3. What Is MotivationWhat Is Motivation??
Motivation is defined as the conditionsMotivation is defined as the conditions
whichwhich initiate ,guide, and maintaininitiate ,guide, and maintain
behaviors, usually until a goal has beenbehaviors, usually until a goal has been
reachedreached or the response has beenor the response has been
blockedblocked..
4. Types of Motives
McClelland ,Koestner and Weinberger
)1989(,posited that two types of of motives
coexist within the person:
A- Implicit motives, which operate
noconsciously. People may have no
or only very limited insight into what
motivates their behavior.
5. Types of Motives
B – Self-attributed )or explicit( motives,
are linked to the goals and expectations
that are normative for a particular group
)family ,peer ,society( and that thus focus
the individual's decisions and behaviors on
what the group deems important and
desirable.
6. Types of Motives
A. Primary or unlearned motivesA. Primary or unlearned motives::
Some unlearned motives are calledSome unlearned motives are called
survival motives because they must besurvival motives because they must be
satisfied for an organism to continue tosatisfied for an organism to continue to
livelive..
Hunger –Thirst – the need for AirHunger –Thirst – the need for Air––
Pain –unlearned but is not a survivalPain –unlearned but is not a survival
7. Types of Motives
B-Learned motives )social motivesB-Learned motives )social motives( :( :
They develop from social interactionsThey develop from social interactions..
In many societies they becameIn many societies they became
predominant motives because survivalpredominant motives because survival
motives aremotives are satisfied readily and easilysatisfied readily and easily..
8. Types of Motives
Need for dominanceNeed for dominance
Need for AffiliationNeed for Affiliation
Need for AchievementNeed for Achievement
9. Motivation and Leadership
)Effective leaders have the ability to
consistently move themselves and
others to action because they
understand the" invisible forces" that
shape us(
10. Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation
BiologicalBiological theories of motivation focus ontheories of motivation focus on
the importance of biological processes inthe importance of biological processes in
determining motivated behaviordetermining motivated behavior..
InstinctsInstincts are unlearned, species-specificare unlearned, species-specific
behaviors that are more complex thanbehaviors that are more complex than
reflexes and triggered by environmentalreflexes and triggered by environmental
events called releasing stimulievents called releasing stimuli..
11. The Psychoanalytical ViewThe Psychoanalytical View
For Freud ,For Freud , sexualitysexuality andand aggressionaggression areare
the ultimate wellsprings of humanthe ultimate wellsprings of human
motivationmotivation..
A - Sexuality and all otherA - Sexuality and all other life instinctslife instincts..
B - Aggression and all otherB - Aggression and all other deathdeath
instinctsinstincts..
12. The Humanistic ViewThe Humanistic View
Carl Rogers writesCarl Rogers writes::
There is an inherent tendency of theThere is an inherent tendency of the
organism to develop all its capacity inorganism to develop all its capacity in
ways which serves to maintain or enhanceways which serves to maintain or enhance
the personthe person..
PeoplePeople need to be loved for their veryneed to be loved for their very
existence as personsexistence as persons..
13. The Humanistic ViewThe Humanistic View
Love and acceptanceLove and acceptance are oftenare often
conditionalconditional : We are praised, rewarded: We are praised, rewarded
,,liked, admired and blessed for particularliked, admired and blessed for particular
things that we do ,say ,think ,and feelthings that we do ,say ,think ,and feel..
Such conditional positive regards fromSuch conditional positive regards from
others leads toothers leads to apprehensionapprehension ofof conditionsconditions
of worthof worth..
14. Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory
Suggests thatSuggests that previous learningprevious learning is a majoris a major
source of motivation. The success orsource of motivation. The success or
failure of particular responses leads to anfailure of particular responses leads to an
understanding of what will produceunderstanding of what will produce
positive or negativepositive or negative consequences andconsequences and
desire to repeat successful behaviorsdesire to repeat successful behaviors..
15. Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory
Observing another personObserving another person succeed or failsucceed or fail
may be sufficient to produce motivemay be sufficient to produce motive
conditionsconditions..
16. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Intrinsic Motivation and Self-
Determination TheoryDetermination Theory
Research onResearch on intrinsic motivationintrinsic motivation suggestssuggests
that providingthat providing rewards and incentivesrewards and incentives forfor
intrinsicallyintrinsically enjoyableenjoyable behaviours maybehaviours may
work not to reinforce but rather towork not to reinforce but rather to
undermineundermine these behavioursthese behaviours..
17. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Intrinsic Motivation and Self-
Determination TheoryDetermination Theory
Deci & Ryan argue that self -determinedDeci & Ryan argue that self -determined
behaviours stem from three basic psychologicalbehaviours stem from three basic psychological
needsneeds::
FirstFirst :the need for the:the need for the competencecompetence
encompasses the person's strivings toencompasses the person's strivings to
control the outcomes of eventscontrol the outcomes of events and toand to
experience a sense of mastery andexperience a sense of mastery and
effectiveness in dealing with theeffectiveness in dealing with the
environmentenvironment..
18. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Intrinsic Motivation and Self-
Determination TheoryDetermination Theory
SecondSecond :The need for autonomy involves:The need for autonomy involves
the desire to feel that one isthe desire to feel that one is independentindependent
of external pressuresof external pressures and able to relate toand able to relate to
the world as an origin rather than pawnthe world as an origin rather than pawn..
19. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Intrinsic Motivation and Self-
Determination TheoryDetermination Theory
ThirdThird : The need for: The need for relatednessrelatedness
encompasses a person's strivings to careencompasses a person's strivings to care
for others ,to feel that others are relatingfor others ,to feel that others are relating
to self in authentic and mutually supportiveto self in authentic and mutually supportive
ways ,and to feel satisfying and coherentways ,and to feel satisfying and coherent
involvement with the social world moreinvolvement with the social world more
generallygenerally..
20. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Intrinsic Motivation and Self-
Determination TheoryDetermination Theory
Some studies have shown that as peopleSome studies have shown that as people
make significant progress in themake significant progress in the
attainment of goals that contribute to theattainment of goals that contribute to the
needs forneeds for autonomyautonomy ,,competencecompetence ,and,and
interpersonal relatednessinterpersonal relatedness ,they experience,they experience
higher level ofhigher level of mental healthmental health ,self-actualization,self-actualization
,,and psychological-well-beingand psychological-well-being..
21. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Intrinsic Motivation and Self-
Determination TheoryDetermination Theory
FirstFirst: the social environment may offer: the social environment may offer
autonomy supportautonomy support..
SecondSecond : the social environment may: the social environment may
provideprovide structure for behaviourstructure for behaviour..
ThirdThird : The social environment may: The social environment may
offeroffer interpersonal involvementinterpersonal involvement..
22. Four Basic NeedsFour Basic Needs
Constructive Thinking –Constructive Thinking – Seymour Epstein, 1998Seymour Epstein, 1998..
11––To maximizeTo maximize pleasurepleasure and minimizeand minimize painpain..
22––To maintain a coherent ,realistic set of beliefs thatTo maintain a coherent ,realistic set of beliefs that
allows one toallows one to operate effectively in the worldoperate effectively in the world..
ToTo make sensemake sense out of your experienceout of your experience..
33––To have closeTo have close emotional (satisfying)emotional (satisfying) relationshipsrelationships
with otherswith others..
44––To haveTo have high self-esteemhigh self-esteem ( to( to think well of yourself ).-think well of yourself ).-
self-esteem is apparently a need that can overrideself-esteem is apparently a need that can override
the need to avoid pain and even to preserve one's lifethe need to avoid pain and even to preserve one's life..
23. Emotion and MotivationEmotion and Motivation
The highest incidence ofThe highest incidence of
heart attack in America isheart attack in America is
on Monday mooringon Monday mooring..
25. EmotionEmotion
All three of these wordsAll three of these words––
emotionemotion ,,movemove ,, motivatemotivate – share the– share the
Latin rootLatin root emovareemovare ,which means to,which means to
movemove..
26. The What of EmotionThe What of Emotion
Emotion is the awareness of a feelingEmotion is the awareness of a feeling
elicited in response to an environmentalelicited in response to an environmental
stimulus, accompanied by physiologicalstimulus, accompanied by physiological
changes overt behaviors such as facialchanges overt behaviors such as facial
expressionsexpressions..
27. The What of EmotionThe What of Emotion
Emotions are reactions to matters thatEmotions are reactions to matters that
seem to be very important to ourseem to be very important to our welfare..
Emotions often begin so quickly that weEmotions often begin so quickly that we
areare not aware of he processesnot aware of he processes in our mindin our mind
That set them offThat set them off..
28. Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion
The commonsense view of emotionsThe commonsense view of emotions
states the sequence of events instates the sequence of events in
emotional responding asemotional responding as::
emotional stimulusemotional stimulus
emotionemotion
physiological changesphysiological changes..
29. Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion
The James-Lange theoryThe James-Lange theory states thatstates that
physiological changes precede andphysiological changes precede and
actually create emotionsactually create emotions..
The sequence of events in emotionalThe sequence of events in emotional
responding isresponding is::
EEmotionalmotional SStimulustimulus
PPhysiological changeshysiological changes
EEmotionmotion..
30. Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion
The Cannon-Bard theoryThe Cannon-Bard theory stresses the rolestresses the role
of the thalamus inof the thalamus in simultaneouslysimultaneously relayingrelaying
emotional input to the cortex andemotional input to the cortex and
sympathetic nervous systemsympathetic nervous system..
31. Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion
Different emotions are mediated byDifferent emotions are mediated by
differentdifferent brain networksbrain networks ,different,different
modules, andmodules, and evolutionary changesevolutionary changes in ain a
particular network don`t necessarilyparticular network don`t necessarily
affect the others directlyaffect the others directly..
32. The Physiological ComponentsThe Physiological Components
There are some physiological differences among theThere are some physiological differences among the
emotions such as increased heart rate in angeremotions such as increased heart rate in anger..
33. The Basic EmotionsThe Basic Emotions
There are believed to eight basic emotionsThere are believed to eight basic emotions::
11--AngerAnger
22--SorrowSorrow
33––JoyJoy
44––SurpriseSurprise
55--FearFear
66--DisgustDisgust
77––GuiltshameGuiltshame
88--InterestInterest
34. The Expressive ComponentsThe Expressive Components
Nonverbal communication involvesNonverbal communication involves
communication through body languagecommunication through body language,,
movements, and gesturesmovements, and gestures..
35. The Expressive ComponentsThe Expressive Components
Paralanguage involves communicationParalanguage involves communication
through tone of voice, rate of speechthrough tone of voice, rate of speech,,
pauses, sighs, and loudnesspauses, sighs, and loudness..
36. The Expressive ComponentsThe Expressive Components
Compared with men, women report moreCompared with men, women report more
emotional experiences and greateremotional experiences and greater
comfort with emotionscomfort with emotions..
One possible explanation is that women'sOne possible explanation is that women's
roles and occupations tend to requireroles and occupations tend to require
greatergreater sensitivitysensitivity to the emotionalto the emotional
expressions inexpressions in othersothers..
37. Social component
The separation of reason and emotion ,at its
extreme ,is the hallmark of the psychopath.
But a society that worships reason is
concerned only with the excesses of emotion
,not those of so – called rationality.
)Miriam Greenspan,2003.(
38. Social component
The Bad Listening to Pain:
Ignoring , stopping ,and shaming or punishing
emotion are the three parenting styles that most
often results in emotional illiteracy in children.
In an emotion phobic culture ,most of us don't
know how to listen very well to emotional pain
for the simple reason that we have never been
taught that doing so is a good thing , or how to
do it.
39. The Cognitive ComponentsThe Cognitive Components
Appraisal theories of emotion propose thatAppraisal theories of emotion propose that
how we makehow we make judgmentsjudgments about eventsabout events
leads to emotional reactionsleads to emotional reactions..
Cultural valuesCultural values can influence people'scan influence people's
emotionsemotions..
40. Positive Emotion
Why do positive emotion exist?
1-Broadens a person's mindset.
2-Making novel responses more likely.
3-Undo lingering negative emotions.
4-Build resilience for confronting challenges in
the future.
)Isen,2000,Fredrickson,2006
41. Positive Emotion
People should cultivate positive emotions
in themselves and in those around them
not just as end – states in themselves
,but also as means to achieving
psychological growth and improved
psychological and physical well-being
overtime.
43. Emotions Regulation
People can regulate their emotions by:
A – Managing the situation to which they
expose themselves.
B – Transforming their responses by
reviewing the situation.
C – Suppressing or intensifying their
responses.
44. Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence
Definition :Definition :
The ability to perceive emotions ,toThe ability to perceive emotions ,to
access and generate emotions so as toaccess and generate emotions so as to
assist thought ,to understand emotionsassist thought ,to understand emotions
and emotional knowledge ,and toand emotional knowledge ,and to
reflectively regulate emotions so as toreflectively regulate emotions so as to
promotepromote emotional and intellectual growthemotional and intellectual growth..