2. 22
Why this course to Business graduates?Why this course to Business graduates?
The course provides an introduction to theThe course provides an introduction to the
elements of both high an low techelements of both high an low tech
entrepreneurship – idea generation, businessentrepreneurship – idea generation, business
plan development, incubation, funding, ventureplan development, incubation, funding, venture
capital, stock options etc.capital, stock options etc.
3. 33
Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives
At the end of the course, You shouldAt the end of the course, You should
understand the various components related tounderstand the various components related to
entrepreneurship, such as venture capital, stockentrepreneurship, such as venture capital, stock
options, angel fundingoptions, angel funding
know how to develop a business plan for anknow how to develop a business plan for an
entrepreneurial ventureentrepreneurial venture
be familiar with the entrepreneurship environment inbe familiar with the entrepreneurship environment in
PakistanPakistan
be equipped to consider becoming an entrepreneurbe equipped to consider becoming an entrepreneur
5. 55
Are you an Entrepreneur?Are you an Entrepreneur?
11 Are youAre you
MarriedMarried
SingleSingle
WidowedWidowed
DivorcedDivorced
22 Are youAre you
MaleMale
FemaleFemale
33 Why do you want toWhy do you want to
start a business?start a business?
To make a lot of moneyTo make a lot of money
To be independentTo be independent
To give myself a jobTo give myself a job
To gain powerTo gain power
To become famousTo become famous
44 How comfortable areHow comfortable are
you with uncertainty?you with uncertainty?
Very comfortableVery comfortable
Somewhat comfortableSomewhat comfortable
Not comfortableNot comfortable
55 To become successfulTo become successful
as an entrepreneur,as an entrepreneur,
what will you need?what will you need?
MoneyMoney
LuckLuck
Hard workHard work
A good ideaA good idea
All of theseAll of these
66 Concerning yourConcerning your
willingness to take risk,willingness to take risk,
are youare you
A high risk takerA high risk taker
A moderate risk takerA moderate risk taker
One who avoids riskOne who avoids risk
6. 66
Are you an Entrepreneur?Are you an Entrepreneur?
11 Are youAre you
MarriedMarried
SingleSingle
WidowedWidowed
DivorcedDivorced
22 Are youAre you
MaleMale
FemaleFemale
33 Why do you want toWhy do you want to
start a business?start a business?
To make a lot of moneyTo make a lot of money
To be independentTo be independent
To give myself a jobTo give myself a job
To gain powerTo gain power
To become famousTo become famous
44 How comfortable areHow comfortable are
you with uncertainty?you with uncertainty?
Very comfortableVery comfortable
Somewhat comfortableSomewhat comfortable
Not comfortableNot comfortable
55 To become successfulTo become successful
as an entrepreneur,as an entrepreneur,
what will you need?what will you need?
MoneyMoney
LuckLuck
Hard workHard work
A good ideaA good idea
All of theseAll of these
66 Concerning yourConcerning your
willingness to take risk,willingness to take risk,
are youare you
A high risk takerA high risk taker
A moderate risk takerA moderate risk taker
One who avoids riskOne who avoids risk
7. 77
Learning Philosophy for thisLearning Philosophy for this
coursecourse
We learn together!We learn together!
How much you get out of this dependsHow much you get out of this depends
on how much you put into iton how much you put into it
8. 88
Entrepreneurship Web SitesEntrepreneurship Web Sites
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM):Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM):
www.gemconsortium.orgwww.gemconsortium.org
Garage.com:Garage.com: www.garage.comwww.garage.com
NUS Centre for Entrepreneurship:NUS Centre for Entrepreneurship: www.fba.nus.edu.sgwww.fba.nus.edu.sg
MIT Entrepreneurship Center:MIT Entrepreneurship Center:
www.entrepreneurship.mit.eduwww.entrepreneurship.mit.edu
MIT Enterprise Forum:MIT Enterprise Forum:
http://web.mit.edu/entforum/www/chapters/chapters.htmhttp://web.mit.edu/entforum/www/chapters/chapters.htm
University of Colorado at Boulder Centre forUniversity of Colorado at Boulder Centre for
Entrepreneurship (Business Plan templates):Entrepreneurship (Business Plan templates):
www.bus.colorado.eduwww.bus.colorado.edu
The Angel Capital Electronic NetworkThe Angel Capital Electronic Network
http://ace-net.sr.unh.edu/pub/http://ace-net.sr.unh.edu/pub/
10. 1010
What is Entrepreneurship?What is Entrepreneurship?
EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
The process whereby an individual or groupThe process whereby an individual or group
of individuals use organized efforts to pursueof individuals use organized efforts to pursue
opportunitiesopportunities
To create value and grow by fulfilling wants andTo create value and grow by fulfilling wants and
needs through innovation and uniquenessneeds through innovation and uniqueness
11. 1111
What is Entrepreneurship?What is Entrepreneurship?
Common Themes in Definitions ofCommon Themes in Definitions of
EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
The role of the entrepreneurThe role of the entrepreneur
InnovationInnovation
Organization creationOrganization creation
Creating valueCreating value
Profit or Not-for-ProfitProfit or Not-for-Profit
GrowthGrowth
UniquenessUniqueness
ProcessProcess
12. 1212
Forms of EntrepreneurshipForms of Entrepreneurship
A new product or Service offered.A new product or Service offered.
A new Method, Process, or TechnologyA new Method, Process, or Technology
employed.employed.
A new market targeted and opened.A new market targeted and opened.
A new source of Supply of Raw MaterialsA new source of Supply of Raw Materials
& Resources used.& Resources used.
A new form of Industrial OrganizationA new form of Industrial Organization
created.created.
13. 1313
Four Routes toFour Routes to
EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
Entering aEntering a family businessfamily business
Opening aOpening a franchised businessfranchised business
Starting aStarting a new businessnew business
Buying anBuying an existing businessexisting business
16. 1616
Five Misconceptions AboutFive Misconceptions About
EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
1.1. Successful entrepreneurship needs only a greatSuccessful entrepreneurship needs only a great
ideaidea
2.2. Entrepreneurship is easyEntrepreneurship is easy
3.3. Entrepreneurship is a risky gambleEntrepreneurship is a risky gamble
4.4. Entrepreneurship is found only in small businessesEntrepreneurship is found only in small businesses
5.5. Entrepreneurial ventures and small businesses areEntrepreneurial ventures and small businesses are
the same thingthe same thing
17. 1717
Now the BusinessNow the Business
An activity or a group of activities to be undertakenAn activity or a group of activities to be undertaken
for the purpose of earning profit keeping in viewfor the purpose of earning profit keeping in view
the risk of loss.the risk of loss.
18. 1818
The Nature of BusinessThe Nature of Business
To create profits by:To create profits by:
Selling products – Cars, food,Selling products – Cars, food,
clothing, computers, mobile phonesclothing, computers, mobile phones
etc.etc.
Providing services – Healthcare,Providing services – Healthcare,
insurance, education etc.insurance, education etc.
19. 1919
What Is Management?What Is Management?
Managerial ConcernsManagerial Concerns
EfficiencyEfficiency
““Doing things right”Doing things right”
Getting the most output for the least inputsGetting the most output for the least inputs
EffectivenessEffectiveness
““Doing the right things”Doing the right things”
Attaining organizational goalsAttaining organizational goals
20. 2020
The Management ProcessThe Management Process
ORGANIZATIONAL
GOALS
Planning
Leading
Controlling
O
rganizing
HUMAN
RESOURCES
INFORMATION
RESOURCES
PHYSICAL
RESOURCES
FINANCIAL
RESOURCES
21. 2121
Small Business and EntrepreneurialSmall Business and Entrepreneurial
Ventures – The DifferencesVentures – The Differences
Small BusinessSmall Business
Independently owned, operated, and financedIndependently owned, operated, and financed
has fewer than 100 employeeshas fewer than 100 employees
doesn’t engage in new or innovative practicesdoesn’t engage in new or innovative practices
Has relatively little impact on its industryHas relatively little impact on its industry
Entrepreneurial VenturesEntrepreneurial Ventures
An organization pursuing opportunitiesAn organization pursuing opportunities
Characterized by innovative practicesCharacterized by innovative practices
Main goals are profitability and growthMain goals are profitability and growth
22. 2222
Entrepreneurial VenturesEntrepreneurial Ventures
CreativityCreativity - The ability to develop new- The ability to develop new
ideas and to discover new ways of lookingideas and to discover new ways of looking
at problems and opportunities.at problems and opportunities.
