The document discusses the history of the Protestant Reformation in Europe beginning in the 15th century. It covers key figures like John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, and others who challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and helped establish new Christian denominations. The text also summarizes the creation of the Church of England under King Henry VIII and the religious settlements put in place by later monarchs like Elizabeth I to balance Protestant and Catholic interests in England.

1. May 24, 2015
Pentecost Sunday

2.  A period of massive change in the church.
 Creation of the protestant church
 The Church of England and the later Episcopal church
is a product of the Reformation.
 Matthew Fox: Four historical forces necessary for
Reformation:
 1. The printing press
 2. The rise of nation-states
 3. Emergence of an educated elite
 4. Corruption of religious institutions

3.  What in the church needs to change?
 What is one change you would like to see at St.
Andrew’s?
 What is one change you would like to see in our diocese
or in the larger Episcopal Church?
 What is one change you would like to see in the church
around the world?

5.  John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
 Interested in authority of clergy.
 People should be able to
interpret and read the Bible on
their own.
 Lived during Western Schism
(more than one pope).
 This caused questioning about
Papal Authority.

6.  Jan Hus (1369-1415)
 He wanted Bishops elected
and not appointed by Pope.
 At the Council of
Constance, he made his
case but he was burned at
the stake for his beliefs.
 Spiritual leader of the
Moravian Church, which is
the oldest Protestant
denomination emerged
from the Czech
Reformation.

7.  Erasmus (1466-1536)
 “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther
hatched.”
 Erasmus remained committed to
reforming the Church from within.
 He also held to Catholic doctrines
such as that of free will.
 Which some Protestant Reformers
rejected in favor of the doctrine of
predestination.

9.  Pope Leo X needs
money to build St.
Peter’s Basilica…so he
sells indulgences.
 Indulgences- were
pardons issued by the
pope that people could
buy to reduce a soul’s
time in purgatory =
(People could buy
forgiveness)
 Martin Luther’s Ninety
Five Theses

10.  Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but
knew the local common language or “vernacular”.
 Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the
Reformation.
 It was the job of the church clergy to translate the
Bible to lay people.

11.  Luther was a German
monk and professor of
theology (religion) at
the University of
Wittenberg.
 One of the many
leaders of the
Protestant Reformation.
 Luther objected to a
saying attributed to
Johann Tetzel that "As
soon as the coin in the
coffer rings, the soul
from purgatory springs."

12.  In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door.
They were written in Latin.
 Luther’s intention: not to break with the church,
but to reform it. Criticized:
1. Indulgences
2. Power of Pope
3. Wealth of Church
God’s Grace won by faith alone.
 Catholic View: Good Works

13.  In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
 Excommunication- expelled him from the church.
 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to
suppress Luther’s writings.
 Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or
protest.
 Hence the term Protestant.

14.  Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
 Theocracy
 A government in which church and state are joined and in
which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
 John Calvin in Switzerland
 Predestination
 God knows who will be saved, even before people are born,
and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore
salvation.
 John Knox in Scotland
 Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

15. King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the
famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round
Table) dies… Arthur was married to Catherine of Aragon
(from Spain) before she married Henry.
 This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because
Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give
birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a
queen of England and restores the Catholic Church.
History knows her as Bloody Mary.
 Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife. Catherine, a
Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many
years. Her determination to stay married to Henry, in
the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the
course of history forever.

17.  Was a gathering that led to the decision that England
was no longer under the authority of the pope.
 Act of Supremacy
 Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry
VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

18.  His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and
Edward (dies).
 Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”
 Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she
reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed
many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics
burned at the stake.
 Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor)
 Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled
during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known
as the Virgin Queen.

19. Elizabeth Tudor was
born on September 7,
1533 to King Henry
VIII and his second
wife Anne Boleyn.
The Roman Catholics
of England
considered her an
illegitimate child.

20. Elizabeth’s solution to the religious instability and division
that had wracked England under Henry VIII, Edward VI and
Mary I

21. Putting aside her own beliefs and preferences:
• A Catholic settlement would please the continental
powers, but not the British protestants.
• A protestant settlement would alienate British
Catholics, France, and Spain.

22.  Required the population to attend Sunday service in
an Anglican church
 New compromise version of the Book of Common
Prayer
 Removed abuse of the pope from the liturgy
 Wearing of the surplice permitted
 Rituals like the sign of the cross maintained.

23. • Reestablished the situation under Henry VIII
• Elizabeth > Supreme Governor
• ‘Governor’ rather than ‘Head’ appeased conservatives
concerned about a woman claiming the latter title.
• Clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth but
the laity did not.

24. • Elizabeth's settlement thinks Protestant but looks
Catholic. It appealed to the most cherished traditions
of both, the Word for Protestants and the ritual and
structure for Catholics.
• The longevity of Elizabeth’s reign.
• It’s ‘compromise’ component shouldn’t be overstated –
Elizabeth excommunicated by the Pope in 1570.

25. • Puritanism - purify the Church of England from all Catholic
remnants
• Label arose as a pejorative term used by opponents – no single
doctrine, rather, defined by a common tendency
• Marian exiles who had returned under Elizabeth to build a new
Israel.
• Adultery and sabbath breaking should be capital offense
• Issues over vestments worn by priests came up, where the
Catholics were bright and colorful, the Puritans desired black
only. They also want no organ, no making the sign of the cross,
and no holy days.
• presbyterian or Congregationalist structure (instead of rule by
bishops)
• persecution of protestants – they fled England