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Septische Arthritis
Fortbildung 27.11.2014
Dr. med.A. Medwedowsky
Ätiologie
Endogen (60%)
 Hämatogen
Infektionen des Respirationstrakts,
Magendarmtrakts, HWI,
Zahnbehandlung, Endokarditis,
chronische Wunden
Risikofaktoren:
• Diabetes melitus
• Alter >80 Jahre
• Arthrose
• Kortisontherapie
• Alkohol- und Drogenabusus
• Leber- und Nierendysfunktion
• Maligne Erkrankungen
• Rheumatoide Arthritis
Exogen (40%)
 Intraartikuläre Punktion
Risiko: 0,003 – 0,34%
• Arthroskopie
Risiko: 0,04-0,42%
• Arthrotomie
Risiko: >1%
• Offene Verletzungen
Pathogenese
Lokalisation:
90% monoartikulär
10% polyartikulär
Kniegelenk 45-55%
Hüftgelenk 15-25%
Schultergelenk 5-10%
OSG 5-10%
Handgelenk 5-10%
Fuß 4%
Ellenbogen 3%
SC-Gelenk < 1%
ISG <1%
Pathogenese:
Erreger und
Alters-
verteilung
Bakterienisolate nach Altersgruppen*
*Quelle: Ryan MJ et al. (1997) „Bacterial joint infections in England and Wales: analysis of bacterial isolates over a four year period“
n=946
Diagnostik:
Anamnese
Dauer der Beschwerden
Nebenerkrankungen
Operationen
Verletzungen
Intraartikuläre Punktionen und
Injektionen
Diagnostik:
Klinik
*Quellen: Kaandorp et al. Ann Rheum Dis 1997. Eder et al. Rheumatology 2005. Goldenberg et al. Am J Med 1976. Gupta et al. Rheumatology 2001;
Margaretten et al. 2007
60 bis 80
Diagnostik:
Labor
Gerinnung
Leber-/Nierenwerte
Blutkultur (mind. zwei Proben von versch.
Entnahmeorten)
Parameter Cut Off Sensitivität Spezifität
Leukozyten >10 000/µl 90% 36%
BSG >30 mm/h 95% 29%
CRP >100 mg/l 77% 53%
PCT >0,25 ng/ml 93% 75%
PCT* >0,25 ng/ml 93% 93%
* Nur Arthritis ohne Begleitinfekt
Quellen: Margaretten et al. 2007
Diagnostik:
Bildgebung
Röntgen:
Fraktur?
Sklerosierung, Osteolysen, periostale
Reaktion nach 2-3 Wochen bei
chronischem Infekt
Ultraschall:
Erguss? echoreich/-arm?
Verdickung der Synovia?
ggf. MRT:
Ausdehnung? Weichteilabszess?
Veränderungen der Synovia?
ggf. CT:
Knochensequester
Diagnostik:
Punktion
Quelle: Chapmann et al. 2001
Diagnostik:
Punktion Bakteriologische Untersuchung
(Blutkulturflaschen aerob + anaerob)
Ergebnis nach 24h
Falsch negative Ergebnisse 30%
Parameter Cut Off Sensitivität Spezifität
Leukozyten >50 000 /µl 62% 92%
Leukozyten >25 000/µl 77% 73%
Granulozyten >90% 73% 79%
Glukose (vgl.
Blutserumspiegel)
51% 85%
LDH >250 U/l 100% 51%
Quellen: Margaretten et al. 2007
Klassifikation
nach Gächter:
Stadium I
Rötung und Schwellung der Synovia
Petechiale Einblutungen der Synovia
Keine radiologischen Veränderungen
Klassifikation
nach Gächter:
Stadium II
 Schwere Entzündung mit Fibrinablagerungen
 „Spinnwebenbildung“
 Pus
 Keine radiologischen Veränderungen
Klassifikation
nach Gächter:
Stadium III
 Verdickung der Synovialmembran
 Kompartmentformation (badeschwammähnliches Bild
insbesondere im Recessus suprapatellaris)
 Noch keine radiologische Veränderungen
Klassifikation
nach Gächter:
Stadium IV
 Pannusbildung mit
Infiltration und eventuell
Unterminierung des
Knorpels
 Radiologisch
subchondrale
Osteolysen
 Knöcherne Erosionen
und Zystenbildung
Therapie:
Arthroskopie
& Arthrotomie
Gächter I und II
ASK, Spülung mit 5-10 l Ringerlösung
Entfernung Koagel und Fibrinbeläge mit Shaver
Gächter III
ASK, ggf. Synovektomie
Gächter IV
Arthrotomie, Synovektomie, ggf. Entknorpelung
Therapieempfehlung nach Stadien
Therapie:
Arthroskopie
& Arthrotomie
Grundlagen der Revision
„Second Look“ bei ausgeprägtem Befund
Wiederholung bis zum fehlenden Keimnachweis
Keine Evidenz
Arthrotomie bei Sepsis mit Multiorganversagen
Lokale Antibiotikatherapie
Gentamycin – Kollagen
Keine eindeutige Datenlage
Niedrige Konzentration
Gefahr der Verklebung des Gelenks
Ausreichende intraartikuläre Antibiotikakonzentration bei i.v. –
Gabe
 Gentamicyn – PMMA – Ketten
 ggf. bei Gächter IV
Antiseptische Spüllösungen
 Polyhexanid (Lavasept)  Knorpelschädigung
Therapie:
Nach-
behandlung
• Systemische Antibiotikatherapie 4-6 Wochen nach
Antibiogramm
 Ruhigstellung nur 2-3 Tage
 Frühe Mobilisation
 Physiotherapie und CPM-Schiene
Komplikationen
• Knorpelschädigung
• Arthrose
• Arthrofibrosis
• Osteomyelitis
Mortalität:
• bis 10% bei monoartiküläre
Arthritis
• bis 40-50% bei
polyartikuläre Arthritis
Was ist
wichtig?
Zu späte Erkennung der Gelenkinfekte
Früherkennung entscheidend
 Ausführliche klinische Untersuchung und
Diagnostik
 Frühzeitige Einleitung der Therapie
MAß-
NAHMEN
LÖSUNG
RISIKO-
FAKTOR

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Septische Arthritis