InnovationInnovation - The ability to apply creative- The ability to apply creative
solutions to problems and opportunities tosolutions to problems and opportunities to
enhance or to enrich people’s lives.enhance or to enrich people’s lives.
23. 2323
The People and Activities ofThe People and Activities of
BusinessBusiness
PeoplePeople::
OwnersOwners
EmployeesEmployees
CustomersCustomers
OtherOther
stakeholders:stakeholders:
InvestorsInvestors
Regulatory AgenciesRegulatory Agencies
ActivitiesActivities::
ManagementManagement
MarketingMarketing
FinanceFinance
MISMIS
24. 2424
Current Importance ofCurrent Importance of
EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
Three areas of importanceThree areas of importance
1.1. InnovationInnovation
Process of creating, changing, experimenting,Process of creating, changing, experimenting,
transforming, and revolutionizingtransforming, and revolutionizing
1.1. Number of New Start-upsNumber of New Start-ups
Important because new firms contribute toImportant because new firms contribute to
economic development through benefits sucheconomic development through benefits such
as product-process innovationas product-process innovation
1.1. Job CreationJob Creation
Vital to the overall long-term economic healthVital to the overall long-term economic health
of communities, regions, and nationsof communities, regions, and nations
25. 2525
The Benefits of EntrepreneurshipThe Benefits of Entrepreneurship
Opportunity to Create your own DestinyOpportunity to Create your own Destiny
Opportunity to make a DifferenceOpportunity to make a Difference
Opportunity to Reach your Full PotentialOpportunity to Reach your Full Potential
Opportunity to Reap Impressive ProfitsOpportunity to Reap Impressive Profits
Opportunity to Contribute to Society and beOpportunity to Contribute to Society and be
Recognized for your EffortsRecognized for your Efforts
Opportunity to do what you Enjoy and Have FunOpportunity to do what you Enjoy and Have Fun
in it.in it.
31. 3232
Its about…Its about…
A kind of behavior that includes…A kind of behavior that includes…
1.1. InitiativeInitiative taking,taking,
2.2. TheThe organizing and reorganizingorganizing and reorganizing of socialof social
and economic mechanisms to turnand economic mechanisms to turn
resources and situations to practical accountresources and situations to practical account
3.3. TheThe acceptance of riskacceptance of risk or failureor failure
32. 3333
Entrepreneur: to anEntrepreneur: to an
economist…economist…
He is theHe is the one who brings resources, labor,one who brings resources, labor,
materials and other assets intomaterials and other assets into
combinations that make their valuecombinations that make their value
greater than beforegreater than before, and also one who, and also one who
introduces changes, innovations, and aintroduces changes, innovations, and a
new order.new order.
33. 3434
Thinking of a psychologist…Thinking of a psychologist…
Such a person is typically driven by certainSuch a person is typically driven by certain
forces— the need toforces— the need to obtain or attainobtain or attain
somethingsomething, to experiment, to accomplish,, to experiment, to accomplish,
oror perhaps to escape the authority ofperhaps to escape the authority of
othersothers..
34. 3535
How the businessman willHow the businessman will
think?think?
To one businessmanTo one businessman an entrepreneuran entrepreneur
appears as a threat, an aggressiveappears as a threat, an aggressive
competitorcompetitor, whereas to another someone, whereas to another someone
who creates wealth for others, as well aswho creates wealth for others, as well as
finds better ways to utilize resources,finds better ways to utilize resources,
reduce waste, and produce jobs others arereduce waste, and produce jobs others are
glad to get.glad to get.
35. 3636
Is it about creating wealth?Is it about creating wealth?
It is aIt is a dynamic process of creatingdynamic process of creating
incremental wealthincremental wealth..
