Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Railway gate cct project report-Diploma Project
1. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC’S &
COMMN. ENGG.
NARNAUL-HARYANA-123002
PROJECT REPORT
ON
““RAILWAY ACCIDENTRAILWAY ACCIDENT
PREVENTER”PREVENTER”
SESSION 2006
SUBMITTED BY:-
Anamika Ranjna Rawat
Subhash Kumar Yadav
Swaita Ghawana Yogesh Kumar
2. UNDER GUIDANCE OF:-
MR. MADHU GOPINATH
PIC MICROCONTROLLER BASED TRAINPIC MICROCONTROLLER BASED TRAIN
ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEMACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM
It has the following railway accident features:-
1. Railway gate automatic opening and closing.
2. Avoidance of collision of train.
3. Presentation of accidents due to breaking of
track.
4. Stop & start of train at railway station through
remote.
5 Automatic announcement at plate form when
train comes at Plate form at once.
3. Department of Electronic’s & Commn. Engg.
Yelahanka Bangalore-63
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is the bonafied report of projectCertified that this is the bonafied report of project
entitled “RAILWAY ACCIDENTS PREVENTER”entitled “RAILWAY ACCIDENTS PREVENTER”
done by Swaita of final year diploma indone by Swaita of final year diploma in
“ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION“ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING” in the B.S.F I.T project lab duringENGINEERING” in the B.S.F I.T project lab during
the academic year 2006 and submitted for practicalthe academic year 2006 and submitted for practical
CERTIFICA
TE
4. examination conducted by “BOARD OF TECHNICALexamination conducted by “BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION”.EDUCATION”.
Guided by:-Guided by:-
Mr.Madhu GopinathMr.Madhu Gopinath
Date:-___________ (Lecturer E.C.E)Date:-___________ (Lecturer E.C.E)
Examiners:-
Mrs. Jassi Joseph
1.______________ (H.O.D of E.C.E
Deptt.)
2.______________ Mr.R.Sudharsan
(Principal)
We take this opportunity to thank Mr.R.Sudharsan,
PRINCIPAL,B.S.F INSITITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for
granting us the permission to carry out the project.
We are extremely thankful to Mrs. Jassi Joseph H.O.D,
Electronics And Communication department, for her timely
5. advices and all the facilities she provided us, to carry out the
project and finish it successfully.
We express our profound gratitude for the pragmatic
guidance rendered to us our guide Mr. Madhu Gopinath
Lecturer in Electronics and Communication Department.
They have always been a source of inspiration and have been
guiding us constantly through all our ups and downs of our
endeavor in completing out project, for which we are greatly
indebted to them.
We are also humbly thankful to Mr.Jayaraman &
Mr.Muruthy and to all other teaching and non teaching staff
members of the Department of Electronics and
Communication who have been helping us through out the
project.
6. To prepare our project
““RAILWAY ACCIDENTS PREVENTERRAILWAY ACCIDENTS PREVENTER””
Our team has gone through few books. For designing and
gathering information for completion of our project these
books proved helpful.
7. REFERENCE BOOKS:-
1. Microcontroller- Architecture and Programming by jennith
k.Ayalaya
2. IC MANUALS
FOR DATA SHEETS WE REFER THESE URL’S
1. WWW.PHILIPS.COMDATA SHEETS
2. WWW.MICROCHIP.COMPRODUCT SUPPORTDATA
SHEETS
3. WWW.ALL DATASHEETS.COM
TRANSMITTER
{TX}…………
RECEIVER
{RX}………….
HAPPYHAPPY
JOURNEYJOURNEY
RAILWAYRAILWAY
TRACKS…….TRACKS…….
8. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
“Railway”, this term represents the India’s largest
transportation mediums. Today railway is the back done of
the country. It facilities in moving large amount of cargo and
millions of people travel daily from place to place. It is the
cheapest medium which is affordable to every class of society.
Unfortunately hundreds of people die in rail accidents
due to lack of resources, so as to provide a person at every
Signalling Point. Any Railway Organization cannot spend
corers of rupees to keep persons for every work or signals
9. through at initial stage this may require some high amount of
capital but at later stages, the cost come down.
