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Mamo Panel Digitalization report 2019
- 1. www.mamopanel.org Byte by Byte Policy Innovation for Transforming Africa’s Food System with Digital Technologies
- 2. Policy Innovation for Transforming Africa’s Food System with Digital Technologies Outline Part One: Malabo Montpellier Panel and Forum Part Two: Main Report Findings Part Three: Country Case Studies Part Four: Key Recommendations
- 3. Policy Innovation for Transforming Africa’s Food System with Digital Technologies Ousmane Badiane Panel Co-chair Director for Africa International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Outline Part One: Malabo Montpellier Panel and Forum Part Two: Main Report Findings Part Three: Country Case Studies Part Four: Key Recommendations
- 4. MaMo Approach to Policy Innovation Policy innovation from top is more likely: • to be adopted and faster, • to be implemented and at scale, • hence to be transformative. Drivers of policy innovation from the top • Failed experiments costlier • Policy change gradual vs transformative • Peer learning to accelerate pace of innovation
- 5. Annual Agricultural Expenditure Ag. Gross Domestic Product +86% +63% LEARNING FROM POSITIVE CHANGE Where there is progress, there are lessons to be learnt
- 6. Share of Population under Poverty Line Level of Malnutrition* -36% -20% -43% * % malnourished population; under-5 stunted and wasted LEARNING FROM POSITIVE CHANGE Where there is progress, there are lessons to be learnt
- 7. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Agricultural value added index, 2000-2017 (1=2000) East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa North America South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa LEARNING FROM POSITIVE CHANGE Where there is progress, there are lessons to be learnt
- 8. 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Actual and 2000s trend for the future 1960-1977 growth path 3.2% annual growth rate 7.0% annual growth rate to catch up $700 $1,200 $1,900 Source: Badiane et al (2015). !!!! At current pace of growth It would take decades to make up for the lost ground THE IMPERATIVE TO LEARN Need to make up for lost decades of slow growth and decline
- 9. There is still a long way to go despite progress THE IMPERATIVE TO LEARN Hunger Persists in Africa Despite Progress
- 10. Understanding Positive Change • Find out where progress is taking place • Understand what works, how and why Evidence and Dialogue for Policy Innovation Institutional Innovation Policy Innovation Program Interventions Learning from Positive Change • Good practices in policy and program design and implementation • Dialogue and exchange for adoption
- 11. Lessons and Good Practices Exchange Among Practitioners Evidence and Dialogue for Policy Innovation
- 12. MALABO MONTPELLIER PANEL Debisi Araba Tom Arnold Ousmane Badiane Noble Banadda Patrick Caron Gordon Conway Gebisa Ejeta Karim El Aynaoui Ashok Gulati Sheryl Hendriks Muhammadou Kah Agnes Kalibata Wanjiru Kamau-Rutenberg Ishmael Sunga Rhoda Peace Tumusiime Joachim von Braun Nachilala Nkombo
- 13. Policy Innovation for Transforming Africa’s Food System with Digital Technologies Muhammadou Kah Panel Member Professor and Provost American University of Nigeria Outline Part One: Malabo Montpellier Panel and Forum Part Two: Main Report Findings Part Three: Country Case Studies Part Four: Key Recommendations
- 14. The Digital Landscape Digital Infrastructure PUBLIC-PRIVATE SECTOR MIX & PARTNERSHIPS • Law, regulations and institutions • Telecommunications; Electric grid • Internet access and affordability, data centers, open standards Digital Platforms PRIVATE SECTOR Collate information and promote broader access to, and more effective use of a range of information and services. Sensors, satellites, robotics Online information services Mobile apps E-commerce & e-business Social Media
- 15. Benefits of digitalization for agriculture in Africa Overcome geographic, social and economic isolation Broadcast information fast and cost-effectively Bring successful technologies to scale production faster Link farmers to other segments of the value chain
- 16. Digital technologies in African food systems Timely, reliable & accurate information • Land administration • Weather forecast Planning e.g. drones for land tenure program in Tanzania. ©House of Switzerland
- 17. Digital technologies in African food systems Access to, and adoption of inputs • Finance • Creditworthiness Machinery, tools and inputs • Hiring services • Input information and adoption Inputs ©www.imtfi.ucl.edu
- 18. Digital technologies in African food systems Sustainable intensification • Precision farming • Insurance • Digital extension services • Pest and disease management e.g. weather-index insurance in Zimbabwe, EcoFarmer Production ©Stacey Knott
