SMART Seminar Series: Tweets, Emergencies and Experience - New Theory and Methods in support of the PetaJakarta Project

Clarke, R. J. (2014) Tweets, Flooding & Experience 1
A/Prof. Rodney Clarke Director, Collaboration Laboratory (Co-Lab), SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Australia
Tweets, Flooding and Experience New Theory and Methods in Support of the @petajkt Project

Agenda Tweets, Flooding and Experience
1. Introduction
2. @petajkt Domain
3.
Language Theory
4.Other @petajkt project
Melatih
Bahaya
Kaji
Bahaya-Kaji

Introduction Personal Background …

Information Systems background- worked in IS, Computing Engineering, and Management (I now am Operations discipline leader, Faculty of Business)

a proportion of my time is located in SMART 6.207 in a room I called the Collaboration Laboratory (Co-Lab) although I subsequently found out that SMART was to be peppered with Collaboration Rooms- I retained this name because it described the kind of relationship I wanted to build between SMART and Faculty of Business

I hope to be an example of constructive and respectful cooperation between Faculty’s working together

Introduction Personal Background

as my training and employment suggests, I am a multidisciplinary researcher: ‘applied systems research’ (in organisations/coalitions) and ‘systems in society’ (in societies)

some of the theoretical tool kits I use a lot (and also in combination) are:

communication- especially functional, semiotic approaches to human communication modalities- language, media, (and yes also social media)- I use this to replace standard Shannon & Weaver Information theory

synthetic systems thinking- interesting approach to systems because it is designed to explain why systems behave as they do rather than simple providing parts-list/descriptions of them

Introduction Role in @petajkt

I think I was the first to suggest that we should apply for GC SEED funding for what was initially an Infrastructure Resilience/Social Media project in SMART

I had and am still working on what became a Disaster Metamodelling URC with Ghassan Beydoun- I asked our SES collegues what they thought about this Resilience and they were polite but they thought it would not be useful

first attempt at SEED funding was rejected; no body was disheartened for long

Etianne was appointed to SMART project scope changed; Tomas et al did a great job in getting CogniCity architecture together

‘resilience is liveability under duress’- my role initially was as a Senior Advisor, now I am a Principal Investigator (Challenges) mainly because of the potential of semantic approaches to social media

Introduction Research Question: What does this mean?

Introduction Role in @petajkt

this talk comprises several parts:

introduction to the kind of communication theory that I use, and that is arguably the only useful theory for answering the research question?

propose a number of hypothetical projects that use this theory of communication semantics and apply it to develop new researchable projects within the @petajkt

suggest the dveelopment of tools for the supervised assistance of tweet processing

Domain

@petajkt domain Three Elements

dealing with flooding hazards in Jakarta

by employing social media to understand what is happening (if we can- so this talk is about how this might be possible to do)

the way I want to deal with this not with big data- its small data- or perhaps what I would prefer to call rich data

look at this throughout the entire emergency management cycle
1. Mitigation 2. Preparedness 3. Response 4. Recovery

@petajkt domain Social Media: A Communication Perspective

social media is every where even on sites that do not utilise social media (Twitter, Facebook links)

how do we distinguish between different kinds of social media, what are they used for and why would you use

one solution was provided by Douglas Wray who posted an explanation for how social media sites differed according to how they described donuts

it’s communicative

Language Theory

Language Theory Approaches: Comprehensive and Functional

two major classes of comprehensive communication approaches:

formal theories focus on the structure of individual sentences- computational linguistics, parsing and compliers

functional theories that consider language as a meaning making resource and focus language use

communication approaches vary to the extent that they can provide complete discourse descriptions

communication resources- describe facets of language activity or use

comprehensive theories- an extensive range of communication resources and one or more grammars
formalfunctionalBloomfieldianpost-BloomfieldianChomskyanGovernment and Binding Grammar (GB) Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) stratificational (Lamb, Gleason) Americananthropological linguistics (Sapir, Whorf) Tagmemic Grammar (Pike, Longacre) ‘west coast’ functionalismEuropeanBritishFirthianHallidayanScale and Category GrammarSystemic Functional Linguistics (SFG) ContinentalPrague SchoolGlossematics (Hjelmslev) French structuralism (e.g. Greimas) Other …. Functional Grammar (Dik) Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) Categorical Grammar (GB) Transformational Grammar (GB)

Language Theory Selected: Systemic Functional Linguistics

Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) was developed in Australia buy British socio-linguist Michael Halliday (1973; 1975; 1978; Halliday & Hasan, 1976; 1985; 1989)

functional theory of language: how people use language and how language is structured for use (Eggins, 2004; 2008)

language usually considered as a tool- but in SFL a text is a social process

text is a unit of communication (Hodge & Kress, 1988)- “any instance of language, in any medium… is a rich, many faceted phenomenon that ‘means’ in many different ways” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004, p.1).