A prospective contraption of “ELECTRONIC’S
BASED SIGNALLING SYSTEM” is deemed to be a
noticeable turning point as this is ELECTRONIC’S controlled
and can efficiently do the work without any mistakes.
The present project has the following section
1. Sensor Circuits.
2. PIC Microcontroller
3. Interface
4. Transmitter &Receiver (IR & RF)
DTMF DECODERDTMF DECODER
CIRCUITCIRCUIT
0
0
+ 5 V
Y 1
3 . 5 8 M H z
D 1
3 . 3 v
R 1
1 k
S W 2
S W 4
C 2
1 0 0 n
12
S W 1
S W 3
8 5 9
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 2
1 3
71
2
3
4
1 4
1 8
1 0
1 1
U M 9 1 2 1 5 B
6
10. DTMF DECODERDTMF DECODER
CIRCUITCIRCUIT
0
0
0
0
0
0
R 8
1 k
2
1
R 9
1 k
2 1
R 1 0
1 k
2
1
R 1 1
1 k
21
C 9
1 n
12
C 1 2
1 n
1 2
Y 1
3 . 5 8 M H z
J 3
C O N 2
1
2
J 4
C O N 2
1
2
Q 3
C 2 5 1 0
42
3
1
Q 4
C 2 5 1 0
42
3
1
Q 5
C 2 5 1 0
42
3
1
Q 6
C 2 5 1 0
42
3
1
Q 7
2 N 1 0 6 91
23
Q 8
2 N 1 0 6 91
23
Q 9
2 N 1 0 6 91
23
Q 1 0
2 N 1 0 6 91
23
A
-
+ M O T O R D C
12
A
-
+ M O T O R D C
12R 1 2
4 7 K
2
1
R 1 3
4 7 K
2
1
R 1 4
4 7 K
2
1
R 1 5
4 7 K
2
1
D 3
L E D
7 8 1 6 1 7 1 0 1 8 1 5
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
56914
3
2
8 8 7 0
11. DTMF DECODER CIRCUITDTMF DECODER CIRCUIT
0
0
+ 8 v
0
Q 1
4 9 4
3
2
1
Q 2
C 2 5 7 0
3
2
1
R 1
4 7 k
2
1
R 2
1 5 k
2
1R 3
4 . 7 k
2 1
R 4
4 . 7 k
2
1
R 5
4 7 E
2
1
R 7
2 . 2 K
2
1
C 4
1 n1
2
C 1
. 0 1 u1
2
C 2
. 0 0 1 u1
2
C 7
1 n1
2
C 3
2 . 2 u F
C 1 0
1 n1
2
C 1 1
1 n
1 2
L 1
4 T L 2
IN D U C T O R
L 3
5 T
C 1 1
1 n1
2
R 6
2 . 2 E
2
1
C 8
1 n
12
C 8
1 n
12
J 1
S W
1
2
J 2
s u p p ly
1
2
A N T
14. APPLICATION /APPLICATION /
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
1. PIC Microcontrollers based gate Automatic opening and
closing is very useful to Indian Railway and Industries.
2. Track Sensing circuit is useful to Indian railway and coal
industries.
3. Collision in is very much useful to avoid Accident in
Railway.
4. All the features can be used in Railway Industries and
Transport.
5. Reduces human error.
6. Man power required are reduces
7. Easy to install and construct.
8. More efficiency.
9. Useful by the people working in mines for monitoring
cracks.
15. DETECTION OF BREAK IN
TRACK
The track is supplied with a +12 v. The four ends
of the track are connected with the relay coils.In yhe
normal condition the green LED connected with the
normally open contact and the green Led is glowing
which indicates that the track has no breaks in
between.
When the track
breaks in between the relay get energized
and the contact now shifts to normally
closed to which the red LED is
connected,which will glow at once indicating
that the track has break in between.The
station master in turn informs the driver
through the signallig system or informs the
previous station to inform the driver or to
16. made the signals RED so that the train will
stop by seeing the signals
18. START & STOP OF TRAIN
THROUGH REMOTE
The RF transmitter is placed at the signal room for
transmitting signals in the range of RF and the
RECEIVER is placed in the train engine to receive
the signals. The power supply to the train engine
motor is controlled by the RF receiver in the train
engine.