This wealth is created by individuals whoThis wealth is created by individuals who
assume the major risks in terms of equity, time,assume the major risks in terms of equity, time,
and/or career commitment or provide value forand/or career commitment or provide value for
some product or service.some product or service.
38. 3939
Need for independenceNeed for independence
Being one’s own boss – one of theBeing one’s own boss – one of the
strongest needs of an entrepreneurstrongest needs of an entrepreneur
39. 4040
Need for AchievementNeed for Achievement
An individual's need to be recognizedAn individual's need to be recognized
40. 4141
Risk TakingRisk Taking
Risk taking – whetherRisk taking – whether
financial, social, orfinancial, social, or
psychological – is part ofpsychological – is part of
the entrepreneurialthe entrepreneurial
processprocess
42. 4343
Childhood and familyChildhood and family
environmentenvironment
Most entrepreneurs have self-employedMost entrepreneurs have self-employed
or entrepreneurial fathers.or entrepreneurial fathers.
Parents of entrepreneurs encourageParents of entrepreneurs encourage
independence, achievement, andindependence, achievement, and
responsibility.responsibility.
Eldest
child
Usually it is the
43. 4444
EducationEducation
Education is important for the
upbringing of an entrepreneur.
Although formal education is not
necessary
for starting a new business – it does provide
a good background, particularly
when it is related
to the field of the venture.
46. 4747
AgeAge
Most entrepreneurs would initiate theirMost entrepreneurs would initiate their
entrepreneurial careers between the ages of 22entrepreneurial careers between the ages of 22
and 45and 45
As one entrepreneur succinctly stated, “I felt itAs one entrepreneur succinctly stated, “I felt it
was now or never in terms of starting a newwas now or never in terms of starting a new
venture when I approached 30”venture when I approached 30”
47. 4848
Work HistoryWork History
The past work experience of anThe past work experience of an
individualindividual
Dissatisfaction
Lack of
Challenge
Promotional
Opportunities
Frustration and
boredom
48. 4949
Frustration and new business…Frustration and new business…
A student who is not promoted afterA student who is not promoted after
receiving an MBA degree may becomereceiving an MBA degree may become
frustrated and decide to leave and start afrustrated and decide to leave and start a
new company.new company.
50. 5151
Motivation: Why not business?Motivation: Why not business?
IndividualsIndividuals who are comfortable andwho are comfortable and
secure in a job situationsecure in a job situation,, have a family tohave a family to
supportsupport, and, and prefer their present life styleprefer their present life style
andand reasonably predictable leisure timereasonably predictable leisure time
oftenoften do not want to take the risksdo not want to take the risks
associated with venturing out alone.associated with venturing out alone.
51. 5252
Why Business? What’s theWhy Business? What’s the
motivation?motivation?
IndependenceIndependence
Not wanting to work for anyone elseNot wanting to work for anyone else
Desire to be one’s own bossDesire to be one’s own boss
For men, money is the second reasonFor men, money is the second reason
for starting a new venturefor starting a new venture
For women, job satisfaction,For women, job satisfaction,
achievement, opportunity, and moneyachievement, opportunity, and money
are the motivationsare the motivations
52. 5353
Role ModelsRole Models
Moral Support NetworkMoral Support Network
Professional Support NetworkProfessional Support Network
53. 5454
Role ModelsRole Models
Parents, relatives, or entrepreneurs in theParents, relatives, or entrepreneurs in the
communitycommunity
May serve as mentors / trainersMay serve as mentors / trainers
54. 5555
Moral Support NetworkMoral Support Network
Individuals who giveIndividuals who give
psychological support to anpsychological support to an
entrepreneur.entrepreneur.
55. 5656
Professional Support NetworkProfessional Support Network
Individuals who help theIndividuals who help the
entrepreneur in businessentrepreneur in business
activities.activities.
56. 5757
Male Versus FemaleMale Versus Female
EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs
motivated tomotivated to
control destiny.control destiny.
outside advisorsoutside advisors
most importantmost important
supporters.supporters.
more likely to startmore likely to start
a business ina business in
manufacturing,manufacturing,
construction orconstruction or
high tech.high tech.
may have bettermay have better
access toaccess to
investors andinvestors and
loans.loans.
motivated tomotivated to
achieve.achieve.
spouse first,spouse first,
friends secondfriends second
as mostas most
importantimportant
supporters.supporters.
more likely tomore likely to
start a servicestart a service
businessbusiness
Most other dimensions show no differences.