- 19. Digital technologies in African food systems Transport Market and price information Storage e.g. connecting farmers in rural Kenya to vendors through Twiga Foods platform in Kenya Post-harvest © CTA
- 20. Digital technologies in African food systems Improved nutrition Food safety and traceability e.g. mhealth Nutrition information via USSD/IVR or SMS Consumption © AppsAfrica
- 21. Limitations and Risks of Digitalization in Agriculture Limitations Risks Accessibility: • Last mile infrastructure • Digital literacy Cost and Content • Connection/Handset cost • Accuracy and suitability of information Automation and jobs Privacy protection Intellectual property
- 22. Elements of an enabling digitalization environment Regulation Financing Digital literacy and skill development Research and development Digital infrastructure Innovation hubs South-South Cooperation
- 23. Policy Innovations for Transforming Africa’s Food System with Digital Technologies Outline Part One: Malabo Montpellier Panel and Forum Part Two: Main Report Findings Part Three: Country Case Studies Part Four: Key Recommendations Debisi Araba Panel Member Director for Africa International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
- 24. Country case studies: selection [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE][CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE][CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE][CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MCIindexscore Strengthofmobileinternet EBA index score / Regulatory framework Low EBA & low MCI Low EBA & high MCI High EBA & low MCI High EBA & high MCI
- 25. WHAT HAS WORKED Experiences From 7 Case Study Countries Actions at three levels 1. Institutional innovation 2. Policy innovation 3. Programs and interventions Successful interventions Tax measures Digital infrastructure and platform development E-administration Digital literacy Private sector engagement
- 26. Côte d’Ivoire Initial focus on 1-2 dominant value chains Fiscal measures from 2015 to 2018: • VAT exemption for ICT sector • Reduction of custom duties CocoaLink • Voice messages and SMS SICOPS • Cocoa post-harvest loss reduction Electronic Auction System E-Agriculture Strategy ©Alamy Stock
- 27. ICT 4 Accelerated Development Strategy, in its 5th phase Decentralized eGovernment services Gender lens and use of local languages Platforms for comprehensive eAgriculture services Leading Agtech companies ©L. Sharma (Marchmont Communications) Ghana Inclusive production, development and delivery of digital services
- 28. Liberalization of telecommunications sector eGovernment Services; Kenya Open Data Portal Knowledge and information hubs, and Tech-labs Innovative private sector and PPPs Large scale farmer registration Kenya Vigorous promotion of Fintech and Agtech Sector ©Tyler Jones/iAGRI
- 29. Institutional and policy innovation: • Joined WTO IT Agreement • Digital Morocco Plan Platforms: • ARDNA: virtual network for advice • Electronic tagging for livestock traceability Two satellites for agriculture Universal broadband access Morocco Institutions and infrastructure for reach & scale ©Martin Heigan
- 30. Federal Ministry of Communications Technology • e-Government Department Local production and manufacture of ICT National e-Agriculture Portal ICT Parks National Databases Nigerian Communications Satellite ©State Dept./Doug Thompson Nigeria Local manufacture, capacity and content
- 31. Innovations to advance universal access (63 percent 4G coverage) • Digital Senegal Strategy (2016-2025) • Agence de l'Informatique de l'État Targeted Legislation • Commission for the Protection of Personal Data (2008) • Universal Service Law Funding Instruments • Development Fund Senegal Infrastructure and funding for universal access
- 32. Smart Rwanda Master Plan Near universal 3G coverage ICT Centers country wide Kigali Innovation City Engineering and design © J. von Braun, Rwanda 2010 Rwanda Holistic strategy for infrastructure, skills, services
- 33. Part One: Malabo Montpellier Panel and Forum Part Two: Main Report Findings Part Three: Country Case Studies Part Four: Key Recommendations Joachim von Braun Panel Co-chair Professor and Director Center for Development Research University of Bonn, Germany Policy Innovations for Transforming Africa’s Food System with Digital Technologies
- 34. Recommendations for national digital agriculture strategies Creating a transparent and smart regulatory environment that promotes the development and confident use of digital technologies and services and limits the risks. Strengthening skill development and digital literacy training for farmers and other actors in the food system as technologically more advanced innovations are being developed. Introducing fiscal incentives to spur digital innovation and to facilitate market entry and the import of technologies until local markets are developed.
