about 3D GIS

1. 3D
Geographic
Information
System
Wellington T Gwavava

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What is 3D GIS?
A
system that is able to
model, represent, manage, manipulate, a
nalyze and support decisions based upon
information associated with threedimensional phenomena (Worboys, 1995)

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What is 3D?
 having
or appearing to have length,
breadth, and depth.
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What is GIS?
 “Geographic
Information System (GIS) is
an integrated system of computer
hardware, software, and trained
personnel linking topographic,
demographic, utility, facility, image and
other resource data that is geographically
referenced.” ~ NASA

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Components of GIS
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 People
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GIS functions
 Capture
/Data Acquisition
 Structuring /Data Storage
 Manipulation
 Analysis
 Presentation
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Capture /Data Acquisition
 is
inputting spatial data to the system.
 Many different techniques and devices
are available for both geometric and
attribute data.
 The devices in frequent use for collecting
spatial data can be classified as
manual, semiautomatic or automatic and
the output either vector or raster format.

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Capture /Data Acquisition
(2)

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Structuring /Data Storage
 This
is a crucial stage in creating a spatial
database using a GIS.
 This is because it determines the range of
functions, which can be used for
manipulation and analysis.
 3D system have different structuring
capabilities (complex topology and
object-oriented).

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Structuring /Data Storage
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(2)

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Manipulation
 Important
manipulation operations are
generalization and transformation.
 Generalisation is applied for reducing
data complexity or to make the data
presentation more legible.
 Transformation includes coordinate
transformation to a specified map
projection and scaling
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Manipulation
(2)
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Analysis
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This is the core of a GIS system.
It involves metric, topological and/or order
operations on geometric and attribute data.
Primarily, analysis in GIS concerns operations
on more than one set of data, which
generates new spatial information of the
data.
Terrain analysis (e.g. intervisibility), geometric
computations
(volume, area, etc), overlay, buffering, zoning
, sorting are among typical analysis functions
in G IS.

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Analysis
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(2)
Evaluate steepest slope
Perform visibility analysis
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Analysis
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Conduct volumetric and cut-fill computations
Construct interpolation of surface z-values
Create vertical profiles along linear features
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Presentation
 This
is a final task in GIS.
 That is to present all the generated
information or results in the form of maps,
graphs, tables, reports
 This may also include Visualization,
navigation, user interface and internet
access

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Presentation
Aerial view (2D)
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3D non-textured view

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3D GIS :
Visualization, navigation and
user interface
 Advances
in the area of computer
graphics have made 3D visualization a
major ingredient of the current interface
of GIS
 3D Tools to effortlessly explore and
navigate through large models in real
time, and texture the geometry.
 Observations on the demand for 3D City
models are now possible i.e. Google Earth

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Why do we need 3D GIS?
 Simulation
of complex systems provide
understanding on how the system
operates different perspectives, aided by
high quality visualization and interaction
 Observation of system feature that would
be to small or too large to be seen on a
normal scale system
 Access to situation that would otherwise
be dangerous or too remote or
inaccessible

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Why do we need 3D GIS?
 Enable
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high degree of interaction which is
important to aid understanding
 Provide a sense of immersion of the
environment where the user can
appreciate the scale of change and
visualize the impact of a building design
on the external environment and the
inhabitants

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Why do we need 3D GIS?
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Allows export to popular multimedia such as
video (.avi or .mpeg) or VRML (.vrl or .vrml) that
provide the following benefits
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Do not need to know 3D GIS, simply use intuitive
and easy to use interface to operate the 3D model
Inherent flexibility/adaptability – these multimedia
are 3D cross-platform display and non-browser
specific which enable expensive data to be used
more widely
Fast and slow time simulation – ability to control
timescale by incorporating a sequence of
captured events into the key frames (or snapshots)
of the motion video

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Applications 3D GIS
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ecological studies
3D urban mapping
environmental monitoring
landscape planning
geological analysis
Architecture
civil engineering
automatic vehicle navigation
mining exploration
archeology
hydrographic surveying
marine biology
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3D GIS: Challenges
 Data
collection – cost of 3D modeling and
time to acquire consistent geometric and
textural data
 Spatial analysis – there is a need for
formalism for detecting spatial relationships
based on set topology notions
 Internet access – remote access to 3D on
demand spatial information has high
computational and network overhead

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3D GIS: Challenges
 Conceptual
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model - The design of a
conceptual model is a subject of intensive
i.e. describing real-world objects and
spatial relationships between them

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Efforts by Major GIS Vendors
 ArcView
3D Analyst
 Imagine VirtualGIS
 GeoMedia Terrain
 PAMAP GIS Topographer
 3dvia
 SPACEYES
 MS Virtual Earth
 Google Earth

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Future Developments
 Real
time 3D GIS, providing visualization of
3D GIS at a whole city scale always faces
the challenge of dynamic data loading
with high-efficiency.
 4D GIS, with a time defined analytics GIS
aid in disaster management urban
planning by predictive models of 3D
states

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Summary
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3D GIS has the same basic definition as 2D GIS
3D GIS provides the most efficient technology
for spatial data management
3D GIS faces few implementation challenges,
overcome by technological advances
3D GIS the next generation of GIS, it is still yet
to become mainstream
3D GIS has vast number of applications, it is
currently used in specialized fields
The evolution of GIS is cyclical as it revisits self
concepts

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References
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[1] Coors, V., 2002, 3D GIS in Networking environments, CEUS (to be published), 17 p.
[2] Oosterom. P.J.M. van, J.E. Stoter, S. Zlatanova, W.C. Quak, 2002, The balance between
Geometry and Topology, Advances in Spatial Data handling, D.Richardson, P.van Oosterom
(Eds.), Ottawa, Canada, 9-12 July
[3] Coors, V. and V. Jung, 1998, Using VRML as an Interface to the 3D data warehouse, in:
Proceedings of VRML'98, New York
[4] Abdul-Rahman, A., 2000. The design and implementation of two and three-dimensional
triangular irregular network (TIN) based GIS. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Scotland,
United Kingdom, 250 p. [5] P. Vessen, “wireless Power transmission,” Leonardo energy; briefing
paper.
[6] http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/mapanalysis/Topic27/Topic27.htm
[7] http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional.../papers/pap565/p565.htm
[8] Deren Li, Qing Zhu Qiang, Liu Peng Xu., From 2D to 3D GIS for CYBERCITY ,State Key
Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan
Universit
[9] Claire Ellul, Muki Haklay. 2006 Requirements for Topology in 3D GIS
[10] Billen R., S. Zlatanova, P. Mathonet and F. Boniver, 2002, The Dimensional Model: a framework
to distinguish spatial relationships, in: Advances in Spatial Data handling, D.Richardson, P.van
Oosterom (Eds.), Springer, Ottawa, Canada, 9-12 July, pp. 285-298
[11] Alias Abdul Rahman1, Sisi Zlatanova2, Morakot Pilouk, The 3D GIS Software Development:
global efforts from researchers and vendors

29. Thank you!