In the normal condition the RF transmitter
in the signal room is not transmitting the signals and
the train is running without any hurdles.
When the train
arrives near the station the signalmen in the signal
room will start transmitting signals which will be
received by the receiver in the train engine, which in
turn stops the power supply to the train engine
motor, resulting in the stoppage of train at the
station.
This
feature can also be used to stop the train in the case
of emergency like breakage of track or some
accidents.
20. 20 Sec. VOICE20 Sec. VOICE
RECORDING
Features:
Single ship, high qualities voice recording and playback solution.
1) No external IC’s required
2) Minimum external components Non volatile flash memory
technology
3) NO Battery back up required
4) 100K year message retention (typical)
5) 100year message retention(typical)
6) Single message of 20 to 30 seconds, with external resistor selection.
7) User friendly easy to use operation
8) Programming and development systems not required
9) Level activated recording and edge-activated playback switches
10) Low power consumption.
11) Operating current : 25 mA (typically, no load)
12) Standby current: 1uA (typically, no load) Automatically power
down features for longer battery life chip enable pin for simple
message expansion single 5v power supply.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The APR 9301 devices offer true single chip solid state storage
capability and requires no software or micro controller support. It
provides high quality recording and playback with a single 20 to 30
second message it is deal for portable voice recorders, toys and many
other other consumer and industrial applications.
Invox proprietary analog/multi-level storage technology is
implemented in advanced flash non-volatile memory cells, each of
which can typically store more than 256 voltage levels. The APR 9301
21. device stores and reproduces voice signals in their natural forms,
eliminating the distortion that is often introduced by encoding a
compression. The device combines a small size with low power
consumption, non- volatility, and ease of use for a cost effective
solution to voice recording and playback.
ANNNOUNCEMENT AT THEANNNOUNCEMENT AT THE
RAILWAY STATIONRAILWAY STATION
SAMPLE APPLICATION:
Figure 3 shows the diagram for a single, 20 second message recording andFigure 3 shows the diagram for a single, 20 second message recording and
playback applications using the APR 9301 device. When pins are connected asplayback applications using the APR 9301 device. When pins are connected as
shown in this example, the operation modes are as follows:shown in this example, the operation modes are as follows:
Record Mode (Level Activated ):
The / LED pin will go low during the actual recording process to provide a visual
indication if an led light is connected to this pin. A single voice message of up to
mode as long as the / Recl pins stays low (level activated). If the message lasts
longer than 20 seconds recording will terminate automatically after do last
available memory cell is written. If the message is shorter than 20 seconds are the
recording operation will stop when the Recl pin goes high. The speaker driver is
automatically tristated during the recording operation.
Message up to 30 seconds can be recorded by using different Osc R resistor
values (see table 1 )
Playback Mode (Edge – Activated):
Playback always starts from the beginning of the message. The chip is in
playback mode after the/Play E Pin sage. The chip is in playback mode after
the/playback will stop immediately when the play E pin pulses low a second
time if the newly recorded message is shorter the previously recorded message
will be played after te message s played back. The input pre amplifier. A G C
and main amp. The input pre-amplifier . AGC, and main app. Circuits are
disabled during play back.
22. Stand by Mode:(/CE = “0”)
The chip will automatically return to the stand by standby state after
recording or playback operation is completed.
Power Down Mode (/CE = “1”)
The chip is always in stand by state. No recording or playback Is allowed.