Language Theory Metafunction and Strata

semiotic or meaning making approach to language analysis

metafunction theory

tri-stratal system of language

bistratal system for context

resources exist in system networks at the intersections of strata and metafunction- knowledge of them enables methods to be applied to particular tasks

for example when we start looking at the lexico-grammatical level and the interpersonal metafunction (one of three grammars) we can look at twitter texts as creating affiliation

we look at the same strata but we look at transitivity (another grammar associated with representing experience)

Analysing Tweets Grammar of Experiential Meaning (Transitivity)
circumstancenotmaterialmentalpr: material; +Actor; (+Goal) (+Range) (+Beneficiary) pr:mental; +Senser; +Phenomenon +Circumstanceverbalpr:verbal; +Sayer; (+Reciever) (+Verbiage) behaviouralpr:behavioural; +Behaver; (+Behaviour); (+Phenomenon) existentialpr:existential; +Existentrelationalpr:identifying; +Token; +Value identifyingattributivepr:attributive; +Carrier; +Attribute clause

Analysing Tweets Grammar of Experiential Meaning (Circumstances)
ExtentMatterRoleAccompanimentcircumstancedistance (spatial) duration (temporal) Locationplace (spatial) time (temporal) qualitycomparisonmeansMannerCausepurposebehalfreason

Other @petajkt Projects 1: Melatih

petajakarta.org/melatih Video Wall

we need to train students to assist in the project (now 3 teams, more… )- introducing the Bahasa Indonesia word ‘melatih’ - train, practice, coach, drill, form, ground

those student team (plus researchers on the project) are collecting datasets of various kinds that can be used to improve training for the next teams (and also as a debrief for return teams)

cohort orientation- review of image media with the aid of a hazards researcher to sort and then publically interpret the images to the next cohort

use SMART’s video wall- a nice research use for it!

petajakarta.org/melatih BRL Mobile Observational Facility

these sessions are recorded using the Business Research Laboratory’s Mobile Observational Facility- high definition, wide angle pan-tilt-zoom IP camera and laptop running Noldus’ The Observer

observational template is developed (and iterated) to accommodate the interpretation skills for urban flooding hazard assessment- developed in part with our partners at the @BPBDJakarta

template supports double looped learning

petajakarta.org/melatih Learning: Single (lhs) vs Double (rhs); Sturman (2000)

double looped learning to improve both the assessments made by students/experts and also the materials that support student assessments (training & field reporting) Information FeedbackDecisionsReal WorldStrategy, Structure, and Decision RulesMental Models of Real World Information FeedbackDecisionsReal WorldStrategy, Structure, and Decision RulesMental Models of Real World

petajakarta.org/melatih Double Looped-Learning: BRL MOF & Video Wall

petajakarta.org/melatih Initial Workflow
Initial UoW TeamDescriptions, Reports, ProceduresAssessments, ClassificationsSubsequentUoW TeamResearch Partners1Research Partnersdirectly: engagement with agencies and membersindirectly: what is represented and how its interpreted? BRL- MOF, Fac.BusSMART Video Wall) Training/Field ProceduresField Reports directly: engagement with agencies and membersindirectly: the media and social media they produce1content: what is represented and how its interpreted? form: how is it packaged?, who are the audiences? 2actato( O, acusS deo a)

Other @petajkt Projects 2: Bahaya

petajakarta.org/bahaya Rapid Ethnography through Communication Design

melatih is based on improving the appropriateness of groups of genres that are associated with written language reporting- specifically urban hazard assessment- and applied to training students field cohorts

but, we can apply the same ideas to spoken language interactions with those affected by the flooding- we use the Bahasa Indonesia word ‘bahaya’ - danger, hazard, peril, risk, jeopardy, menace

spoken language interactions:

between victims/citizens and rescue/services teams (‘combat agencies’)

within members of the rescue/services teams

petajakarta.org/bahaya Employs Canonical Genre Theory/Rapid Ethnography

used in this field context, genre theory can be applied to design interactions which are as short as possible but yield the largest amount of assessment information from the victims

we will use genre theory

genre can be though of as a culturally recognised pattern consisting of the stages that are evident in texts; analogous to patterns in software engineering; canonical genres are ones which pop up in many situations

to design what’s referred to as rapid ethnography- the first time this has been done

we will develop techniques (probes) that can be used to elicit appropriate information to complete the relevant genres