- 35. Recommendations for national digital agriculture strategies Continued… Investing in supportive and last-mile infrastructure to bridge the digital divide. Developing digital agriculture innovation hubs to create an innovation ecosystem for young people to develop locally suitable technologies and digital solutions.
- 36. @MaMoPanel MaMoPanel The Malabo Montpellier Panel Thank you! Download our reports and subscribe to the newsletter www.mamopanel.org
Hinweis der Redaktion
- The Malabo Montpellier Panel convenes 17 leading experts in agriculture, ecology, nutrition and food security to guide policy choices by African governments to accelerate progress towards food security and improved nutrition in Africa. The Panel identifies areas of progress and positive change across the continent and assesses what successful countries have done differently. It then identifies the most important institutional innovations and policy and program interventions that can be replicated and scaled up by other countries.
- Examples of Digital Platforms M-Pesa; Uber; Android; Pula; Apollo Agriculture E-commerce and e-business e.g. Jumia Online information services e.g. Online agricultural libraries, Farmers Review Africa, ASAAR Morocco Sensors, satellites, robotics e.g. Zenvus Mobile apps e.g. FarmDrive, Hello Tractor, FarmCrowdy Social Media e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp
- Constraints that are slowing agricultural growth and transformation: Infrastructural -- Institutional -- Technological These can be overcome at scale, in shorter time, and at lower cost through digitalization to: Overcome geographic, social and economic isolation Broadcast information fast and cost-effectively Bring successful technologies to scale more quickly Link farmers to other segments of the value chains
- e.g. myAgro, FarmCrowdy, FarmDrive, Hello Tractor, iProcure
- Picture: https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2018/1116/Fertilize-by-drone-till-by-text-Making-tech-work-for-Africa-s-farmers
- Picture: CTA
- Picture: https://www.appsafrica.com/digital-ordering-system-kionect-to-empower-small-kiosk-owners-via-sms/
- While digital technologies can play an important role in supporting the transformation of African agriculture and in overcoming the digital divide, the introduction of new technologies also bears challenges, has limitations and risks, particularly with respect to smallholder agriculture and women value chain actors. The limitations are related to access to last mile infrastructure, electricity, Affordability and suitability of technologies and Digital literacy Agricultural digitalization risks first include unemployment increase due to prices for digital technologies decreasing worldwide. Automation and computerization may cause an increase in unemployment if the number of workers replaced with machines is greater than the number of jobs created. Lower prices for agricultural automation, including harvesting robots in developed countries, could also lead to a re-shoring of agricultural production from developing countries and a fall in wages Without also regulation on Ownership rights and privacy protection, data can be freely used and shared with third parties, jeopardizing the safety and privacy of smallholder farmers while further marginalizing them. In 2018, 23 African countries had data protection and privacy legislation in place and only 11 countries have signed the African Union’s convention on cybersecurity and personal data since 2014. In addition, the lack of intellectual property may pause a risk to digitalization uptake. In 2017, the share of unlicensed software in Africa was 50 percent higher than the global rate. While it can be argued that more flexible intellectual property rights (IPR) could be beneficial for developing countries in the short-run, the protection of IP is necessary for the competitiveness of small businesses and start-ups, also in the agricultural sector. These limitations and risks need to be considered carefully when devising national agriculture digitalization strategies to ensure that agriculture value chain actors benefit as much as possible from the opportunities of new digital technologies, services and solutions.