Current consumption is typically less than 1uA
PIN DIAGRAM OF 9301:-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 8
2 3
1 7
2 4
1 8
2 0
2 5
1 6
1 9
2 2
2 7
2 1
1 5
2 6
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
/ C E
O s c r
N U 1
V s s D
S P +
S P -
V c c D
/ R e c L
N U 2
L E D
N C
/ P L A Y E
N C
A n a O u t
A n a i n
A G C
M i c R e f
M i c i n
V c c A
V s s A
A P R 9 3 0 1 - V 2
23. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR CONNECTION FOR
RECORDING AND PLAYING OF MESSAGE IN
9301 :-
0
0
V C C _ C IR C L E
R 1
1 k
21
R 2
1 k
21
R 3
1 k
21
R 4
1 k
21
R 5
1 k
21
R 6
2 2 0 k
21
C 1
1
2
C 2
0 .1 u F
1
2
C 3
0 . 1 u F
12
C 4
0 . 1 u F
12
C 5
0 . 1 u F
1 2 C 6
4 .7 u F
12 C 7
2 2 u F n
1
2
V 1
6 v
L S 1
S P E A K E R
L S 2
S P E A K E R
D 1
R 7
4 . 7 k
21
S W 1
1 2
S W 2
1 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 8
2 3
1 7
2 4
1 8
2 0
2 5
1 6
1 9
2 2
2 7
2 1
1 5
2 6
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
N C
/ C E
O s c r
N U 1
V s s D
S P +
S P -
V c c D
/ R e c L
N U 2
L E D
N C
N C
/ P L A Y E
N C
A n a O u t
A n a i n
A G C
M i c R e f
M i c i n
V c c A
V s s A
A P R 9 3 0 1 - V 2
24. INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OFINTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
9301:-9301:-
Internal
Oscillator
Device
Control
Automatic
Gain control
(AGC)
Non –
volatile
Analog
Switched
Capacitor
filter
Sample &
hold
Analog write
& Read
circuits
Switched
Capacitor
filter
Power
supply
Pr
e.
A
m
p.
A
m
p
A
m
p
25. PROGRAM FOR GATE OPENING & CLOSING
LIST – P = 16F84A
PORTA EQU 0051 : Declaring Ports and other
registers
PORTB EQU 006H
STATUS EQU 003H
COUNT EQU 08CH : defining variables
COUNT1 EQU 08DH
COUNT2 EQU 08EH
POS EQU 08FH
STEP EQU 090H
ORG 000H
: Initializing procedure
BSF STATUS, 005H : now in bank 1
MOVLW OFOH : configuring port ssssssssA and
port B
MOVLW 000H
26. MOVWF PORT B
BCF STATUS, 005H; now in bank 0
*******************PROGRAM STARTS
HERE*************
CLRF PORTA ; Clearing port A & port B and initializing
POS=50
CLRF PORT B
MOVLW 032H
MOVWF POS
CALL STEPINIT; To initialize STEP = 1
START MOVF POS, 0 ; displaying the contents of POS
register
CALL DISPLAY
MOVWF PORT B
BTFSC PORTA, 004H;Taking input from port B & checking
for zero
GOTO WEST ; East if input is zero (STEP++) & (POS++)
; Else go to WEST (STEP) & (POS++)
EAST INCF STEP, 1
INCF POS , 1
MOVF POS, 0
SUBLW 064H
BTFSC STATUS, 002H
CALL POS 100
GOTO STEP CORRECTION
WEST DECF STEP, 1
DECF POS, 1
27. MOVF POS, 0
SUBLW 000H
BTFSC STATUS, 002H
CALL POS000
STEP CORRECTION MOVF STEP, 0 : Checking STEP
contents
SUBLW 005H ; If STEP=5 make
STEP=1
BTFSC STATUS, 002H
CALL STEPINIT
MOVE STEP, 0 ; If STEP=0 Make
STEP=4
SUBLW 000H
BTFSC STATUS, 002H
CALL STEPINITI
MOVE POS, 0 ; Checking for conditions
POS=100 or POS=0
SUBLOW 063H ; If condition is true
to go
DECTIVE
BTESC STATUS, 002H; else go to Rotate
GOTO DECTAIVATE
MOVF POS, 0
SUBLW 001H
BTFSC STATUS, 0002H
GOTO DEACTIVATE
ROTATE MOVF STEP, 0 ; Rotating motor
According to value
stored
28. CALL MOTOR ; in step register by
calling
Look up table
MOVWF PORT A
CALL DELAY
GOTO START
;
_____________________________________________________
__________________
DEACTIVATEMOVLW 0000H; deactivating all coils of
stepper
MOVFW POART A; Motor Thus stopping it
GOTO START
;
_____________________________________________________
______________________
POS 000 MOVLW 001H; Initializing POS contents to 01
MOVWF POS
RETURN
;
_____________________________________________________
___________________
POS 100 MOVLW 063H; Initializing POS contents to 99
MOVWF POS
RETURN
;
_____________________________________________________
____________________
34. ;
_____________________________________________________
_________________
END ; PROGRAM ENDS HERE !!!