Other @petajkt Projects 3: Kaji

petajakarta.org/kaji Hazard Knowledge from Citizens …

traditional urban hazard classifications are not developed from the citizens point of view- they are developed out of academic knowledge of hazards or out of government requirements for economic assessments of risk-

one approach we could use is to use the tweet corpus to identify and develop inductive urban hazard taxonomies (folksonomies); the perspective from those who are most immediately and involuntarily effected

we use the Bahasa Indonesia word ‘Kaji’ or knowledge for this particular project- two methods are needed …

petajakarta.org/kaji Hazard Knowledge from Citizens …

in order to signal knowledge we are not after ‘keywords’ we are after a grammatical structure at the group/phrase level called a nominal group

a group of words where the main word is a noun

the part of a clause that contains nouns and words that accompany nouns

we can do a lot with nominal groups in English

Count: the three spiders

Classify: Redback spider

Specify: the smallest of the three spiders

Describe: shiny Redback spider

Qualify: … spinning their webs in the corner

petajakarta.org/kaji Hazard Knowledge from Citizens

to represent this knowledge we use a notation from SFL called a system network (see next slide)

the same notation is being used in another Global Challenges SEED project ‘Sharing Retirees Knowledge’

a Python library is currently being built (Angela Piper)

discussing the design of a responsive web application that will interface

we can apply this to tweet corpora for petajakarta, which we designate as kaji or we can apply this as part of the bahaya- during the rapid ethnographic interview - in which case we can designate this bahaya-kaji

Conclusions & Further Research


SFL based communication theory can be gainfully exploited of the ever growing tweet corpus being harvested through CogniCity and supported through the #Data Grant

the traditional approach of viewing Twitter from the perspective of social media (though novel from the perspective of SFL) is nonetheless not very useful in the hazards/emergency domain

this requires us to reconsider the experiential metafunction of language- doing so provides us with the possibility of using the grammar of Transitivity as a whole new area from which we can develop tools


when we identify grammatical patterns associated with transitivity in any texts including those of social media like Twitter we expand our options in terms of search and analysis

provides 7 process types (material, mental, verbal, behavioural, existential, relational: identifying, relational: attributive)

along with 10 circumstances that can be used to qualify or constrain the every process type: extent (duration- temporal, distance - spatial), cause, location (time- temporal), place spatial), matter, manner (means, quality, comparison), role, accompaniment (reason, purpose, behalf)


in SFL for any of the major grammars its not just one constituent that accounts for differences in meaning (say process) but entire configurations of functions

these grammatical structures are necessary for this analysis- tools that support this kind of processing, need to identify the kind of way in which particular words are used

irrespective of the SFL analysis undertaken, any software tools will be supervised- the work is done in identifying the grammatical structures at hand

traditional approaches are sufficient for these purpose- regular expressions, WORDNET, Python and its associated libraries


we need these grammatical tools built- with them we will be able to understand what has been going on during these floods- we will be able to answer what a Tweet meant- there just simply isn’t any other way to do it

along with other relevant approaches we can extend @petajkt project into all other aspects of hazards and emergency- we identified three + combined one

Melatih- train, practice, coach, drill, form, ground

Bahaya- danger, hazard peril, risk, jeopardy, menace

Kaji- Knowledge (based on Tweet corpora, plus used in the field Bahaya-Kaji)


we are not limited to the use of text only social media platforms- the SFL theory has been extended to include a large range of non-text media


Aijmer, K., (1996), Conversational Routines in English: Convention and Creativity Studies in Language and Linguistics Harlow, Essex: Longman

Allport, G. W. & L. J. Postman (1945) ‘The Basic Psychology of Rumour’, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II 8: 61- 81, reprinted in Maccoby, E. E.; Newcomb, T. M. and E. L. Hartley eds/ (1959) Readings in Social Psychology 3rd Edition, London: Methuen