- For agricultural digitalization in Africa, there is a need for an enabling institutional environment that allows and encourages data and information to be managed, used, shared and exchanged effectively, equitably and fairly. This environment spans governments, farmers associations, financial and research institutions and training centers, policies, regulatory frameworks as well as information and communications related infrastructure. An enabling digitalization environment is characterized by seven key elements: regulation for the use of digital technologies; fiscal incentives to encourage an environment in which the private sector can leverage its innovation capacities; an emphasis on skills development to improve digital literacy; research and development; last mile infrastructure to connect those in the most remote rural areas to ICT services; the creation of information and innovation hubs that stimulate the generation of new ideas and solutions for the use of ICT along the food value chain; and South-South cooperation. Through new technologies, including the IoT, digital cameras, AI, satellites, sensors, and communication devices sending and receiving data over the internet, large amounts of data are collected and analyzed each day. This can enable better and quicker decision making, evaluation and development of monitoring frameworks.
- Country case studies Several countries across Africa demonstrate a relatively high degree of digitalization in their economies, including in the agriculture sector. Their experience in terms of policy and institutional innovation and implementation interventions on the ground provide important lessons for other African countries seeking to develop and strengthen the use of digital tools and services for an agricultural transformation. To select countries for the purpose of this analysis, in the first step, the report assumes that a well-established regulatory environment is indispensable for the development and beneficial use of digital technologies in agriculture and food systems. In the second step, the selection considered countries’ levels in ICT services and content in wide use, assuming that actual usage of mobile technologies helps to increase the number and quality of services, also in the agricultural sector. Therefore, combining the two indices allows to select countries where efforts to create an enabling environment effectively increase the digitalization uptake. Ghana, Ivory Coast , Kenya, Morocco and Nigeria are chosen from the high performing countries under EBA ICT and high performing under MCI . Furthermore, to strengthen the analysis, two additional countries, Rwanda and Senegal, were studied: Both countries have been seeing a rapidly growing interest by investors to support African tech start-ups and have also been repeatedly recognized as innovation achievers between 2012 and 2017 on the Global Innovation Index (GII)., Furthermore, initiatives by the governments, such as Rwanda’s Kigali Innovation City, aim to address the issues of limited capacity in hardware and software engineering, network design, and large-scale ICT project management in Africa.
- In 2015 the government exonerated the ICT sector from VAT and reduced custom duties for ICT and electronic equipment, until 2018 Between 2013 and 2016, the CocoaLink program was implemented, which uses voice messages and SMS to deliver agricultural and other useful practical information to cocoa farmers in remote areas. CocoaLink was expected to reach more than 100,000 cocoa farmers by 2016. In addition, a web-based software has been used to improve the post-harvest handling of cocoa, to improve quality preservation post-harvest. In 2012-2013, The system - Information and Control System for the Distribution Operations of Phytosanitary Products, Seeds and Bagging (SICOPS) - was developed to improve the process of packaging and bagging, ensuring the traceability and improving the provision of storage bags to farmers, significantly lowering postharvest losses across the country. Furthermore, since 2012, the government has been implementing a stabilization mechanism for the sale of coffee and cocoa using a web platform. The objective is to optimize international sales, to ensure that smallholders gain the benefits instead of being captured by intermediaries. In 2016, 70 - 80 percent of Ivory Coast’s anticipated harvest of cocoa was sold through an electronic auction system.
