Food safety, adulteration, security

1. Dr Vinod Rathod
1st Year PG (PSM)
Darbhanga Medical College
FOOD STANDARDS &
FOOD SECURITY
1/6/2018 1

2. National Consumer Rights Day 2015
• 24th December
• Theme - ‘Safe food & Healthy Food’: combating food adulteration
1/6/2018 2

3. WHAT IS FOOD?
Food Means any article used as food or drink for Human
Consumption other than Drug and also includes:
- Any article which enters or used in the composition or
preparation of food
- Any flavoring matter or condiments
- Any other article notified by the Central Govt. e.g.
Packaged Drinking Water.
1/6/2018 3

4. Need to discuss??
• Food is one of the most important requirements of our life.
BUT,
• Potential source of infection
• It is liable to contamination, at any point from its production to
consumption.
• Foodborne diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide.
• People have the right to expect the food they eat to be safe and suitable
for consumption.
1/6/2018 4

5. Food Adulteration
• It is an act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for
sale, either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances
or by the removal of some valuable ingredient.
• Includes both ADDITION/SUBSTITUTION and INCIDENTAL
CONTAMINATION.
• “Adulterant” is any material which is or could be employed for
making the food unsafe or substandard or misbranded or
containing extraneous matter.
1/6/2018 5

6. Types of adulterants
Type Substances added
Intentional adulterants Sand, marble chips, mud, stones, talc, chalk powder, water,
mineral oil and harmful colour
Incidental adulterants Pesticide residues, dropping of birds and larvae in foods
Metallic contaminants Arsenic from pesticides, lead from water, effluent from
chemical industries and tin from cans
1/6/2018 6

7. Microbial contamination and adulteration
• Any Ready-to-eat foods if contaminated with harmful micro-
organisms.
• Whereas, raw meat products contaminated with pathogens is not
adulterated
1/6/2018 7

8. Common adulterated foods….
1/6/2018 8

9. Maggi Row
• Contained an excess amount of Mono Sodium Glutamate(MSG) and
Lead.
• MSG is an preservative and flavour enhancer.
• Found in many snacks.
1/6/2018 9

10. Notable incidents in
Adulteration
1/6/2018 10

11. World
• In 1987, selling artificially flavored sugar water as apple juice.
Beech-Nut company paid $2.2 million in fines for violating the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
• In 1997, ConAgra Foods pled guilty to federal criminal charges
that one of its units illegally sprayed water on stored grain to
increase its weight and value.
1/6/2018 11

12. • In 2012, a study in India conducted by the Food Safety Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI) across 33 states found that milk in
India is adulterated with detergent, fat and even urea, as well
diluted with water. (2012 India milk adulterant scandal).
C:UsersSamsung PCVideosFree YouTube DownloaderSHOCKING
VIDEO HOW THEY MAKE JAALI DOODH IN 5 MINTS.mp4
• Occurrence of Epidemic dropsy in Delhi and neighboring states
which took toll of hundreds of lives in the month of august and
September 1998
India
1/6/2018 12

13. Impact of adulteration
• Paying more money for food of lower quality.
• Some forms of adulteration are injurious to health e.g argemone in
mustard causes Epidemic dropsy
1/6/2018 13

14. Old Food Regulations
1. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
2. Fruit Product Order, 1955
3. Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
4. Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947
5. Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Orders, 1998
6. The Solvent Extracted Oil, De-Oiled Meal and Edible Flour (
Control) Order,1967
7. Meat Food Products Order, 1973
1/6/2018 14

15. Food Safety & Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI)
• The Food Safety and Standards Act 2006, was passed by Indian
Parliament and notified in the gazette of India on 24th August
2006
• FSS Regulations came into force since, 5th August 2011
• All Food Business Operators in India to get Licensed
/Registered with Food Safety Authority
1/6/2018 15

16. Why FSS Act?
• Multiplicity of food laws
• Standards rigid and non-responsive to scientific advancements and
modernization
• Poor information dissemination to consumer level.
1/6/2018 16

