Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.2 - control system components and infrastructure
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Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.2 - control system components and infrastructure
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Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.2 - control system components and infrastructure
- 1. Photovoltaic Systems Training Plant Operation 3.2 COMPONENTS & INFRASTRUCTURE www.leonardo-energy.org
- 2. Element Parameters Incidents Panels Inverter Meter Transformer grid â String current â Irradiance â Instant power â Produced energy â CO2 Emissions â Produced kWh â Load profile â Phase voltage â Frequency â Module malfunctioning â Isolating error â Electronic failure (low performance) â Electric failure (stop) â Meter stop â grid out of range PV Facility main elements
- 3. Element Calibrated cell Meteo Station Current sensors Protections Parameter â Radiation â Wind speed â Temperature â Current â Voltage â State (ON / OFF) Alerts / Warnings â Low production, when high radiation â High wind speed â Overvoltage â System breakdown â Trigger Other elements within a PV facility www.leonardo-energy.org
- 4. Communications Options: 1. Design - Wire - Wireless 2. Logic - - Without logic: Converter With logic: Datalogger Control Room Server 1.Data gathering 2.Data Analysis 3.Alert generation 4.Internet communication 5.Logs Display Visualization Alarms 1. Locals: Siren 2. SMS 3. E-mail Internet 1. BBDD 2. Web 3. Tunnel 1. VPN 2. VNC Sensors Inverter Datalogger RS232/485 Ethernet Meter RS232/485 Monitoring System. Network Topology www.leonardo-energy.org
- 5. Monitoring system: Routine Performance: average or higher than average Performance: lightly lower than average Parameter analysis Include modifications in preventive maintenance Correct Actions/Modifications on the system - In situ or by Remote control - Report generation - Corrective maintenance order Incidents & parameters log Performance: lower than average Failure diagnosis Alarm www.leonardo-energy.org Data gathering & Analysis
- 6. Gateway Server Tracker Control Monitoring System Security system INTERNET Remote control system. Basic topology ON/OFF switches for system reclosing (i.e. in case of breakdown) REMOTE PC /www.leonardo-energy.org
- 7. Gateway Server Tracker Monitoring system Security System PC REMOTE INTERNET - New meters & inverters - Updates - Modifications - Configurations - Updates - Modifications - Configuration - Updates - Modifications - Configuration Remote control system. Advanced topology An advanced remote control system requires larger bandwidth and robustness /www.leonardo-energy.org
- 8. Communications requirements Internal communications Data transference between devices, dataloggers, server & gateway. Topologies: ⹠Wireless: Bluetooth, wifi, GSM/GPRS/UMTS, etc.. ⹠Wired: RS232, RS485, Ethernet, Optical Fiber, etc.. Converters: Moxa, etc.. External communications To communicate remotely Topologies: RTB, ADSL, Satellite, GSM/GPRS/UMTS⊠Redundancy & robustness
- 9. Telephone Network (PSTN) GPRS UMTS Radio Satellite Coverage Bandwidth Reliability / Robustness Cost (Installing) Cost (Operation) Communications Technologies www.leonardo-energy.org
- 10. Conversor Ethernet â RS232/485 Meter BUS Meter BUS Modem GSM Gateway Generator GSM Modem Gateway Electrical company Server RS232/485 Remote Meter Reading (By the electricity company) A growing trend âą It reduces the need for dedicated meter-reading staff âą Data from the meters can be used to improve the grid performance * In the future programmable logic controller communications (PLCs) might be used www.leonardo-energy.org
- 11. Common communicationsâ problems Using similar systems in different facilities A system that works perfectly for one solar facility, may not work properly in another because of differences in devices, communication buses, country standards, etc.. Solutions compatibility Mixing commercial solutions from different manufacturers may produce system malfunctions due to varying device response times, transference times, or bandwidths, etc.. Many solutions are still under development. Coverage failure In isolated areas. without Telephone Network (PSTN), ADSL, UMTS or GPRS coverage, losing a single communication channel could mean losing 90% of the systemâs features www.leonardo-energy.org
Hinweis der Redaktion
- In this module, we look at the management of component supply and infrastructure
- Â Here we can see the elements that should be monitored in a solar PV facility. The main elements to be monitored are the inverters and meters. Â The parameters to be monitored in the inverter are: the instant power, energy produced and Co2 emissions. The main incidents that might affect an inverter are electronic failure or electric failure. An electric failure could stop the whole PV facility. Â In the meter the kw-hours produced and the load profile need to be monitored and controlled. The only incident that might occur in the meter is a meter-stop; which would also mean the stop of the whole PV facility. That is why both the inverter and meter need to be carefully tracked by the monitoring system. Â The panels and transformer should also be monitored. On the panels you can monitor both the current and the irradiance. The current is quite easy to monitor with devices that are readily available in the market.
- You can detect solar panels that are producing lower electricity than they should, using a calibrated cell to measure irradiance. Â The meteorological station will give you measures of wind speed and temperature. Temperature has a direct effect on a solar panels production capacity. So as we saw in the last chapter, using a calibrated cell with the temperature sensor we know more or less when panels are producing less electricity than they should. That provides technical staff with a heads-up so that they go and check the panels. Â Wind speed might be really important when sun trackers are being used. High wind speeds can alter the alignment of panels or damage trackers. When high wind speed is detected, the sun trackers can be placed in an orientation where the wind will not damage them. Â The state of sensors that measure the flow of current and the systemâs protective devices can also be monitored. Â With the current sensors you can monitor the current in panel arrays of panels. While the state of protections must be monitored if you want to install remote control systems.
