Role of Biofortification as Part of a More Diverse Diet in Africa: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities
•Als PPTX, PDF herunterladen•
0 gefällt mir•775 views
Bho Mudyahoto, Senior Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Specialist, Harvest Plus, Uganda
Empfohlen
Empfohlen
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Was ist angesagt? (20)
Andere mochten auch
Andere mochten auch (20)
Ähnlich wie Role of Biofortification as Part of a More Diverse Diet in Africa: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities
Ähnlich wie Role of Biofortification as Part of a More Diverse Diet in Africa: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities (20)
Mehr von African Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS)
Mehr von African Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) (20)
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)
Role of Biofortification as Part of a More Diverse Diet in Africa: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities
- 1. HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI 2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA Tel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: 202-467-4439 HarvestPlus@cgiar.org • www.HarvestPlus.org The Role Of Biofortification As Part Of More Diverse Diets In Africa Progress, Challenges, And Opportunities Bho Mudyahoto Senior Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Specialist, HarvestPlus ReSAKSS 2016 Conference | October 20, 2016 | Accra
- 2. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Current Evidence • Challenges • Opportunities • Key Messages
- 3. Micronutrient Deficiency Affects 2 billion people worldwide (i.e. 1 in 3) (FAO 2013) Contributes to the global disease burden Poor quality diets is one of the major causes – High intake of starchy staple foods (e.g. rice, maize, cassava) – Low intake of micronutrient-rich foods (e.g. vegetables, legumes, animal source foods) High prevalence of micronutrient deficiency Africa
- 5. Fighting Micronutrient Deficiency Supplementation Fortification Biofortification Dietary diversity
- 6. is a process of increasing the density of nutrients e.g. vitamins and minerals in a crop through plant breeding or agronomic practices, so that the biofortified crops, when consumed regularly, will generate measurable improvement in vitamin and mineral nutritional status.
- 7. 3 1 2 Dr. Howarth Bouis 2016 World Food Prize Laureate Are farmers willing to grow and are consumers willing to eat biofortified crops? Can conventional breeding add extra nutrients in the crops without reducing yields? When consumed, can the increase in nutrient levels make a measurable and significant impact on human nutrition?
- 8. After several years of research & delivery….. Yes, we now know that biofortification is feasible & effective! Extra micronutrients in biofortified crops can significantly improve micronutrient status of consumers Conventional breeding can add extra nutrients in crops without reducing yields Farmers are willing to grow and consumers are willing to eat biofortified crops and their products
- 9. Current Evidence: Breeding of Biofortified Crops
- 10. Sweet Potato Uganda (2007) Biofortified Crops in Africa Maize Zambia (2012) Beans Rwanda & DRC (2012) Cassava Nigeria & DRC (2011)
- 11. Breeding, Testing & Release of Varieties • HarvestPlus/CG/NARS develop, test & release • NARS release and keep improving nutrient levels and other production traits • Biofortified germplasm public goods to governments • Over 20 African countries are now developing, testing & releasing several biofortified crop varieties
- 13. Status of biofortified varieties in Africa Status of biofortified crop varieties Iron beans Yellow cassava Orange maize Orange sweet potatoes Number of countries tested in 6 8 10 > 14 Number of countries released in 6 5 7 > 14 Number of varieties released 28 10 31 > 90 Source: HarvestPlus (2016)
- 14. Current Evidence: Nutrition • When consumed regularly and in sufficient quantities biofortified crops can deliver significant % of EAR for iron, zinc, or vitamin A (Li et al. 2010; La Frano et al. 2013; Rosado et al. 2009; Cercamondi et al. 2013) • Efficacy trials for vitamin A crops and iron beans provide good evidence that biofortification improves micronutrient status among target populations • 9.5% reduction in prevalence of low serum retinol in women and children due to significant intake of OSP (Hotz et al., 2012) • OSP accounted for more than half of total vitamin A intake – 53% in Uganda and 78% in Mozambique (Hotz et al., 2012)
