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1 von 52
1.

Name

2.

Order

3.

Distance

4.

Zero
Gender
1M
2M
3M
4F
5F
6M
7F
8M
9F
10 F

LOCALITY OCCUPATION RELIGION
BANDRA WORKING
H
MAHIM WORKING
M
SANTACRUZ
WORKING
H
ANDHERI NOT WOKING C
COLABA WORKING
H
DADAAR NOT WORKINGM
BANDRA NOT WORKINGH
COLABA NOT WORKINGC
MAHIM NOT WORKINGH
ANDHERI WORKING
M
Name
order
Distance
zero
After tasting tea rate it on a scale of I to 5,
1-very tasty ,5-tasteless.
Social class
Economic class
GPA
Name
order
Distance
zero
19 Jan 2011
Team
India
South Africa
England
Sri Lanka
Australia
Pakistan
West Indies
New Zealand
Bangladesh

Matches
42
36
45
27
43
29
25
32
19

Points
5357
4228
5165
2951
4583
2615
2128
2482
131

Rating
128
117
115
109
107
90
85
78
7
#

Country

Points

1

England

1001

2

Italy

902

3

Spain

892

4

Netherlands

822

5

Portugal

805

6

Germany

780

7

France

752


The difference bet 1981 -1982 is same as
difference between 1991-1992 but they do not
have a fixed zero
Name
order
Distance
zero


Consumer Price Index



Fahrenheit temperature



Calender
Name
order
Distance
zero


Measurement means assigning numbers or
other symbols to characteristics of objects
according to certain pre specified rules.


The main point is assigning a rule



Example



A class can be classified as foll

> 90%

A

80% - 89%

B

< 80 %

C
Xo = Xt

+ Xs + Xr

Xo - the observed score of measurement
Xt- the true score of the characterstic .
Xs – Systematic error
Xr – Random error


Reliability



Validity



Practicality



Genralizability


Reliability refers to the extent to which the
scale a scale produces consistent results if
repeated measurements are made.

Types
 Test – retest reliability
 Internal consistency reliability


The purpose of measurement is to measure
what it intends to measure .



Example :



Absenteeism is a good measure of Morale



How can we say it can be due to wave of illness
or a number of other factors


Comparative scales



Non comparative scales


Suppose a researcher wants to know which are
the most important attributes in a product or
which attribute is preferred over the other.
A

B

C

D

E

A

100

164

120

174

180

B

36

100

160

176

166

C

80

40

100

168

124

D

26

24

32

100

102

E

20

34

76

98

100



Data – ordinal
No of comparisons –n(n-1)/2






A Rank Order scale gives the respondent a set
of items and asks them to put the items in some
form of order.
The measure of 'order' can include such as
preference, importance, liking, effectiveness
and so on.
The order is often a simple ordinal structure (A
is higher than B). It can also be done by relative
position (A scores 10 whilst B scores 6).






Please write a letter next to the four evening
activities below to show your preference. Use
A for your most preferred activity, B for the
next preferred, then C for the next and then D
for the least
__ Staying in and watching television
__ Going bowling
__ Going out for a meal
__ Going to a bar with a friend
preferred.
Data - ordinal


a respondent is given a constant sum of money,
script, credits, or points and asked to allocate
these to various items (example : If you had 100
Yen to spend on food products, how much
would you spend on product A, on product B,
on product C, etc.). This is an ordinal level
technique.
Attributes of a toilet soap
1. Mildness
2. Lather
3. Shrinkage
4. Price
5. Fragrance
6. Packaging
7. Moisturizer
8. Cleaning powder


Data seems to be ratio in limited sense ,but
actually it is a comparative scale and data is
ordinal.


Data seems to be ratio in limited sense ,but
actually it is a comparative scale and data is
ordinal.





Was developed to discriminate among
relatively large number of items.
Items ranging between 60 – 140.
Piles of most preferred to least preferred.
1.

Continuous scales

2.

Itemized scales


The respondents are asked to give a rating by
placing a mark at the appropriate position on a
continuous line. The scale can be written on
card and shown to the respondent during the
interview


Whichever form of itemised scale is applied,
researchers usually treat the data as interval
level.






A Likert scale is what is termed a summated
instrument scale.
This means that the items making up a Likert
scale are summed to produce a total score.
Typically, each scale item will have 5
categories, with scale values ranging from -2 to
+2 with 0 as neutral response.


Mergers and acquisitions provide a faster
means of growth than internal expansion.



Strongly disagree disagree
Agree
strongly agree



Weights are attached to each response



uncertain








Lending a helping hand
Life is beautiful
Appreciation is the best motivation
Work and play are not mutually exclusive
We love our employees and we want them to
know it
Innovation is our bloodline






This type of scale makes extensive use of words
rather than numbers.
Respondents describe their feelings about the
products or brands on scales with semantic
labels.
When bipolar adjectives are used at the end
points of the scales, these are termed semantic
differential scales.
It is a unipolar scale
It extends from +5 to -5

It has no neutral point
It is a unipolar scale
It extends from

+5 to -5

It has no neutral point


Where people are less educated or among
children ,we use similes or ladders to express
preference


Name :



Gender:



Age :



Position:


Family profile
Marital status



N.o of members



Occupation of Spouse



Education level




Work experience :



N.o of company’s worked with



Reason for quitting your last job



I would like to know if he is happy with his
present compensation , salary revisions
,monetary and non monetary benefits











On a scale of one to five please mark your
agreement or disagreement with the following
statements 1-strongly and 5 strongly disagree
The company offers excellent compensation
The compensation offered by the company is
comparable with the industry
The frequency of salary revisions can be improved.
The perks offered by the company are very apt.
Perks though are good are not need based .
The perks only cater to the young generation.
Working conditions
Autocratic 1 2
formal
Uncomfortable
Stringent

3

4 6

7 Democratic
Informal
comfortable
linient









Frequency of rewards
Type of rewards
Feeling towards rewards
Quotient of brethren feeling
Adjustment with his peer
Recreation activities with peer group
Amount of sharing with Peers
Frequency of rewards
How many awards have you received in last one
year
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. More than 3






Feeling towards rewards
Quotient of brethren feeling
Amount of sharing with the peers
Adjustment with his peer








Rewards are a way to give recognition
Rewards give a feeling of loyalty
Rewards definitely boost self esteem
Rewards increase competition
Rewards discriminate among employees
Monetary rewards are better motivators
The frequency of rewards should be quarterly



1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Type of rewards
Which of the following rewards are instituted
in your organization
Best agent
Best employee
Best consultant
Star performer
Any other






No of promotions he has got
Training programs for self improvement and
self development.
His personal aspirations

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Measurement