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Biocontrol of Aflatoxin in Kenya, R. Bandyopadhyay et al.
1. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives Aflatoxin Biocontrol Ranajit Bandyopadhyay IITA Peter Cotty USDA-ARS Charity Mutegi KARI Claudia Probst Univ of Arizona Joseph Atehnkeng IITA Jacob Mignouna AATF Francis Nangayo AATF Margaret McDaniel USDA-FAS
7. Biocontrol WORKS In tens of thousands of acres in the US! Aflasafe AF36 Aflaguard IT WORKS In Africa TOO!
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9. Technology Development: Atoxigenic Strain Identification Collection/characterization VCG/DNA characterization Toxin assay Field Competition assays Lab cnx nia-D Unknown 2 + Field efficacy test
10. How does Biocontrol Work? Broadcast @ 10 kg/ha 2-3 weeks before flowering Sporulation on moist soil Spores Insects Inoculum on sorghum grain carrier 3-20 days Wind Soil colonization 30-33 grains m -2 Hyphal network in seed pericarp
11. Aflatoxin Biocontrol Facts Crops are infected by complex communities of diverse fungi Fungal communities differ in aflatoxin-producing ability & this influences crop vulnerability to contamination. Atoxigenic strains can be used to reduce aflatoxin-producing ability. There are many native atoxigenics Select safe strains best adapted to cropping systems, ecosystems, & climates Atoxigenics are Already Present on the Crop Just increase the frequency of endemic strains & natural interference with contamination Treatments May have Long-Term Influence & Cumulative Benefits More than One Crop May Benefit From the Applied Strain Atoxigenic Strains can be Applied Without Increasing Infection and without increasing the overall quantity of A. flavus on the crop & throughout the environment
18. B-Aflatoxin Concentration (ng/g) in Groundnut After Poor Storage *Mean of 4 samples ± SE Treatment B-aflatoxin* Reduction (%) Aflasafe TM 0.3 ± 0.4 96 Control 8.2 ± 2.5
19. Farmers treating maize and groundnut fields with AflaSafe Aflatoxin reduction at harvest: 2009: 80% 2010: 89% 56 to 73% carry-over of inoculum one year after application
41. Focus Countries and Stages of Development Yet to start Partially started Completed Country Strain identification Partnerships Commercialization Capacity development Nigeria Senegal Burkina Faso Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Malawi Mozambique Tanzania Ethiopia Mali
43. Manufacturing Need for a pilot manufacturing facility Production Room Atoxigenic Strain Manufacturing Facility Arizona Cotton Research & Protection Council
44. How do we stimulate demand in the medium term?
Biological control agents act against plant pathogens through different modes of action. Antagonistic interactions that can lead to biological control include antibiosis, competition and hyperparasitism. Competition occurs when two or more microorganisms require the same resources in excess of their supply. These resources can include space, nutrients, and oxygen. In a biological control system, the more efficient competitor, i.e., the biological control agent, out-competes the less efficient one, i.e., the pathogen. Antibiosis occurs when antibiotics or toxic metabolites produced by one microorganism have direct inhibitory effect on another. Hyperparasitism or predation results from biotrophic or necrotrophic interactions that lead to parasitism of the plant pathogen by the biological control agent. Some microorganisms, particularly those in soil, can reduce damage from diseases by promoting plant growth or by inducing host resistance against a myriad of pathogens. Efficient biological control agents often express more than one mode of action for suppressing the plant pathogens.
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