- 15. Current Evidence: Reach, Adoption & Consumption
- 16. Number of households reached in Africa (‘000) Crop/country 2012 2013 2014 2015 Vit A cassava, Nigeria 0 106 360 528 Vit A SP, Uganda 33 76 107 132 Iron beans, Uganda 29 69 43 37 Iron beans, Rwanda 105 609 332 453 Iron beans, DR Congo 60 241 128 175 Vit A cassava, DRC 0 25 75 180 Vit A maize, Zambia 0 11 104 110 Total 227 1,137 1,149 1,634
- 17. Adoption: Socio-Economic Evidence (1) • Orange-Fleshed Sweet potato (OSP) Effectiveness Study in Uganda and Mozambique (de Brauw et al., 2010) – 61% (Uganda) and 68% (Mozambique) adoption rate of OSP – Farmers increased % share of OSP in total sweet potato cultivated area and consumers substituted non-OSP varieties for OSP varieties – Intervention cost about US$15–20 per DALY saved highly cost- effective • Vit A Cassava Consumer Acceptance in Nigeria (Oparinde et al., 2014) – Information on nutritional benefits positivehas an effect on level of acceptance; farmers preferred gari made with vitamin A cassava versus local white gari
- 18. High Iron Beans (HIBs) Impact Assessment Study in Rwanda • 28% HIB adoption since 2010 ≈ Half a million HHs • 54% continuous or intermittent adopters • Increase in area under HIB over time • 12% of total bean output in SB 2015 was HIB • Social networks play a major role in diffusion – 41% received first planting material from friend or neighbor (Asare-Marfo et al., 2016) Adoption: Socio-Economic Evidence (2)
- 19. • High phytate content in crops being developed for high iron or zinc interfere with their absorption • β-carotene levels vs DM content in OSP & VAC • Invisible trait crops iron and zinc: – Adulteration/falsification along the value chain • Barriers to scale-up • Seed production is a constraint in many countries – Low access by the poor – Seed companies not interested in root & tuber crops – Seed quality control Challenges
- 20. • Wide range of varieties available • Success of the 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification Kigali Declaration • Increased stakeholder interest in Biofortification • HarvestPlus developed an online, interactive BPI tool a global map • Biofortification Priority Index (BPI) assisting investors Opportunities for Scaling Up Biofortification
- 21. BPI for Vit A Maize & HIB Source: Asare-Marfo et al. (2013)
- 22. • Integration of biofortification – Crop development programs – National regional & international policies & strategies – International standards Codex Alimentarius • Mainstreaming of biofortification by CG & NARS • License seed companies to produce & market • A critical mass of partners WVI, WFP • Engaging partners to ensure enabling environment CAADP, SUN • Facilitate and strengthen international trade Opportunities for Mainstreaming Biofortification
- 23. • Evidence demonstrates that Biofortification is feasible & effective – Conventional breeding can add extra nutrients – Farmers are willing to grow, consumers willing to eat – Added micronutrients can improve nutritional status of consumers • Varietal development, dissemination and utilization challenges exist but are surmountable • PPP at national, regional & global level are key to scaling up biofortification • BPI useful tool to guide investment in biofortification • Mainstreaming biofortification at institutional, program, policy, regional and global level crucial for sustainability Key Messages
- 24. Thank you!
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Sharing highlights from chapter 7 of the ATOR 2015 report
- Point 2 - : breeding; growing; eating
- Point 2 - by limiting proper cognitive development, impairing physical development, and increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases. Segway In recent years, the global challenge of reducing hidden hunger, and hence improving related health outcomes, through agricultural interventions has received much attention. One solution is biofortification.
- This map details worldwide severity of the most common micronutrient deficiencies—vitamin A, anemia, and zinc—using World Health Organization (WHO) children under 5 prevalence data. Severity was coded using a 3-point weighting system based on levels of public health significance cut-offs (low, moderate, and high). HH is highly prevalent in SSA; Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a group.
