spatial patterns of child
growth in Papua New Guinea and their relation to environment,
diet, socio-economic status and subsistence activities.
 Socio-economic status due increased cash crop production
activities, was the most important factor in determining child
growth within populations. Higher socio-economic status was
correlated with better growth due to high consumption of
imported and local high quality foods such as cereals, legumes,
tinned fish/meat or fresh fish as there were affordable and
accessible.
 Conclusion - nutritional interventions in PNG should aim at
promoting the consumption of such high energy and high protein
foods as well as strengthening the general economic base of rural
populations.
Evidence of Agriculture and Nutrition
Nexus
1. Anthropometric Evidence of Agriculture –
Nutrition Nexus

 Case study 2: Mueller et al., 2001(b). Subsistence agriculture and child
growth in Papua New Guinea.
 Child growth was better in agriculture systems with cassava and sweet
potato as staple crops, but worse in systems where banana, sago and taro
were staple crops. Both the cultivation of all major cash crops, and sales
of fish and food crops improved child growth.
 More intensive agricultural systems were associated with larger children
indicating that the nutritional status of children benefited from
intensification as well as from the introduction of cash crops into traditional
subsistence systems.
Nexus
Nutrition Nexus

 Case study 3: Heywood and Hide, 1994. Nutritional effects of export-
crop production in Papua New Guinea: A review of the evidence.
 The study reviewed the available data and summarized their findings as
follows:
 Cash cropping increased, the growth of children improved, particularly in
the highlands, where, as a result of the later introduction of coffee and
tea
 Together with this change has come an increase in the prevalence of
degenerative diseases in adults, particularly diabetes mellitus, obesity,
coronary heart disease, and hypertension.
 With cash income and changing lifestyles has come increased
consumption of imported foods and increased food dependency.
 Conclusion - cash cropping in Papua New Guinea has been associated
with improved nutrition status contradicts common assertions of a
negative relationship elsewhere.
Nexus
Nutrition Nexus

2. Transforming Agricultural Research
Institutions: Evidence of Agriculture and
Nutrition Nexus
 The agriculture research system of PNG has been transformed
recently to strategically align with the government’s national
development policies and strategic plans, namely; PNG Vision
2050 (2010 – 2050), MTDP (2011- 2015), NADS (2002 – 2012)
and NADP (2007 – 2016).
 With funding and technical assistance from the Australian
government through PNG – Australia Agriculture Research and
Development Support Facility (ARDSF) agricultural research
institutions have undergone transformation process in strategic
planning, each with the overall goal to improve livelihoods and
reduce poverty of rural communities dependent on the
agricultural commodities.
Nexus

Case # 1
 Strategy and Result Framework (2011 – 2020): Contributing
to Improved Welfare of Farming and Rural Communities in PNG.
NARI’s purpose (strategic objective) is to accomplish enhanced
productivity, efficiency, stability and sustainability of the
smallholder agriculture sector in the country so as to contribute
to the improved welfare of rural families and communities who
depend wholly or partly on agriculture for their livelihoods.
 There are evidences of increased production of food crops from
smallholder and rural farming communities who have taken up
disease resistant and high yield food crops released by NARI,
such as Taro (Colacassia esculenta) (NT1 – NT4), Cassava
(Manihot esculenta) varieties, Aibika (a green leafy vegetable),
Rice (Oryza sativa) and Galip nut (Canarium indicum) – highly
nutritious nut with high caloric value.
Nexus

Nexus
Taro (Colocasia
esculenta)
Galip (Canarium
indicum) nuts

Case # 2 PNG Cocoa Coconut Institute (CCI) Ltd.
Strategic Plan 2010 – 2020.
CCI was transformed with the goal: Improved livelihoods of rural
communities dependent on the cocoa and coconut industries, and
vision: Prosperous, happy and healthy rural communities; dynamic,
innovative and sustainable cocoa and coconut industries
Nexus

Case 3 – Coffee Industry Corporation (CCI)
 CIC strategic Plan (2010 – 2018) was revised with
the organisational Goal: Improved livelihoods of
coffee farming communities and others along the
value chain.
Nexus

 Case 4: Fresh Produce Development Agency (FPDA)
Ltd. – FPDA Strategic Plan (Corporate Plan 2010 - 2014).
FPDA’s moto is “Feeding and enriching Papua New
Guinea”. FPDA’s overarching goal is – improved food and
nutrition security, quality of life, incomes and business
opportunities for farming communities and others who
depend on the horticulture industry. The vision for FPDA
is: Food and nutrition secure and prosperous communities
in PNG.
Nexus

Case 4: PNG Oil Palm Industry Corporation (OPIC)
Ltd. – OPIC Strategic Plan (2011 – 2020).
 OPIC’s overall goal as stated is to: Enhanced standard
of living, health, security and education of empowered
communities participating in a sustainable oil palm
industry in PNG.
 The intended outcome - improved household food and
nutrition security, income and housing; decreased infant
and maternal mortality rate; reduced cases of gender-
based violence; increased school enrolment and
number of girls and boys graduating from high school;
and increased ability of female and male farmers to
plan, organize and deliver on their objectives.
Nexus

3. Development Partners
◦ There is evidence that these agencies have a common
objective – Rural development in improved livelihood
through targeted interventions.
Eg.
 World Bank – Raise Agricultural Productivity & link
farmers to market
 NZAID – Improve rural livelihood
 AusAID - Institutional capacity development
Nexus

Case Studies
Case study 1: Port Moresby Peri urban vegetable grower

Nexus
• Migrant
• Overcame food insecurity by
growing green leaf vegetables
• Earn income to buy food
• Depend on imported food
• Imbalanced nutrition
• Vulnerable to malnutrition (over
nutrition

Case study 2: Smallholder egg farmer:
Igam Estate, Lae Morobe Province.
Nexus
• Settler
• Egg and pawpaw farmer,
• Food security not and issue now
• Access to balanced diet and cash
income and clean drinking water.
• Malnutrition is not a cause for concern
here. This is an ideal model to shift from
subsistence to semi-commercial village
farmers and a step forward for small to
medium enterprise farmers (SMEF).