Andersen, P. B. (1990) A Theory of Computer Semiotics: Semiotic approaches to the construction and assessment of computer systems Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction, NY: Cambridge University Press

Chandler, D. (2010) Semiotics for Beginners- Paradigmatic Analysis http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem05.html
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Clarke, R. J., (1995) “Genre in Systemic Functional Linguistics and the Analysis of Information Systems in Organisations” First International Conference on Organisational Semiotics, February 10th-15th, University of Twente, The Netherlands

Clarke, R. J. (2000) “An Information System in its Organisational Contexts: A Systemic Semiotic Longitudinal Case Study” Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Information Systems, University of Wollongong, Australia

Clarke, R. J., (2006), “The Work that Analysts Do: A Systemic Functional Approach to Elicitation” in Nilsson, A. G.; Gustas, R.,;Wojtkowski, W.; Wojtkowski, W. G.; Wrycza, S. and J. Zupančič (2006) Advances in Information Systems Development: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems- Development Bridging the Gap between Academia and Industry Volume 1 NY: Springer Science + Business Media ISBN-10: 0-387-30834-2, 325-336
References


Clarke, R. J. and A. G. Nilsson (2007) “Services Science from an IS Perspective: A Work Practice Approach to Analysing Service Encounters” in Ford, R. C.; Dickson, D. R.; Edvardsson, B.; Brown, S. W. and R. Johnston eds/ (2007) QUIS 10: Managing Magical Service The Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA, June 14-17, 2007, pp. 54-62, ISBN 13: 978-0-615-14413-9

Clarke, R. J. and A. G. Nilsson (2008) “Business services as communication patterns: A work practice approach for analyzing service encounters” Special Issue on Services Science, Management and Engineering, Guest Editors: Maglio, P. P.; Spohrer, J.; Seidman, D. I. and J. J. Ritsko, IBM Systems Journal 47 (1), pp. 129-142

Department of Provincial and Local Government, South Africa Green Paper on Disaster Management

Eggins, S. (2004) An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics 2nd edition New York and London: Continuum

Eggins, S. and D. Slade (1997), Analysing Casual Conversation London and Washington: Cassell

Halliday, M. A. K. (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold

Halliday, M. A. K. (1973) “The Functional Basis of Language” in Webster, J. J. ed/ (2003) M. A. K. Halliday Collected Works Volume 3: On Language and Linguistics, Chapter 14, p. 298-320; First published in Bernstein, B. ed/ (1973) Applied Studies towards a Sociology of Language, Vol. 2: Class Codes and Control London Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 343-366

Halliday, M. A. K. and R. Hasan (1985) Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective Victoria, Australia: Deakin University

Malinowski, B. (1923) “The problem of meaning in primitive languages” Supplement 1 in Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards eds/ (1923) The Meaning of Meaning International Library of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Method, London: Kegan Paul

Martin, J. R. (1992) English Text: System and Structure John Benjamins Publishing Co. Philadelphia/Amsterdam


de Saussure, F. (1915/1983) Course in General Linguistics Translated and annotated by Roy Harris, Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.

Thia-Eng, Chua (2006) The Dynamics of Integrated Coastal Management GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)

US Department of Homeland Security DisasterHelp

World Health Organisation (2002) Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: A practical guide

Collaboration Laboratory (Co-Lab) SMART Infrastructure Facility, Building 6 Room 207 University of Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia + 61 2 4221 3752; +61 2 4221 3218 Web: http://smart.uow.edu.au/uow-collaborators/co-lab.html
Director, A/Prof Rodney J. Clarke School of Management and Marketing University of Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia T + 61 2 4221 5818; F +61 2 4221 4154 Web 1: http://www.uow.edu.au/commerce/smm/mgmt/mgmtstaff/UOW010750.html Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden T +46 54 700 18 40 Web 2: https://www.kau.se/forskning/forskdb?to_do=show_researcher&id=3236
Linkedin: http://au.linkedin.com/in/rodneyjclarke Twitter: clarke_rj Skype: rodney-j-clarke
WordPress: blogs.uow.edu.au/colab Vimeo: co-labAU

SMART Seminar Series: Tweets, Emergencies and Experience - New Theory and Methods in support of the PetaJakarta Project

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SMART Seminar Series: Tweets, Emergencies and Experience - New Theory and Methods in support of the PetaJakarta Project