OPENING AND CLOSING OF GATE
1. Automatic railway gate control by the pic
microcontroller.
2. In that mainly we are using pic 16 F 84A, UN 2003.
3. Two – sensor switch is using according to the train wait.
There are two type of sensor one is infrared second one
switch weight press to ON and Infrared, it has some
disadvantage, any animal will cross the sensor it will
sense and operate the system so to avoid this we are
using weight switch. Here we are using 1000kg =
10000kg. In that if man will go man weight is 100kg it is
so less so it will not operate the system.
4. Closing of gate: when train passes through switch NO. 1
the sensor get positive voltage and given to ops amp and
this ops amp further applied voltages to the pic
microcontroller the output of pic microcontroller is
given to interface UN 2003. The UN 2003 provide 12v to
the stepper motor which rotates and close the gate
35. 5. Opening of gate: When switch No 2 is pressed by the
train the sensor get positive voltage and given to ops amp
the ops amp further applied to pic microcontroller. The
interface IC 2003 get pulses and provide positive voltage
to the motor which rotate anti clock wise results in
opening of the railway gate.
IR RECEIVER
In receiver there are 5 transistor used. Transistor 1-4 is used
as amplifier and transistor 5 is used for gate (open and
closing) and providing negative voltage to the relay through
emitter to collector.
WORKING
The receiver IR LED is placed in the base of transistor Q1.
The received IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out
put is taken from collector and given to the base of transistor
Q2. The transistor Q2 is amplified input signal and fed to the
base of transistor Q3 through coupling capacitor Q4 and out
put is taken from collector and fed to the base transistor Q4
through resister R8 and R9 and it is worked as a coupling, the
36. out put from collector is given transistor Q5 through the diode
D1.
The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the
transistors. The diode D2 used as a polarity diode. The
negative voltage is extended from emitter to collector to the
relay. When there is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are
not conducting . Transistor Q5 will not operate so negative
voltage extended to the relay. One end of the relay coil is
directly connected to the positive terminal and other end is
connected to the collector of transistor Q5 which is providing
negative voltage to the relay for activation.
When
the IR sensor receive the input signal from the transmitter is
amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to
the base of transistor Q5 through a diode which is operating
the transistor Q5 so there is no negative voltage from collector
,the relay gets no negative volt and it is in ideal condition.
Through
relay positive voltage is extended to the buzzer and negative is
applied directly to the buzzer when the relay is in ideal
condition the buzzer is providing sound
37. IR TRANSMITTER
• IC 555 is used to generate a frequency in the range of IR
Frequency (level) and is fed to the base of transistor BD
140.. The transistor BD140 is amplified the IR
frequency After amplification the Transistor is drive the
IR LED for radiating the signals
• Registers are used to provide DC biasing to the IC and
transistor.
• Capacitor C1 and C2 are used for generating a
frequency in the range of IR level (infrared range).
38. INTRODUCTION TO
MICROCONTROLLER
Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the
field of microcontrollers had their beginning in the
development of technology of integrated circuits. This
development has made it possible to store hundreds of
thousands of transistors in to one chip. That was a
prerequisite for production of microprocessors, and the first
computers were made by adding external peripherals such as
memory, input lines, timers and other. Further Increasing of
the volume of the package resulted in creation of integrated
circuits. These integrated circuits contained both processor
39. and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a
microcomputer or what would later be knows as a
microcontroller came about.
PINS IN PIC16F84:
PIC16F84 has a total of 18 pins. It is most frequently found in a DIP18 type of
housing but can also be found in SMD housing which is smaller from a DIP.
DIP is short for dual in package. SMD is short for surface mount devices
suggesting that holes for pins to go through when mounting aren’t necessary in
soldering this type of a component.
Pins on PIC16F84 micro controller have the following
meaning:
Pin no.1 RA2 Second pin on port A.had no additional
function.