- Here we have the topology of a monitoring system. The different inputs might be sensors, inverters or the meter. The communications port that is usually used with the inverter is an RS 232 or 485. An RS 485 is also normally used with the meter. Newer inverters also support an internet connection. Â You will have a choice between wireless and wired connections. Normally wired connections are recommended because they offer greater reliability. There is also a choice between logical and non-logical communications. With non-logical communications we have to use a converter. There are many of them on the market The most common one, from MOXA, converts a serial bus to a different type of bus. Otherwise, we can use logic in our communications - using a data logger that gathers data from all the devices and allows that data to be easily analysed by a different computer. Â Then we have the control room, where we might have a server and display. With the server, we need to gather all the data from all the elements. That data can come directly from the device or via a datalogger, depending on your set-up. This data is then available for analysis to create information or to generate alerts.. Â Internet communications can be used to send data to be visualised remotely. Â There are different types of alarms. The most effective is the siren, which can be heard all over the solar installation. Increasingly, texts are being sent to the relevant staff â or to all staff - as alarms. Â Finally it is important to save all this information outside the solar facility.
- Here is an overview of how the typical routing for a monitoring system. Once the data has been gathered and analysed, the level of performance of the PV facility is known and decisions can be made on whether corrective action is needed or not. Â But if the performance is slightly lower than average then we should analyse all the parameters in the solar plant, especially those coming from the inverters, and take all the actions or modifications in the system to improve these parameters. Â These modifications can be done remotely or in situ depending on the remote control system, but usually it is necessary to have staff in the PV facility. All the modifications must be included in the preventive maintenance plan to ensure it is undertaken periodically to improve plant performance. If performance is lower than average a malfunction may be occuring. Â Normally underperformance will prompt a monitoring system alarm so that changes can be made urgently. Â Every time there is an incident a report must be generated, so that checks will be added to the corrective maintenance processes. Â It is important to have an incidents and parameters log that can be checked with further incidents occur.
- Here is the basic topology for the remote control system. You can decide between different types of remote control, depending on the level of performance you want. This remote control system has only on-and-off switches. In the case of high winds, for example, you could shut down a sun-tracking system with this and re-activate it once more when the wind drops. Â Monitoring and security systems are also devices that might be fitted with this type of activation and de-activation remote option. Â
- This is the topology for an advanced remote control system. A remote control system like this requires greater robustness and needs greater bandwidth because such a wide range of elements in the solar PV system must be managed remotely. Â This kind of system allows updates and modifications to the orientation of the tracking system. New configurations or the addition of new meters or inverters are possible. All the parameters in a security system could be monitored t. Â We will see later an example of a solar plant with this type of monitoring system that can be configured remotely, together with a security system that includes CCTV access over the internet.
- When considering solar plant communications, we have to consider two types: internal and external. Internal communications are between devices, data loggers and elements within the PV facility, While external communications, are communications between our main office and the outside world. Â For internal communications we have to decide between wireless and wired topologies. Wired systems are recommended. Among the different types of wired systems the most commonly used are RS 485 and the internet systems. You can find a lot of infrmationo on both of them on the internet. Â Converters can be used to change one signal to another. It is typical to use optical fibre running from the control room to the different areas across the site and then to use a converter to get the data gathered from the RS 485 bus and to convert it to the optical fibre bus. Â For external communications, there are again different topologies. These include the basic telephone network, ADSL, a Lan internet connection, satellite communications or the cellphone internet âGPRS and UMTS. In deciding on the correct communications topology for your plant, robustness should be a critical factor..
- Here we have a comparison table of technologies that could be used for remote communications. The more stars in a cell, the better the technology. While satellite offers the best coverage, it also comes with the highest installation and operation costs. UMTS cellphone technology is probably most recommended as the networks continue to spread and develop at a rapid pace worldwide. Â If there is telephone network coverage in the area of the PV facility, that might be the cheapest and most reliable way to communicate with the solar plant.
- An important issue to consider when designing a remote monitoring system is remote meter reading. Nowadays, electricity companies are installing remote meter-reading technologies in most of the countries of the world. Itâs really useful for invoicing the utility in particular. Â Another advantage of remote meter-reading is that - if the data is well processed - the electricity company might be able to use it to improve grid performance. Â Here we can find two alternative topologies for electricity company meter-reading. A GSM modem could be installed for each meter within the PV facility. Where there are several meters to be read it might be interesting to install a converter from internet to RS 485 so that a single modem can be used, reducing communications costs. It is important to know whether in the future PLC communications might be applied. Before constructing a new PV facility it is important to learn from the electricity company what their future intentions are, or whether you would be better choosing GSM communications.
- The most common problems we might find with communications in a PV facility are: failed attempts to use the same communications system in different facilities; incompatability of solutions at different facilities; and coverage failure. Â Asystem that is working properly in one solar facility might not work in another because software may differ when different aged versions are used, also the protocols in different countries might be different. For example, some monitoring equipment may not work in Sp[ain as Spain uses a different protocol to the rest of the world. Â Sometimes mixing different solutions from different manufacturers may produce system malfunctions. Â And particularly where the monitoring or remote control of a plant is dependent on cellphone communications, failures in network coverage can have devastating effects.