- In 2008 the National Information Technology Agency (NITA) was as the ICT policy implementing arm of the Ministry of Communication (MoC). The NITA is responsible for developing and promoting new, innovative technologies, ensuring the growth of ICT through continued research and development in partnership with the private sector, planning and technology acquisition strategies, and assisting the government to generate growth and employment by leveraging ICT and public-private partnerships. In 2003, Ghana devised a roadmap for the development of its information society and economy through the Ghana ICT for Accelerated Development Policy which On agriculture, seeks to modernize the sector through the use of ICTs to improve on the sector’s efficiency and productivity and to develop an agro-business industry. The government passed the Data Protection Act, 2012 (Act 843) safeguarding personal information and data privacy. Moc also aims to facilitate the provision of quality meteorological data and forecasts in support of weather-sensitive sectors
- Following the introduction of Vision 2030 in 2008, the Kenyan government wrote and implemented the Kenya Communications (Amendment) Act 2009, as well as the Kenya Information and Communications regulations. This legislation, combined with an open market for foreign investment in telecommunications (infrastructure), were expected to improve competition widening choices of ICT services. However, given Safaricom’s large market share (65.4 percent as of December 2016), the market is not considered highly competitive. Nevertheless, Airtel is disrupting the market by leasing out its own infrastructure to new mobile virtual network operators, which offer less expensive, more flexible consumer plans although at the cost of slower data speeds. At the same time, others in the private sector have been rolling out their own national ICT infrastructure, including in telecommunications, and data infrastructure. This competition has led to a reduction of rates and increased the adoption of mobile phones and internet. The Science, Technology and Innovation Foundation Pillar has led to the development of the Kenya National Innovation Agency (KENIA) responsible for leveraging, co-ordination, promotion and regulation of innovation and entrepreneurship, thus institutionalizing linkages between universities, research institutions, the private sector, and the government. KENIA has already supported the development and commercialization of the Ujuzi Kilimo soil kit – an innovative sensor technology connected to a database for analysis of farm data which enables the farmer to make informed decisions for targeted interventions. Kenya has also created the ICT Authority – a state corporation under the Ministry of ICT – mandated to promote e-government services, including supervision of their design, development and implementation; as well as promote ICT innovation and enterprise. The ICT Authority also hosts the Kenya Open Data Portal which makes government datasets accessible for free to the public in easy reusable formats which currently hosts several farming and agricultural databases Four of the nine flagships are relevant for digitalization in agriculture under the Kenya’s Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy 2019—2029. Specifically, Flagship 2 focuses on digitizing the national subsidy system to register 1.4 million high-needs farming households over 5 years to enable them to access inputs using an e-voucher system. Kenya’s Youth Agribusiness Strategy (KYAS) 2017–2021 strongly promotes the role of digital technologies to provide new opportunities for youth in agriculture and its value chains. KYAS has allocated nearly US$20 million between 2017-2021 to building capacity of youth by creating knowledge and information hubs and resource centers at county-level, as well as related Tech-labs and ICT centers and mobile apps. Development of digital infrastructure such as M-Pesa propelled Kenya into digitalization which has transformed the financial sector in Kenya, and to a large extent, globally. M-Pesa has been shown to have increased the annual use of inputs of agricultural households by US$42, and annual household income of these households by US$224.
- In 2009, Morocco joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) that removed all tariff barriers on ICT products. In 2016, Morocco implemented the Digital Morocco Plan (PMN) to meet its aspiration of achieving an emerging economy status by 2020. The PMN emphasizes on efficient data transport and processing infrastructure for implementing a digital economy. It new investments in broadband and high-speed broadband infrastructure (fixed and mobile) and the completion of the liberalization process in the telecommunication sector and its also recognized the importance of strengthening digital literacy for a rapid digital transformation and Morocco’s position as a regional digital hub. Morocco invest in digital infrastructure development. For example, Ardna is a virtual network for providing advice, research and communication guiding the implementation of the PMV. Through the user-friendly platform, farmers can seek advice from researchers and agricultural extension agents on agricultural best practices and farming techniques. ICTs were also used to develop under a project - "Soil fertility map of cultivated soils in Morocco" - as part of PMV, The soil fertility map depicting pedological data was created using geographic information systems and is openly accessible on the internet. In 2015 as part of the PMV, the National Office for Sanitary Safety of Food Products (ONSSA) has developed a new national system for animal identification and traceability (SNIT) using electronic technology loops that communicate with the national SNIT database via mobile phone networks. Furthermore, two satellites constitute a state-of-the-art technological infrastructure and a powerful lever of development of Morocco. The range of satellite applications, already deployed through the first satellite, covers monitoring of agricultural activities, prevention and management of natural disasters, monitoring of environmental trends and desertification