Pin no.2 RA3 Third pin on port A. Had no additional
function.
Pin no.3 RA4 Fourth pin on port A. Tock1 which functions as
a timer is also found on this pin.
Pin no.4 MCLR reset input and Vpp programming voltage of
a micro controller.
40. Pin no.5 Vss supply, mass.
Pin no.6 RBO first pin on port B. Interrupt input is an
additional Function.
Pin no.7 RB1 First pin on B. no additional function.
Pin no.8 RB2 Second pin on port B. no additional function.
Pin no.9 RB3 Third pin on port B. no additional function.
Pin no.10 RB4 Fourth pin on port B. no additional function.
Pin no.11 RB5 Fifth pin on port B. no additional function.
Pin no.12 RB6 Sixth pin on port B. “Clock” line in program
mode.
Pin no.13 RB7 Seventh pin on port B. Given line in program
mode.
Pin no.14 RBO Vdd positive supply pole.
Pin no.15 OSC2 pin assigned for connecting with an oscillator
Pin no.16 OSC1 pin assigned for connecting with an oscillator.
Pin no.17 RA2 Second pin on port A. No addition function.
Pin no.18 RA1 First pin on port A. No additional function.
More about Micro controller PIC16F84
PIC16F84 belongs to class of 8 big Micro controllers of PIS
architecture. Its general structure is shown on the following
map representing basic blocks.
Memory organization
PIC16F84 has two separate memory blocks, one for data and
the other for program. EEPROM memory and GPR
registers in RAM memory make up a block for data,
and FLASH memory make up a program block.
41. PROGRAM MEMORY
Program memory has been realized in FLASH technology
which makes it possible to program a micro controller many
times before it’s installed into a device and even after its
installment if eventual changes in program or process
parameters should occur. The size of program memory is
1024 location with 14 bits width were location zero and four
are reserved for reset and interrupt vector
DATA MEMORY
Data memory consists of EEPROM and RAM memories.
EEPROM memory consists of 64 eight bit locations whose
contents are not lost during an interrupt in supply. EEPROM
is not stored directly in memory space, but is accessed
indirectly through EEADR and EEDATA registers.
Data
Memory
RAM
Free
Counter
Data
Memory
EEOROM
Program
Memory
FLASH
PORTA PORT B
CPU
42. IR RECEIVER
In receiver there are 5 transistor used. Transistor 1-4 is used as
amplifier and transistor 5 is used for gate (open and closing) and
providing negative voltage to the relay through emitter to collector.
The
receiver IR LED is placed in the base of transistor Q1. The received
IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out put is taken from
collector and given to the base of transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 is
43. amplified input signal and fed to the base of transistor Q3 through
coupling capacitor Q4 and out put is taken from collector and fed to
the base transistor Q4 through resister
R8 and R9 and it is worked as a
coupling, the out put from collector is given transistor Q5 through the
diode D1.
The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the
transistors. The diode D2 used as a polarity diode. The negative
voltage is extended from emitter to collector to the relay. When there
is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are not conducting . Transistor Q5
will not operate so negative voltage extended to the relay. One end of
the relay coil is directly connected to the positive terminal and other
end is connected to the collector of transistor Q5 which is providing
negative voltage to the relay for activation.
When the IR sensor receive the input signal from the transmitter is
amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to the base of
transistor Q5 through a diode which is operating the transistor Q5 so
there is no negative voltage from collector ,the relay gets no negative
volt and it is in ideal condition.
