DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

1. DRUG DISCOVERY
AND
PHARMACOGENOMICS
BY:
SNEHA SUSAN MATHEW

2. UNITV
 DRUGS
 DRUG DISCOVERY
 LEAD COMPOUNDS
 DRUG
DEVELOPMENT
 COMPUTER
ASSISTED DRUG
DESIGN
 PHARMACOGENOM
ICS
 ANTISENSE
TECHNOLOGY

3. DRUGS A drug is any substance other than food, that
when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed,
absorbed via a patch on the skin or dissolved
under the tongue causes a physiological change
in the body.
 In pharmacology, a pharmaceutical drug, also
called a medication or medicine, is a chemical
substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or
diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.
 Traditionally drugs were obtained through
extraction from medicinal plants, but more
recently also by organic synthesis.

4. DRUG DISCOVERY
• In the fields of medicine, biotechnology
and pharmacology, it is the process by
which new candidate medications are
discovered.
• It is done by pharmaceutical
companies, with research assistance
from universities. The "final product" of
drug discovery is a patent on the
potential drug.

5. LEADCOMPOUNDS
In drug discovery it is a chemical
compound that has pharmacological or
biological activity likely to be
therapeutically useful, but may still have
suboptimal structure that requires
modification to fit better to the target.
 Lead drugs are followed by back-up
compounds. Its chemical structure is used
as a starting point for chemical
modifications in order to improve potency,
selectivity, or pharmacokinetic parameters.

6. DRUG DEVELOPMENT
 The process of bringing a new pharmaceutical
drug to the market once a lead compound has
been identified through the process of drug
discovery.
 It includes pre-clinical research on
microorganisms and animals, filing for
regulatory status, such as via the United
States Food and Drug Administration for an
investigational new drug to initiate clinical
trials on humans, and may include the step of
obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug
application to market the drug.

8. COMPUTER
AIDED
DRUG DESIGN

10. • Drug design with the help of computers
may be used at any of the following
stages of drug discovery:
 hit identification using virtual screening
(structure- or ligand-based design)
 hit-to-lead optimization of affinity and
selectivity (structure-based design,
QSAR, etc.)
 lead optimization of other
pharmaceutical properties while
maintaining affinity

13. SCREENING FOR NEW DRUGS
MODIFICATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
MECHANISM BASED DRUG DESIGN

19. PHARMACAGENOMICS
• Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of the
genome in drug response. Its name (pharmaco- +
genomics) reflects its combining of pharmacology
and genomics. Pharmacogenomics can be defined
as the technology that analyzes how the genetic
makeup of an individual affects his/her response
to drugs.
• It deals with the influence of acquired and
inherited genetic variation on drug response in
patients by correlating gene expression or single-
nucleotide polymorphisms with pharmacokinetics
and pharmacodynamics (drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and elimination), as well
as drug receptor target effects.
• The term pharmacogenomics is often used
interchangeably with pharmacogenetics.

20. • Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to
optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients'
genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal
adverse effects.
• Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped
that pharmaceutical drug treatments can deviate from
what is dubbed as the "one-dose-fits-all" approach.
• It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of
prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration
their patient's genes, the functionality of these genes, and
how this may affect the efficacy of the patient's current or
future treatments (and where applicable, provide an
explanation for the failure of past treatments).
• Such approaches promise the advent of precision
medicine and even personalized medicine, in which drugs
and drug combinations are optimized for narrow subsets
of patients or even for each individual's unique genetic
makeup

21. ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGY
• Antisense technology represents an
important breakthrough in the way we treat
disease. The explosion in genomic
information led to the discovery of many new
disease-causing proteins and created new
opportunities accessible only to antisense
technology.