1. BIOREMEDIATION
OF ENDOSULFAN
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2. ENDOSULFAN
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3. WHAT IS ENDOSULFAN
An Organochloro Pesticide
A Sulfurous Acid Ester Of Chlorinated Cyclic Diol
Chemical Name:
6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-
6,9-methano-2,3,4-benzo(e)dioxathiepin-3-oxide
Molecular Formula:
C9H6Cl6O3S
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4. 4

5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Brownish in Colour
Solid Under Normal Conditions
Crystalline In Nature
Slight Odour Of Sulphurdioxide
0.33 mg/L solubility
1.7 g/cc density
102 deg C Melting pt
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6. WHERE IS ENDOSULFAN USED
Agricultural Lands, Plantations And Farmlands
Effective Against Pests - Beetles, Caterpillar,
Colorado Beetle, Leaf Hoppers, Woolly Aphids,
Cabbage Worms, Etc
Preharvest Insecticide For Fruits, Vegetables,
Nuts, Field And Grain Crops Including Rice
Non Food Crops Like Tobacco And Cotton
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7. PRODUCTION AND USAGE IN INDIA
Hindustan Insecticides Ltd
Sole Producer In India
Thionex
Endocil
Phaser
Benzoepin
120 Million Indian Farming
Families Use Endosulfan
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8. FIELD APPLICATION
Sprayed From 2m - 3m Above Foliage
Adjacent Residents- Away For 20 Days
Water Bodies Covered
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9. HOW IS IT HARMFUL TO HUMANS
Neurotoxin
Carcinogen
Polio-like Deformities
Via Direct Skin Contact, Inhalation and Ingestion
But Only Negligible Effects on Pollinators
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10. NEUROLOGIC SYSTEMIC
CNS Directly
Nausea
Dizziness
Convolutions
Lowering of IQ
Kidney And Liver
Damage To RBCs
Tumor Promotion
Birth Defects
Mutation
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11. BIO-REMEDITION
Of Endosulfan
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12. WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATON
A Solution To A Problem By Biological Action
Plants- Phytoremediation
Microbes- Bacterial Or Fungal Bioremediation
(carbon source)
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13. STUDIES CONDUCTED
28 soil fungi
49 soil bacteria
10 actinomycetes
Found To Posses Reasonable Ability To Degrade
Endosulfan.
Using C14-labeled Isotope, Qualitative As Well As
Quantitative Formation Of Metabolites Followed
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14. CHEMICAL REACTION
Basically, It Involves Biochemical Reactions
The Major Metabolites Are
Endosulfate- Formed By Oxidation Of The Sulfites
Endodiol- Formed By Hydrolysis Of The Ester Bond
Small Quantities Of Endohydroxyether
Endosulfate From Fungi
Endodiol From Active Bacteria.
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15. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Factors Influencing Degradation Of Endosulfan
Martens Experiment
Pilot Scale Reactor Experiment
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16. FACTORS INFLUENCING
DEGRADATION OF ENDOSULFAN
Study # 1
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17. DETAILS
Niranjan Awasthi, Rajiv Ahuja, Ashwani Kumar
Parrysulphan 35% Ec
2 Strains Of Bacillus Sp
2 Soil Samples
Clay 60%, Silt 30%, Sand 10%, O C.38% pH 8.7
Clay 39%, Silt12%, Sand 49%, O C.59% pH 9.37
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18. EFFECT OF pH
Significant Effect
Nil At pH 3.0
Slight At pH 5.0
Significant At pH 7.5- 8.5, Less Endo diol
At pH 10- 12, Completely to Endo diol
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19. EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL CARBON SOURCES
Reduced Efficiency
Glucose, Sodium Succinate
Similar Results For Both Isomers
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20. EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL CARBON SOURCES
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21. EFFECT OF INOCULUM SIZE
Increased Efficiency
2 x 105 CFU/g Soil Had No Significant Effect
2x106 Cells Stimulated A Rapid Degradation
2 X 107, 4x107 ,108 Resulted In Initial Increase
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22. EFFECT OF INOCULUM SIZE
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23. EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION
Rapid Degradation at Low Conc. 50 µg/g of Soil
Speed Reduces With Higher Initial Conc.
Higher Conc. 50mg/g has inhibitory effect
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24. EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION
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25. MARTENS EXPERIMENT
Study # 2
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26. DETAILS
By Dr Rainer Martens
Germen Institute
Samples From Around The Globe
28 Bacteria strains and 49 Fungi
Sorted The Bacterial and Fungi strains As Per
Their Activity And Efficiency
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27. LIST OF FUNGI
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28. LIST OF BACTERIA
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29. INFERENCE
Bacteria With A High Degradation Capacity
Hydrolyzed Endosulfan To Endodiol
The Fungi With A High Degradation Capacity
Oxidized Endosulfan To Endosulfate
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30. PILOT SCALE REACTOR EXPERIMENT
Study # 3
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31. DETAILS
By Dr Mathav Kumar and Dr Liggy Philip
Used 3 Bacterial Strains
• Staphylococcus sp
• Bacillus circulans -I and II
Specially Fabricated Soil Reactor
Also Conducted Lab Scale Experiments
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32. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARY
CARBON SOURCE
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33. EFFECT OF INOCULUM SIZE IN
AQUEOUS SYSTEM
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34. EFFECT OF pH
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35. INFERENCE
• External Carbon Source Increases Degradation Efficiency
• Ph Has A Significant Effect On Endosulfan Degradation
• Performance Of Anaerobic Soil Reactors Was Better
Compared To Aerobic Soil Reactors Irrespective Of Soil Type
• Maximum Efficiency Was Observed In Sandy Soil
• Efficiency Was More In Bottom Layers Due To The Prevailing
Anaerobic Condition
• The Optimum Moisture Content 35–40%
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36. CONCLUSION
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37. Suitability of Bioremediation to Endosulfan
Advantages of Bioremediation
• Surface
• Sub surface
• Water (surface and ground)
Limitation of Bioremediation - Air
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38. THANK YOU
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