Through relay positive voltage is
extended to the buzzer and negative is applied directly to the
buzzer when the relay is in ideal condition the buzzer is
providing sound
44. USES AND APPLICATIONS
1 It is used in Lift system (Apartment)
2 It can also use in defence ( arms ammunition)
3 It is used in Metro train
4 Easy to maintain
5 Performance of this circuit is good
6 It is used in Air port for auto opening gate
WIRELESS SIGNALLING IN RAILWAYSWIRELESS SIGNALLING IN RAILWAYS
The word “Wireless” means sending the signals without usingThe word “Wireless” means sending the signals without using
any wires. The whole purpose of the “Wireless” is toany wires. The whole purpose of the “Wireless” is to
eliminate the any kind of cabling between the source andeliminate the any kind of cabling between the source and
destinations. Not only that, also to get the work done in moredestinations. Not only that, also to get the work done in more
reliable way with fast speed. In simple way, if the processreliable way with fast speed. In simple way, if the process
takes place using the Radio Frequency and Infra Red Rays,takes place using the Radio Frequency and Infra Red Rays,
without using any type of cabling is called as Wirelesswithout using any type of cabling is called as Wireless
Communication. For example, if the protection of any vehicleCommunication. For example, if the protection of any vehicle
45. is accomplished using less work supervision and more self-is accomplished using less work supervision and more self-
caring and self-decisive devices. It may be referred as ‘thatcaring and self-decisive devices. It may be referred as ‘that
vehicle is automated’. With the golden rule’ prevention isvehicle is automated’. With the golden rule’ prevention is
better than cure’, vehicle can be well protected from anybetter than cure’, vehicle can be well protected from any
major accident or disaster or damage by automating it. Inmajor accident or disaster or damage by automating it. In
brief,’Vegicle Automation’ means protecting or doing every-brief,’Vegicle Automation’ means protecting or doing every-
day running processes using any electronic or computerday running processes using any electronic or computer
guided Instrument.guided Instrument.
Stop-Go type Signalling system is too much essential forStop-Go type Signalling system is too much essential for
Railway Communication. In the early days, manuallyRailway Communication. In the early days, manually
controlled mechanical Up-Down signals were in use forcontrolled mechanical Up-Down signals were in use for
indicating Stop-Go through any particular Railway track.indicating Stop-Go through any particular Railway track.
But, at present, electronic signaling systems are beingBut, at present, electronic signaling systems are being
extensively used for this purpose. In our country, manuallyextensively used for this purpose. In our country, manually
operated electrical signaling systems are still in wide useoperated electrical signaling systems are still in wide use
because of several unavoidable factors, such as,because of several unavoidable factors, such as,
Unemployment Problems, Economical Condition of theUnemployment Problems, Economical Condition of the
Country etc. It’s a common experience of all of us that, forCountry etc. It’s a common experience of all of us that, for
such manual operation of the signaling systems, severalsuch manual operation of the signaling systems, several
disturbances in train service very often occur due to thedisturbances in train service very often occur due to the
negligence in duties and also due to some personal errors ofnegligence in duties and also due to some personal errors of
the signalers. Even, fatal accidents might happen sometimesthe signalers. Even, fatal accidents might happen sometimes
in a busy Railway-track due to some minor mistakes of ain a busy Railway-track due to some minor mistakes of a
signaler in his signaler in his signaling techniques. Suchsignaler in his signaler in his signaling techniques. Such
factors may be avoided in a great extent only if the signalingfactors may be avoided in a great extent only if the signaling
systems are made in entirely automatic manner.systems are made in entirely automatic manner.
Our present Model is a minor attempt to find out how theOur present Model is a minor attempt to find out how the
aforesaid idea can be implemented. Though this model willaforesaid idea can be implemented. Though this model will
not serve the purpose of actual commercial use, yet it isnot serve the purpose of actual commercial use, yet it is
46. sufficient to show the way through which we can proceed tosufficient to show the way through which we can proceed to
make the Train Signalling Systems completely automatic withmake the Train Signalling Systems completely automatic with
the aid of Electronics.the aid of Electronics.
Specific about the Project: Railway are the lifelines of aSpecific about the Project: Railway are the lifelines of a
country. Train mishaps have been occurring since theircountry. Train mishaps have been occurring since their
inception, yet we are unable to prevent accidents andinception, yet we are unable to prevent accidents and
safeguard valuable life and properly. Some of the reasonssafeguard valuable life and properly. Some of the reasons
associated with train mishaps are: Some obstructions in frontassociated with train mishaps are: Some obstructions in front
of the signal; Signal bulb burnout; Driver’ carelessness in notof the signal; Signal bulb burnout; Driver’ carelessness in not
sighting the signal due to fatigue; Due to denses fog and brightsighting the signal due to fatigue; Due to denses fog and bright
sunlight the signal light may not visible to driver properly etc.sunlight the signal light may not visible to driver properly etc.
