Classification of carbohydrates

2. CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATES
Presented by:
TahreemAftab
RMU

3. Carbohydrates
Definition:
Carbohydrates may be
defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones or those compounds which
yield them upon hydrolysis.

4. EXAMPLES

5. CLASSIFICATION
1.
•Monosaccharides
2. •Oligosaccharides
3.
•Polysaccharides
4.
Derived Carbohydrates

6. ➢ These are simplest sugars consisting of a single polyhydroxy
aldehyde or ketose unit.
➢ They cannot be further hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates.
➢ The monosaccharides are white crystalline solids.
➢ They are soluble in water.
➢ Most of them have a sweet taste.
1.MONOSACCHARIDES
➢ Glucose
Fructose
Glyceraldehyde etc..
e.g:

7. ❑ Classification of Monosaccharides
Functional group No of Carbon Atoms
Aldehydes Ketones
Glycerose
Erythrose
Dihydroxyacetone
Erythrulose
Ribose
Glucose Fructose
Glucoheptose Seduheptulose
Trioses (3)
Tetroses (4)
Pentoses (5)
Hexoses (6)
Heptoses (7)
Ribulose

8. 2.OLIGOSACCHARIDES
➢ Oligosaccharides are short chain condensation products of
monosaccharides.
➢ They contain 2 to 10 monosaccharide units.
➢ These molecules are joined together by covalent bond called as
glycosidic bond.
➢ They yield monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.
➢ Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose etc..
e.g:

9. MONO- EXAMPLES TYPE OF
MERS MONOSACCHARIDES
Disaccharides 2
Trisaccharides 3
Tetrasaccharides 4
Octasaccharides 8
▪ Maltose
▪ Sucrose
▪ Lactose
▪ Isomaltose
▪ Raffinose
▪ Gentianose
▪ Maltotriose
Pentasaccharides 5
▪ Stachyose
▪ Verbascose
▪ α-Dextrin
• Fructose+Glucose+Galactose
• Fructose+Glucose+Glucose
• Glucose+Glucose
• Glucose+Fructose
• Glucose+Galactose
• Glucose+Glucose
• Glucose+Glucose+Glucose
• Galactose+Galactose+
Glucose+Fructose
• Galactose+Galactose+
Galactose+Fructose+Glucose
• Polymer of about eight (8)
Glucose units

10. 3.POLYSACCHARIDES
➢ They contain large number of monosaccharide units in their
molecules i.e more than 10.
➢ They may also have additional groups bounded by covalent
linkages.
➢ They form structural elements of cells.
➢ Polysaccharides are of two types:
▪ Homopolysaccharides
▪ Hetropolysaccharides.

11. i.Homopolysaccharides
➢ They yield only one type of monomers i.e pure monosaccharides
or complex monosaccharides.
➢ THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES MONOMER
❖ Starch ▪ Glucose
❖ Glycogen ▪ Glucose
❖ Cellulose ▪ Glucose
❖ Dextrin ▪ Glucose
❖ Inulin ▪ Fructose

12. ii.Hetropolysaccharides
➢ They contain different types of monosaccharides
constituting the large group of carbohydrates.
➢ THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
Muco-
polysaccharides
Mucilage Glucoconjugates Hemicellulose
Chondroitin
Sulphate
Agar Proteoglycan
Heparin Vegetable Gum Glycoprotien
Hyaluronic Acid Pectins Glycolipid
Serum Mucoids

13. 4.DERIVED CARBOHYDRATES
➢ These are derived from the carbohydrates by various
chemical reaction.
➢ THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
Gluconic Acid Glycerol Glucosamine Blood
Substances
Mucin
Glucuronic
Acid
Ribitol Galactosamine Ganglioside Milk Protein
Oxidation
Products
Reduction
Products
Amino Sugars Glycolipids Glycoprotiens
Glucaric Acid Sorbitol Mannosamine
Mannitol