MaleEntrepreneur
FemaleEntrepreneur
57. 5858
Entrepreneur Vs. InventorEntrepreneur Vs. Inventor
• An inventor creates something for the first
time. While the entrepreneur falls in love
with the new venture.
• The inventor falls in love with the invention
and often requires the expertise of an
entrepreneur to launch a new venture.
Historians classify Albert
Einstein as an inventive
genius and Henry Ford as
an entrepreneurial genius.
Do you agree or disagree?
Why?
62. 6363
In simple terms….In simple terms….
““An entrepreneur is someone whoAn entrepreneur is someone who createscreates
a new opportunity in the world of businessa new opportunity in the world of business
andand assembles the resourcesassembles the resources necessarynecessary
to successfullyto successfully exploit this opportunityexploit this opportunity ––
money, people and organization”money, people and organization”
-- Entrepreneurship for Dummies (2001)Entrepreneurship for Dummies (2001)
63. 6464
The entrepreneurialThe entrepreneurial
process involves finding,process involves finding,
evaluating, and developingevaluating, and developing
an opportunity byan opportunity by
overcoming the strongovercoming the strong
forces that resist theforces that resist the
creation of some thingcreation of some thing
new.new.
64. 6666
Corporate VersusCorporate Versus
Intrapreneurial CultureIntrapreneurial Culture
develop visions, goalsdevelop visions, goals
and plans.and plans.
suggest, try andsuggest, try and
experiment.experiment.
flat organizationalflat organizational
structure with networkingstructure with networking
and teamwork.and teamwork.
climate & rewardclimate & reward
system favorssystem favors
conservativeconservative
decision making.decision making.
follow instructions,follow instructions,
don’t take initiative.don’t take initiative.
hierarchical lines ofhierarchical lines of
authority.authority.
IntrapreneurialCulture
CorporateCulture
66. 6868
Basic characteristics of theBasic characteristics of the
Entrepreneurial MindsetEntrepreneurial Mindset
They passionatelyThey passionately seek new opportunitiesseek new opportunities
TheyThey pursue opportunities with enormous disciplinepursue opportunities with enormous discipline
TheyThey pursue only the very best opportunitiespursue only the very best opportunities andand
avoid exhausting themselves and their organizationsavoid exhausting themselves and their organizations
by chasing after every optionby chasing after every option
TheyThey focus on executionfocus on execution – specifically, adaptive– specifically, adaptive
executionexecution
TheyThey engage the energies of everyoneengage the energies of everyone in their domainin their domain
67. 6969
Why start a business?Why start a business?
Consider these reasons togetherConsider these reasons together
with some precautionary notes.with some precautionary notes.
68. 7070
Why start a business…Why start a business…
I wantI want to be my own bossto be my own boss because I find it hardbecause I find it hard
to work for my current bossto work for my current boss
I want to be my own boss so that I don’t have toI want to be my own boss so that I don’t have to
work so hard. I don’t want to punch a clock—Iwork so hard. I don’t want to punch a clock—I
want the freedomwant the freedom to come and go as I pleaseto come and go as I please
I want to start the businessI want to start the business to make a lot ofto make a lot of
moneymoney
69. 7272
Four Routes toFour Routes to
EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
Entering aEntering a family businessfamily business
Opening aOpening a franchised businessfranchised business
Starting aStarting a new businessnew business
Buying anBuying an existing businessexisting business
70. 7373
What causes a person toWhat causes a person to
make this difficult decision?make this difficult decision?
The question can be best explored byThe question can be best explored by
looking at the decision process involved inlooking at the decision process involved in
becoming an entrepreneur.becoming an entrepreneur.