From above reasons we can see that the main problem isFrom above reasons we can see that the main problem is
traditional bulb signaling system that we are using. So if wetraditional bulb signaling system that we are using. So if we
can replace this with a stand by system using the moderncan replace this with a stand by system using the modern
methods of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION. Themethods of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION. The
system going to be described is a totally new one, which maysystem going to be described is a totally new one, which may
add cost, but in long run if can successfully replace the bulbadd cost, but in long run if can successfully replace the bulb
signaling system and total electronic control of train issignaling system and total electronic control of train is
possible.possible.
STEPPER MOTOR EXPLANATION
47. In this project we are using the stepper motor as
per the specification mentioned above. The stepper
motor is a 4 pole where in this poles are connected to
the relay and is controlled by the relay driver IC ULN
2003. At any given instant of time only 1 relay is
activated such that depending upon the particular
relay activated that particular pole in stepper motor is
energized and accordingly the stepper motor moves to
that particular pole due to excitation. Depending on
the type of relay to be activated and the particular
order. Stepper motor accordingly moves in either
clock wise or anti - clockwise direction.
Stepper Motor Specification:
1. Step Angle 0.5%
2. Step angle accuracy 5%
3. Rate phase current 0.22A
4. Phase resistance 23 ohms
5. Phase inductance 300 m H
48. 6. Holding torque 20 Ncm
7. Detent torque 2 Ncm
8. Rotor inertia 70 grem
9. Weight 0.2 kg
10. Insulation class B
11. Voltage +12V, DC
12. Make Fuji Electronics
63. SOME FACTS ABOUT INDIANSOME FACTS ABOUT INDIAN
RAILWAYSRAILWAYS
Length of Indian railways:- 63,140
No. of trains run per day:- 14,444
Total stations covered:- 6,853
No. of passengers per day: - 1.4 crore
No. of employees:- 16 lakh
No. of unmanned railway crossings:- 21,800
Railway traffic increased since 1960-61: -535%
64. Accident between 1992 to 2002 due to detachmenrt
of railway from track:- 75%
Railway bridges used which have been build in 19
century:- 51,000
Establishment of railway safety fund:- in 2001
Expenditure on upgradation of safety measures in 9th
fifth year plan:- 13,400 crores
Amount required to man all the unmanned railway
crossing:- 2,450 crores
No .of deaths due to accident at unmanned railway
crossing between 1992-2002:-37%
Freight handling per year:- 60.6 crore tonne
65. SYNOPSISSYNOPSIS
The project presented here is novel approach to the signaling & safety system
of the Railway System. The modern electronic system is basically useful to
warn/display the status of the traffic signals to the driver. Here, the traffic
signals are direct in the hands of the signalmen and he can take appropriate
action.
In conventional method, the Railway Signalmen operate the particular
electromechanical switches to illuminate the desired incandescent bulbs located at a
66. pole near the railway station. The railway driver is supposed note the status of the
signals & depending upon the same he is supposed to mover further or stop the train.
If due to the mist/fog or smoke or any other reason, suppose the driver is not able the
notice or see the signal lights, he may not be able to judge the situation and may lead
to possible accident and loss of life and property.
Here, in contrast to this existing system, we are trying to provide a solution to this
system by designing a device which displays the signals to the station master that
includes the status of the track, announcement at railway station and the status of
the track(free or not)is displayed or the engine driver can hear and take preventive
measure.
67. 1. Features of the project.1. Features of the project.
2. Introduction.2. Introduction.
3. Working.3. Working.
4. Block Diagrams.4. Block Diagrams.
68. 5. Software Description.5. Software Description.
6. Introduction to PIC microcontroller.6. Introduction to PIC microcontroller.
7. Details of Stepper motor.7. Details of Stepper motor.
8. Details of APR 9301-V2(announcement ic).8. Details of APR 9301-V2(announcement ic).
9. Synopsis.9. Synopsis.
10.Data Sheets.10.Data Sheets.
11.Application/Advantages.11.Application/Advantages.
12.Bibliography.12.Bibliography.