Case study 3 – Subsistence farmer from
Finschaffen district Morobe Province.
Nexus
• Remote and isolated
• No access to the outside world
(access to health, education
and other services).
• Purely subsistence farmers.
• Have food – mostly high
carbohydrate
• Nutritional insecurity is common
• Vulnerable to malnutrition
(under nutrition)

Case study 4 – Subsistence farmer, Sepik
River, East Sepik Province.
Nexus
• Remote and isolated
• No access to the outside world
(access to health, education
and other services).
• Purely subsistence farmers –
Fisherman & gatherer
• Have food – mostly high
carbohydrate
• Nutritional insecurity is common
• Vulnerable to malnutrition
(under nutrition)

Community nurseries
Nexus
Sales in supermarkets
Local Markets
Other
Evidences

Agriculture – Nutrition Nexus Rapid
Scan
Challenge – Climate change have impact on
Food & Nutrition Security & Health

Conclusions
Key Conclusions derived from this rapid scan for agriculture
nutrition nexus are:
1. Major goals and objectives of the existing policies for
agricultural development are income generation and improved
livelihood. However, in terms of implementation agriculture
and in general the renewable resource sectors (Fisheries and
Forestry) have been categorized under the wealth creation
pillar of the PNG Vision 2050 and are classified as subsectors
under economic sector in the MTDS and PNGSDP. Thus,
Agriculture development policies are very much convoluted by
macroeconomic policies. Though, many consecutive
governments have overstated agriculture as the “backbone” of
PNG.
2. Agricultural development has been focused on production
(volumes and tonnage), export-driven and promotion of
income generation under prevailing infrastructure,
underdeveloped supply and value chain, and very poor to non-
existent service delivery system.

4. Institutional frameworks and governance structure for the agriculture
sector has recently been transformed and aligned to the global objectives
of PNG Vision 2050, with linkages to national, regional and international
working groups. All agricultural systems institutions of PNG have
structured their strategic plans, all with the common goal – improved
household food and nutrition security, income; decreased infant and
maternal mortality rates; and improve overall livelihoods of households
and communities who are dependent on agriculture
6. Nutrition monitoring, education/awareness and surveillance are the
function of the National Department of Health’s nutrition unit. The nutrition
contents of foods have been the function of NARI, and to lesser extent,
FPDA. Whilst training in food nutrition and chemistry is the function of
universities. The Department of Health and the Medical Research
Institute mostly do nutritional research in relation to anthropometric data
collection and reporting.
7. There is preference for rice which has replaced the common staples
like sweet potato, yams, taro, sago and bananas, at both the urban and
rural PNG. In addition, Papua New Guineas are very poor cooks (not the
trained chefs) and do not take time to prepare tasty foods.

 Dietary patterns have changed dramatically over the years from
subsistence to import dependent. However, the changes are not
been monitored and documented regularly. Thus, there is a huge
information gap between years/period. Available data on National
household nutrition survey is outdated and require urgent updating.
This time a multi sectorial approach will be required.
 Cash crop production, particularly by smallholders, has had dramatic
effects on economic growth. This scan has identified that cash
cropping is associated with improved growth of young children and
decreased infant and child mortality. At the same time a strong
upward trend in adult weights and heights is associated with an
increase in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The challenge now
is to devise programmes that retain the important benefits to child
growth and health and, at the same time, arrest the disturbing trend
toward increasing chronic degenerative diseases of adults.
 There is disconnection in information management across sectors.
Though current information is lacking, historical anthropometric data
show that agriculture, nutrition and health are inherently linked.
However, economic growth and poverty reduction are necessary but
not sufficient for reducing malnutrition (over nutrition and
undernutrition).

 There is no ‘silver bullet’ to the malnutrition problem;
rather an integrated approach combining economic
policies, strategic investments, and targeted
programs is needed. Now that institutional
frameworks for agriculture research and
development are aligned, more rigorous research is
needed to study the overall nutritional impacts of
agricultural transformation.
 Finally, there is no better way to emphasis the nexus
between agriculture and nutrition than to quote,
“Neither agricultural growth nor non-agricultural
growth is sufficient to reduce child malnutrition (due
to limiting non-income factors such as disease
burden, inappropriate child care, etc.” (Ecker, 2012)

“Agricultural Growth is Good, But is Not
Enough to Improve Nutrition and
Health”
 Nutritional Challenges
◦ National
 Food safety net
 Value chain actors
attitude
 Outdated Data
 Climate Change
 Bio security
◦ Household
 Purchasing Power
 Under performing
Agriculture
 Market Access
 Climate Change
◦ Individual
 Nutritional Transition
 Education
 Employment

What can we do
Invest in human capital - Education
Invest in infrastructure
Invest in Research
Invest in empowering SMEF
Implement tighter bio security policies

Multi Sectorial Coordinated
Bodies
GOVT
Private sector – Inclusive Business
NGOs – WIB, FOWID, WIA, FBO
Research/Training institutions
Farmers
People
Relevant International partners

Target Groups
Urban settlers
Peri urban villages
Remote Rural communities
Mine & Energy Project impact
communities

Key Indicators
Social well being – well nourished
children & healthy mothers
Improve nutritional insecurity
Improve household income security
Increased life expectancy
Eradicate lifestyle diseases – diabetes,
cardio vascular risk factors

Food & Nutrition Security Lack
Govt vision & support

Galgal png national stakeholder workshop presentation

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