Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
Organic compost.
1.
2. Organic compost
Represented To:
Dr. Abdulrahman
Represented By:
Muhammad Shahzad Alam
BAGF14E301
Department of Agronomy
University college of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
4. Compost
“Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed
and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment”.
•Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming.
•End product of the decomposition of organic matter.
7. Introduction
Organic Compost is usually made by gathering plant
material, such as leaves, grass clippings, and
vegetable peels, into a pile or bin and letting.
It decompose as a result of the action of aerobic
bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.
Composting is an ancient agriculture technology
going back to biblical time that still has importance in
modern agriculture.
8. Conti…
Compost enables dairymen and livestock owners to
reduce the volume of manure leaving their operation.
provides a source of nutrients and organic matter for
surrounding farms.
11. Cold composting
•Cold composting is one of the easiest forms of
composting.
•Many beneficial nutrients in cold compost remain
uncompromised by high temperatures.
• The process is slower.
•Once established, the cold composting bins will provide
you with a continuous supply of lawn and garden food.
13. Hot composting
• A hot pile requires enough high-nitrogen materials to
get the pile to heat up.
• Microbial activity within the compost pile is at its
optimum level, which results in finished compost in a
much shorter period of time.
• It requires some special equipment, as well as time
and diligence.
14. Conti…
Temperatures rising in a hot-compost pile come from
the activity of numerous organisms breaking down
organic matter.
18. 1. Aerobic composting
• This means to compost with air.
• Organic waste will break down quickly and is not
prone to smell.
• This type of composting is high maintenance, since it
will need to be turned every couple days to keep air in
the system and your temperatures up.
19. Conti…
• It is also likely to require accurate moisture
monitoring.
• This type of compost is good for large volumes of
compost.
21. 2. Anaerobic composting
• This is composting without air.
• Anaerobic composting is low maintenance since
you simply throw it in a pile and wait a couple
years.
• Compost may take years to break down.
• Anaerobic composts create the awful smell most
people associate with composting.
• The bacteria break down the organic materials into
harmful compounds like ammonia and methane.
23. 3. Vermicomposting
• This is most beneficial for composting food waste
with worms.
• Oxygen and moisture are required to keep this
compost healthy.
• This is medium maintenance compost since you need
to feed your worms and monitor the conditions.
25. Methods of composting
Four method are useful for on-farm composting.
The passively aerated static pile method
The aerated static pile method
The turned pile method.
The in-vessel method.
26. Turned pile method.
• A unit pile is about 5(l)
×1(w) ×1(h) m3 in size.
• Straw is stacked in layers of
20 cm height, 1 m width, and
5 m length to form a pile.
• The pile is sprinkled with
water (Plate 1) for adequate
moisture content, followed by
addition of a FYM layer 5
cm high.
1. Compost pile in preparation
27. 2. The pile is covered with a
plastic sheet after attaining
the desired height
• And the sprinkling of a
few handfuls of urea
(100-200 g).
• EM solution is
sprinkled to accelerate
aerobic decomposition.
28. • The pile is turned after
two weeks (Plate 3)
and then again after
another week.
• Normally, the
compost is ready two
weeks later when the
heap has cooled down
and the height of the
pile has fallen to about
70 cm.
3.The pile is being turned
30. Aerated Static Pile
Composting
In aerated static pile composting, organic waste is
mixed together in one large pile instead of rows.
To aerate the pile, layers of loosely piled bulking
agents (e.g., wood chips, shredded newspaper) are
added so that air can pass from the bottom to the top
of the pile.
The piles also can be placed over a network of pipes
that deliver air into or draw air out of the pile.
Air blowers might be activated by a timer or a
temperature sensors.
32. In-vessel composting
In-vessel composting generally describes a group of
methods that confine the composting materials within
a building, container, or vessel.
In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or
plastic tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow
and temperature can be controlled, using the
principles of a "bioreactor".
33. Conti…
Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried
tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under
pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through
a biofilter, with temperature and moisture conditions
monitored using probes in the mass to allow
maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition
conditions.
35. Application of Compost
Five to seven tons of compost per acre is a generally
acceptable rate of application for field dispersal.
Intensive garden situations can use up to 10 tons per
acre.
36. 18 in
For a developed field, compost integration should be
no deeper than eight inches.
8 in
37. Compost should
be applied in the
spring prior to
planting
Midseason as an
amendment side
dress
And in fall prior
to cover
cropping
Compost should be applied 3 times…
39. Conti…
Recycles waste material on site.
Adds large amounts of humus to soil.
Increases soil fertility and stabilizes elements such as
nitrogen.
Hugely increases biological activity in soil.
Creates outlet for potentially harmful excess of raw
manure in animal based agriculture.
Compost is a wonderful example of alchemy,
changing waste material into vitally important
materials.
40. Conclusion
In organic cropping systems, compost provides a
primary source of nutrients for the crop.
In conventional cropping systems, compost provides
a supplementary nitrogen source that compliments
fertilizer nitrogen to provide a more sustainable
farming system.
Compost enables dairymen and livestock owners to
reduce the volume of manure leaving their operation
and provides a source of nutrients and organic matter
for surrounding farms.