17. 1/6/2018 17

18. Salient Features
• Defines the concept of - Novel food
- Functional food
- Substandard food
- Misbranded food
- Unsafe food
• Emphasis on risk assessment through,
Risk
Analysis
Risk
Assessment
Risk
Communication
Risk
Management
1/6/2018 18

19. Salient features contd…
• Provision of ‘Improvement Notice’.
• Prescribes graded penalties for offenses/violations.
• Two tier licensing system – Centre & State.
• Thrust on preventive actions
1/6/2018 19

20. PFA vs FSSAI
PFA FSSAI
All manufacturing units under Local
authorities
Big manufacturing units under central
licensing
Pre-inspection not compulsory Compulsory
No provision of improvement notices Provision of improvement notices
Punishment through court - Fine/penalty through adjudication
- Punishment through court
No import regulation Special Import regulation
1/6/2018 20

21. General Impact
• All big manufacturing facilities will need to be licensed by Central
Licensing Authority FSSAI
• Small scale distributors need to obtain license from State Licensing
Authority
• Periodical inspections and safety audits
• Reduction in court cases Adjudication process
1/6/2018 21

22. 1/6/2018 22

23. 1/6/2018 23

24. Other Regulations
• Codex Alimentarius
• Agmark
• ISO 22000
1/6/2018 24

25. AGMARK
• Quality Certification Mark
• It ensures quality and purity of a product.
• It acts as a Third Party Guarantee to certify Quality
• Products are Pulses, spices, wheat products
1/6/2018 25

26. Codex Alimentarius
 The Codex Alimentarius Commission, which is the principal
organ of The joint FAO/ WHO Food Standards Programme
formulates food standards for international market.
 The food standards in India are based on The standards of
the codex alimentarius
1/6/2018 26

27. ISO 22000 (International Organization for
Standardization)
• This is an international standard specifies requirements for food
safety management system.
• BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) represents India, in ISO.
• Only for guidance and not a certifying body.
1/6/2018 27

28. 1/6/2018 28

29. Sudan crisis 1993
Bengal Famine 1943
1/6/2018 29

30. Food security
• “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”
– World Food Summit, 1996
• In the years 2011-2013, an estimated 842 million people were suffering from
chronic hunger.
1/6/2018 30

31. 4 Dimensions
1/6/2018 31

32. #1 Availability
• Food production, distribution, and exchange
• Consumers outnumber producers in every country
Crop
2008-09 2011-12
Demand Production Surplus/
Shortfall
Demand Production Surplus/
Shortfall
Rice 92.87 99.15 6.28 98.79 104.21 5.42
Wheat 72.72 80.58 7.86 77.36 83.61 6.25
Food grains 219 233.88 14.88 234.26 239.3 5.04
Pulses 17.51 14.66 - 2.85 19.91 15.73 - 4.18
1/6/2018 32

33. #2 Access
• Refers to affordability of food
Food Items Per Capita
Availability
Requirement(ICMR) Per Capita Deficit
Milk 216 gms/day 300 ml/day 34 g/day
Egg 30 eggs/yr 180 eggs/yr 150 eggs/yr
Meat 3.24 kg/yr 10.95 kg/yr 7.71 kg/yr
1/6/2018 33

34. 1/6/2018 34

35. #3 Utilization
Food utilization depends on
• Safety
• Nutritional value
• Cultural preferences
• Sanitation
• Well being
1/6/2018 35

36. #4 Stability
• refers to the ability to obtain food over time
Availability Natural disasters & Famines
Access Civil Unrest
Utilisation Illness, Unemployment
1/6/2018 36

37. Approach towards Food Security
1/6/2018 37

38. By the United Nations
Sdg Goal 2 targets to end hunger, achieve
food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture by 2030
1/6/2018 38