- Biofortification is a complementary tool to existing nutrition interventions. Evidence by (Qaim, Stein, and Meenakshi 2007; Meenakshi et al. 2012; Birol et al. 2014; Fiedler and Lividini 2014) show that biofortification is cost-effective and sustainable; most suitable for the poor rural communities with limited dietary diversity eat staples with low micronutrient levels and have low access to fortified foods: .
- Generic: Our work: HarvestPlus and its partners are developing and promoting biofortified staple crops through plant breeding to increase the density of vitamins and minerals, sufficient to impact human health and nutrition. [All HarvestPlus crops released by governments to date are conventionally bred.] Focus on iron, zinc and vitamin A
- Howdy’s three questions
- By the end of 2015 over 1.5 million farming households in these countries were reached directly with biofortified planting material
- Name some of the CG (IITA, CIAT, CIMMYT, CIP) centers and NARS (ZARI, NARO, RAB-ISAR) that HarvestPlus is working with Biofortified germplasm and nutrient-rich breeding lines are developed and made available as public goods to governments How far has biofortification spread in Africa?
- Globally, Vitamin A orange sweet potatoes (OSP), iron beans, iron pearl millet, Vitamin A yellow cassava, Vitamin A orange maize, zinc rice, and zinc wheat have been officially released and under production in more than 30 countries and are being tested and grown in more than 50 countries; the key signify biofortified crop and its varietal development pipeline status!
- OSP extensively developed Varietal release several varieties variety of trait combination to suit different environments wide choices by farmers and consumers More varieties being developed
- Randomized controlled trials – proof of concept These results reveal that biofortification could improve child health (Jones and de Brauw 2015). In order to complete the effectiveness evidence on all three micronutrients, an iron bean effectiveness study is currently being implemented in Guatemala, and there are plans to conduct a zinc wheat effectiveness study in Pakistan in the coming years.
- Number of HHR steadily increasing over time; #s are an under estimation because they do not include indirect reach; 2nd and 3rd crop coming up for DRC, Rwanda, Nigeria, Uganda*;
- How did we define adoption here? DALY……….Disability Adjusted Life Year ………measure of overall disease burden…….number of years lost due to ill-health or disability…. Refer to Zambia VAM: Chibwe et al. 2013 noted that farmers appreciated the yield, cob size, and cob-filling characteristics of the new varieties, as well as the taste and aroma of orange maize preparations.; in Uganda Farmers liked the sensory attributes & production traits of OSP
- Rwanda in 2012 among the first adopters/growers of iron bean varieties (Murekezi et al. 2013); liked the various consumption and production attributes AND 80% would like to plant the HIB in subsequent seasons; information and awareness campaigns are crucial for increased adoption (Chowdhury et al. 2011)
- Refer to the following solutions: Lowering the phytate content of the edible portions of these crops without sacrificing plant health is a proven concept; however, further development is necessary, particularly for legumes; Measures and mechanisms to identify and protect authentic biofortified seed and grain XRF machines; the importance varietal targeting by agro-ecological zones for OSP varieties in Uganda; Edutainment: engender demand iron beans song by Rwanda musicians Nollywood film The use of “ambassadors” in the form of community, religious, and school leaders as well as health workers. HarvestPlus and partners work with these “champions”;
- BPI is a COUNTRY-CROP-MN specific tool that ranks each of the seven staple crops according to their suitability for investment in biofortification in 127 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC); BPI calculated by using secondary, country-level data compiled from various sources e.g. FAO, WHO, USDA 3 Sub-indices used to develop BPI (1) The production sub-index (2) The consumption sub-index (3) The micronutrient sub-index
- Integration into international and national crop development programs, crop and food value chains, and national policies and standards. 2014 Kigali Bangladesh, Malawi, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Uganda highlighted the role of biofortification in their national strategies to end malnutrition by 2025; Panama and Colombia; Rwanda Nutrition Action Plan, the Zambia National Nutrition Strategy, the Nigeria Micronutrient Deficiency Control Guidelines and Agricultural Transformation Agenda
- Adoption rates of 28-68% have been recorded; some useful solutions are already on the shelf e.g. use of XRF machine