- It is in 2011 that Nigeria created The Federal Ministry of Communications Technology (FMCT) to foster a knowledge-based economy and facilitate ICT as a key tool in job creation, economic growth and transparency of governance. The e-Government Department within the Ministry is responsible for the successful implementation of various e-Government projects, including e-agriculture. The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) was also recently handed over the e-Agriculture portal by the Director General of the National Information Technology Development Agency to enable swift growth in the agricultural sector. The National E-Agriculture Portal is a strategic and collaborative initiative between NITDA and FMARD to provide an overview of the food and agriculture industry in Nigeria for potential investors and stakeholders. To reform the inputs subsidy systems, the government introduced a new digital delivery mechanism: the eWallet program to manage delivery of fertilizer and seeds subsidies. The enabling environment has driven the private sector engagement in digitalization for agriculture leading several young entrepreneurs and start-ups investing in hardware and software solutions for the sector, and for various segments of the value chain. One of the first ventures into digital agriculture solutions in Nigeria was Farmcrowdy, a crowdfunding platform connecting potential investors to farmers. Another successful venture by a young entrepreneur is Hello Tractor.
- In 2001, the government introduced the universal service law in the telecommunication code, to finance and subsidize selected ICT services for the most marginalized and poor segments of the population to ensure that they benefit equally from access to the internet and new digital technologies. In 2004 the Agence De l'Informatique de l'État (ADIE) was created to increase the use of ICTs within the Senegalese Administration. It provides citizens and businesses with a decentralized interface to access information on services provided by the government thus reducing social exclusion. In addition, the ADIE seeks to establish a reliable information system for effective monitoring of government programs. ADIE also coordinates the establishment of legislative and regulatory frameworks conducive to the development of ICTs in the public sector. Furthermore, in 2008, Senegal created the Commission for the Protection of Personal Data (CDP) which is an Independent Administrative Authority (AAI). It ensures that the processing of personal data is carried out in accordance with legal provisions and informs without delay the public prosecutor of the offenses of which it is aware. Senegal created the Universal Telecommunication Service Development Fund (FDSUT) to provide financial support to any public agency for the provision of ICT services.
- Rwanda performs particularly well in providing network coverage - with a striking 93 percent of the population having access to 3G networks. The Ministry of Innovation operates four units dedicated to innovation and business development, digital transformation, postal services, and regulatory services. Furthermore, the development of laws governing the use of ICTs, and the persecution of cybercrimes fall under the responsibility of the ministry. MINAGRI also cooperates with the Ministry of ICT and Innovations and their implementing agency, the Rwanda Information Society on some of their ICT projects, including the e-Soko service for farmers. Others include: Mobile-Telephone Enabled Agriculture Technology Apps, including e-Growers information Management System, e-Inputs, e-Agri-Wallet, e-Trace Dairy, and e-Information. AMIS: online exchange platform for agricultural and livestock sector; Rwanda Agricultural Livestock Inspection and Certification services; Agriculture Land Information System an open-source platform mapping public land available for investment; and Farm Management and Information System (FMIS). MINAGRI + FAO are also developing a digital portfolio with five mobile services: weather and crop calendar, e-nutrifood; cure and feed your livestock; Agri-market place; and fall army worm monitoring system. Finally, MINAGRI + MTN have created the e-Soko: Rwanda’s Agricultural Market Pricing Information System covering 78 commodities in 61 markets across Rwanda by 2015. Rwanda Designed National Information Communications Infrastructure (NICI) policy since 2000, which outlines a long-term plan to achieve full digitization in four stages of five years each. In 2016, the MINAGRI launched the National ICT Rwanda Agriculture (ICT4RAg) Strategic Plan (2016 -2020) with the objective to transform agricultural practices, information will be provided to enhance productivity, and ICT-based agricultural commercialization and industrialization will be established within the entire value chain.