Genomics and proteomics have many applications in fields like medicine, biotechnology, and social sciences. Genomics allows for better understanding of disease bases and drug responses by integrating genomic data with other data types. Proteomics identifies protein structures, functions, and interactions through techniques like identifying biomarkers, studying post-translational modifications, and analyzing protein expression profiles. These 'omics technologies continue to provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential drug targets.

3. Application of genomics
 Identity comparison for new nucleic acid sequences.
 Analysis of gene expression profile.
 Database of model organism.
 Hunting for disease related genes.
 Analysis of the genes related to drug action.
 Screening of poisonous side effect genes.

4. Applications of genomics
 Genomics has provided applications in many fields,
including medicine, biotechnology, anthropology and
other social sciences.

5. Genomic medicine
 Next-generation genomic technologies allow clinicians and
biomedical researchers to drastically increase the amount of
genomic data collected on large study populations.
 When combined with new informatics approaches that
integrate many kinds of data with genomic data in disease
research, this allows researchers to better understand the
genetic bases of drug response and disease.

7. Synthetic biology and bioengineering
 The growth of genomic knowledge has enabled
increasingly sophisticated applications of synthetic
biology.
 In 2010 researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute
announced the creation of a partially synthetic
species of bacterium, Mycoplasma laboratorium,
derived from the genome of Mycoplasma
genitalium.

8. Others…
The immediate impact of genomics is being seen
on diagnosis;
Identifying genetic abnormalities.
Identifying victims by their remains
Distinguishing between naturally occurring
and intentional outbreaks of infections

9. Proteomics
 The entire protein component of a given organism is called ‘proteome’
 the term coined by Wasinger in 1995.
 A proteome is a quantitatively expressed protein of a genome that provides
information on the gene products that are translated, amount of products
and any post translational modifications.
 Proteomics is an emerging area of research in the post-genomic era, which
involves identifying the structures and functions of all proteins of a proteome.
It is sometimes also treated as structural based functional genomics.

10. Application:

12. Biomarker
 The National Institutes of Health has defined a biomarker as “a characteristic that is
objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes,
pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.
 For example, proteomics is highly useful in identification of candidate biomarkers
(proteins in body fluids that are of value for diagnosis), identification of the bacterial
antigens that are targeted by the immune response, and identification of possible
immunohistochemistry markers of infectious or neoplastic diseases.

14. Post-Translational Modifications:
 Proteomics studies involve certain unique features as the ability to analyze post-
translational modifications of proteins. These modifications can be phosphorylation,
glycosylation and sulphation as well as some other modifications involved in the
maintenance of the structure of a protein.
 These modifications are very important for the activity, solubility and localization of
proteins in the cell. Determination of protein modification is much more difficult rather
than the identification of proteins. As for identification purpose, only few peptides are
required for protease cleavages followed by database alignment of a known sequence of a
peptide. But for determination of modification in a protein, much more material is needed
as all the peptides do not have the expected molecular mass need to be analyzed further.

15. Continue…
 For example, during protein phosphorylation events, phosphopeptides are 80
Da heavier than their unmodified counterparts. Therefore, it gives, rise to a
specific fragment (PO3- mass 79) bind to metal resins, get recognized by
specific antibodies and later phosphate group can be removed by phosphatases
(Clauser et al. 1999; Colledge and Scott, 1999). So protein of interest (post-
translationally modified protein) can be detected by Western blotting with the
help of antibodies or 32P-labelling that recognize only the active state of
molecules. Later, these spots can be identified by mass spectrometry.

16. Importance of PTMs
 Play a crucial role in generating the
heterogeneity in proteins
 Help in utilizing identical proteins for different
cellular functions in different cell types.
 Regulation of particular protein sequence
behaviour in most of the eukaryotic organisms.

17. Interaction proteomics and protein networks
 Interaction proteomics is the analysis of protein
interactions from scales of binary interactions to
proteome- or network-wide.
 Most proteins function via protein–protein
interactions, and one goal of interaction proteomics
is to identify binary protein interactions, protein
complexes, and interactomes.

18. Expression proteomics
 Expression proteomics includes the analysis of
protein expression at larger scale. It helps identify
main proteins in a particular sample, and those
proteins differentially expressed in related samples—
such as diseased vs. healthy tissue. If a protein is
found only in a diseased.
 There are technologies such as 2D-PAGE and mass
spectrometry that are used in expression proteomics

19. Proteogenomics
 In proteogenomics, proteomic technologies such
as mass spectrometry are used for improving gene
annotations. Parallel analysis of the genome and
the proteome facilitates discovery of post-
translational modifications and proteolytic events,
especially when comparing multiple species
(comparative proteogenomics).

20. Structural proteomics
 Structural proteomics includes the analysis of protein structures at
large-scale. It compares protein structures and helps identify
functions of newly discovered genes. The structural analysis also
helps to understand that where drugs bind to proteins and also
show where proteins interact with each other.
 This understanding is achieved using different technologies such
as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy

21. Bioinformatics for proteomics (proteome
informatics)
 Protein identification
Mass spectrometry and microarray produce peptide fragmentation
information but do not give identification of specific proteins present in the original
sample
UniProt and PROSITE to predict what proteins are in the sample with
a degree of certainty.
 Protein structure
The biomolecular structure forms the 3D configuration of the
protein.
the 3D structure of proteins could only be determined using X-ray
crystallography and NMR spectroscopy

22. Protein Expression Profiling:
 The largest application of proteomics continues to be protein expression
profiling. The expression levels of a protein sample could be measured by
2-DE or other novel technique such as isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT).
Using these approaches the varying levels of expression of two different
protein samples can also be analyzed.
 This application of proteomics would be helpful in identifying the
signaling mechanisms as well as disease specific proteins. With the help
of 2-DE several proteins have been identified that are responsible for
heart diseases and cancer (Celis et al. 1999). Proteomics helps in
identifying the cancer cells from the non-cancerous cells due to the
presence of differentially expressed proteins.

23. In future…