71. 7474
Change from present
lifestyle
Work environment
Disruption
Form new enterprise
Desirable
1. Cultural
2. Sub cultural
3. Family
4. Teachers
5. Peers
Possible
1. Government
2. Background
3. Marketing
4. Financing
5. Role models
Decisions for a potential entrepreneur
72. 7575
Change from Present LifestyleChange from Present Lifestyle
Two work environments have beenTwo work environments have been
particularly good for spawning newparticularly good for spawning new
enterprises:enterprises:
Research and development, andResearch and development, and
MarketingMarketing
73. 7676
Working in Technology (R&D)Working in Technology (R&D)
Develop…Develop…
New ideasNew ideas
New processesNew processes
When your ideas are not accepted in yourWhen your ideas are not accepted in your
own company by employers, you opt toown company by employers, you opt to
start a new companystart a new company
74. 7777
Working in Marketing (NewWorking in Marketing (New
Products)Products)
Individuals in marketing have becomeIndividuals in marketing have become
familiar with market and customers’familiar with market and customers’
unfilled wants and needsunfilled wants and needs
They frequently leave to start newThey frequently leave to start new
enterprises to fill these needsenterprises to fill these needs
76. 7979
What is EntrepreneurialWhat is Entrepreneurial
Process?Process?
The process through which newThe process through which new
venture is created by an entrepreneurventure is created by an entrepreneur
is called the entrepreneurial process.is called the entrepreneurial process.
An entrepreneur finds, evaluates, and developsAn entrepreneur finds, evaluates, and develops
an opportunityan opportunity by overcoming the forces thatby overcoming the forces that
resist the creation of something newresist the creation of something new..
The process of starting a new venture isThe process of starting a new venture is
embodied in the entrepreneurial process, whichembodied in the entrepreneurial process, which
involves more than just problem solvinginvolves more than just problem solving in ain a
typical management position.typical management position.
77. 8080
Phases of EntrepreneurialPhases of Entrepreneurial
ProcessProcess
1.1. Identification and evaluation of the opportunityIdentification and evaluation of the opportunity
2.2. Development of the business planDevelopment of the business plan
3.3. Determination of the required resourcesDetermination of the required resources
4.4. Management of the resulting enterpriseManagement of the resulting enterprise
78. 8181
Identify and Evaluate theIdentify and Evaluate the
OpportunityOpportunity
Creation and length of opportunityCreation and length of opportunity
Real and perceived value of opportunityReal and perceived value of opportunity
Risk and returns of opportunityRisk and returns of opportunity
Opportunity versus personal skills and goalsOpportunity versus personal skills and goals
Competitive situationCompetitive situation
79. 8282
What can be cause of anWhat can be cause of an
opportunity?opportunity?
Technological changesTechnological changes
Market shiftsMarket shifts
Government regulations, orGovernment regulations, or
CompetitionCompetition
80. 8484
Develop the Business PlanDevelop the Business Plan
Title pageTitle page
Table of contentsTable of contents
Executive summaryExecutive summary
Description of businessDescription of business
Description of industryDescription of industry
Marketing planMarketing plan
Financial planFinancial plan
Production planProduction plan
Organization planOrganization plan
Operational planOperational plan
SummarySummary
Appendices (exhibits)Appendices (exhibits)
A good business
plan must be
developed in
order to exploit
the defined
opportunity.
Basic issues
involved in
development of a
business plan are
given here.
A good business
plan must be
developed in
order to exploit
the defined
opportunity.
Basic issues
involved in
development of a
business plan are
given here.
81. 8585
Determine the resourcesDetermine the resources
requiredrequired
Appraisal of existing resourcesAppraisal of existing resources
Do not underestimate amount and variety of resourcesDo not underestimate amount and variety of resources
neededneeded
Strive to maintain as large an ownership position asStrive to maintain as large an ownership position as
possiblepossible
82. 8686
Manage the EnterpriseManage the Enterprise
Management style determines key variables forManagement style determines key variables for
successsuccess
Identification of problems and potential problemsIdentification of problems and potential problems
Implementation of control systemsImplementation of control systems
Hinweis der Redaktion
All the four functions are basically carried out to achieve the organizational goals. These functions are planning organizing, leading and controlling. To perform these functions there are some resources required. These include the human, physical, financial and information resources. All these functions and resources, when combined make the management process running.