39. By the Food and Agriculture Organization
• World Food Day celebrated on October 16
• "twin track" approach to fight food insecurity that combines
sustainable development and short-term hunger relief
1/6/2018 39

40. By the World Food Programme
• Provides food aid to refugees and to others experiencing food emergencies
• Seeks to improve nutrition and quality of life of most vulnerable
populations and promote self-reliance
1/6/2018 40

41. INDIA
1/6/2018 41

42. Revolutions in India
Green Revolution
Pink Revolution
Red Revolution
Golden Revolution
Blue Revolution
1/6/2018 42

43. Revolutions in India
Yellow RevolutionWhite Revolution
Silver Revolution
Round Revolution
1/6/2018 43

44. • National Food Security act came into effect from JULY 5, 2013
• Objective : to ensure adequate quality food and nutritional security
to all the people at affordable prices.
1/6/2018 44

45. India has the largest food schemes in the
World
• Entitlement Feeding Programmes
• ICDS (All Children under six, Pregnant and lactating mother)
• MDMS (All Primary School children)
• Food Subsidy Programmes
• Targeted Public Distribution System (35 kgs/ month of subsidised food grains
• Annapurna (10 kgs of free food grain for destitute poor)
• Employment Programmes
• National Rural Employment Scheme (100 days of employment at minimum wages)
• Social Safety Net Programmes
• National Old Age Pension Scheme (Monthly pension to BPL)
• National Family Benefit Scheme (Compensation in case of death of bread winner to BPL
families)
1/6/2018 45

46. ICDS
• Launched on 2nd Oct, 1975
• Beneficiaries 1. Children < 6 yrs
2. Pregnant and lactating women
3. Women 15 – 45 yrs
4. Adolescent girls
Recipients Calories Gms of Protein
Children 6-72 months 500 12-15
Adolescent girls 500 20-25
Pregnant & Nursing mothers 600 18-20
Malnourished Children 800 20-25
1/6/2018 46

47. Mid-Day Meal Scheme
• First started in Tamil Nadu
• Universal in India since 2005
• Program covers 112 million children in class I to V
• Improvement in 3 areas 1. School attendance
2. Reduced dropouts
3. Beneficial impact on children’s nutrition
• Food grains Minimum 3 kgs per child per month for 10 months
• Approx 300 kcal and 8-12 grams of proteins per day
1/6/2018 47

48. National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
• Launched in October 2007
• In the 12th Five year plan it has five components
- RICE
- WHEAT
- PULSES
- COARSE CEREALS
- COMMERCIAL CROPS
Kisan ki Unnati
Desh ki Pragati
1/6/2018 48

49. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (PDS)
Bihar & Uttar Pradesh
• BPL families get 5 kg of food grains per month
• Each beneficiary is a unit
• Cost of Wheat at Rs. 2 and Rice at Rs. 3 per kg
Karnataka
• 30 kg rice per month
• Each Family as a unit
• Cost Rs. 1 per kg
1/6/2018 49

50. Annapoorna Scheme (PDS)
• Launced 1st April 2000
• Under Ministry of Rural Development
• Beneficiaries are Senior Citizens who are eligible for National Old
Age Pension Scheme(NOAPS) but not covered under the scheme
• Provided with 10 kgs (6 kgs wheat + 4 kgs rice) per month free of
cost
• Bihar currently provides this for 1,48,483 persons
1/6/2018 50

51. References
1. Park Text book of preventive and social medicine , 23rd edition
2. Text book of National Health programmes of India , 11th edition
by J. Kishore
3. MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE(Legislative Department) FOOD
SAFETY AND STANDARDS ACT, 2006, No. 34 OF 2006 [23rd
August, 2006]
4. For India: MoA, 2010 (Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009. For
China: National Bureau of Statistics, 2010 (China Statistical
Yearbook, 2009)
5. www.who.int
6. www.nfsm.nic.in
7. Review of targets for the sustainable developmental goals,
ICSU;ISSC
1/6/2018 51

52. THANK YOU!1/6/2018 52