1. Chapter 9
Introduction of Sociology and Anthropology
Saint Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

2.  Ranking of individuals and groups in any
given society.
 Hierarchical arrangement and establishment
of social categories that may evolve into
social groups as well as of statuses and their
corresponding roles.
 Separating people or objects into categories
 In closed stratification, people cannot change
their ranking; while in open stratification,
people can change their ranking

3.  “Institutionalized Inequality”
 Differentiation of statuses and social
roles into ranked orders
Social Process
• Splitting up of society into social categories that
develop into social groups cooperating, competing,
conflicting- for the status quo or social change
Social Problem
• Involves bitter feelings of discontent and of
strong demands for equality or social justice.

4.  The situation in which the economic goods in
a society are distributed unevenly among
different groups or categories of people

5. ATTRIBUTIONS STEREOTYPE
 It assigns to people
different attributes as a
result of differences.
People are treated
differently due to their
presumed ethnic
characteristics.
 One assumes that
persons who falls into
a particular category
on the basis of certain
characteristics also
have many
characteristics that we
assume to belong to
that category

6. SELF-FULFILLING
PROPHESIS SOCIAL COMPARISONS
 Once we categorize
people through
assigning a stereotype,
our perception of their
behaviour is being
filtered through that
stereotype. As a
consequence, the
person may begin to
act as we expect him
or het to act.
 People need to
compare themselves
with others in order to
establish for
themselves what kind
of people they are.

7. A FAIR WORLD JUST WORLD
HYPOTHESIS
 People are more
concerned about
establishing equity
(just division of
rewards) than equality
(equal division of
rewards)
 People like to believe
that there is justice,
that people get what
they deserve.

8. • Social psychological research
indicates that people make
attributions about themselves
and others, compare themselves
with others, form judgement
about who is better and who is
better and develop beliefs that
justify inequalities.

9. These are categories that
separate people or objects

10.  What people own and
inherit is called
wealth. It consists of
the value of
everything a person
or group owns.
 Income refers to how
much people get. It
is the amount of
money one person or
group receives

11.  Sociologists define
power as the ability
to control one’s life
(personal power)
and to control or
influence the action
of others.

12.  Social recognition
that a person or
group receives from
others.
 Esteem, respect or
approval that is
granted by an
individual or a
collectivity for
performance or
qualities they
consider above the
average.
 Societies differ in
what attributes they
attach prestige to:
◦ Religion, holiness, zeal
◦ Occupational ranking
◦ Consumption patterns
◦ Leisure activities
◦ Membership in
organizations

13.  Subjective Method. Personal ascription of the
class one belongs to.
 Reputational Method. Old-timers identify the
social classes that exist in the community and
to place each resident in one or another
category.
 Objective Method. Division according to
income, occupation, education and type of
residence.

14. 1. Conflict Theory
2. Functionalist Theory

15. 1. Stratification is the result of the struggle
among people for scarce rewards and it
persists in society because the “haves” are
determined (exploiters) and equipped to
preserve their advantage by dominating and
exploiting the “have nots” (exploited).
2. Class conflict over material privilege and
power; those who own the means of
production (capitalists or bourgeoisie) and
those who sell their labor (worker or
proletariat)

16. 3. Viewed the: nation or state as an instrument
of oppression; religion as a method of
diverting and controlling the masses; the
family as a devise of keeping wealth and
education in the hands of the few
4. People’s lives are centered on how they deal
with the material world. The key issue is
how wealth is distributed among the people

17. 5. Four ways in which wealth can be
distributed
◦ To each according to need. Basic economic needs of
all of the people are satisfied.
◦ To each according to want. Wealth is distributed
according to what people desire and request.
◦ To each according to what is earned.
◦ To each according to what can be taken- by using
whatever means. Everyone ruthlessly attempts to
acquire much wealth as possible without regard for
the hardship that might be brought on others.

18. 1. People are motivated by self interest.
2. Group conflict is a basic ingredient of
society
3. Those who do not have property can defend
their interests less well than those who have
property
4. Economic institutions are of fundamental
importance in shaping the rest of society

19. 5. Those in power promote ideas and values
that help them maintain their dominance
6. Only when exploitation becomes extremely
obvious will the powerless their dominance.

20.  If all the positions that have to be filled in a
society were equally important and everyone
were equally capable of doing their jobs,
there would be no need of stratification. But
this is not the case. Some tasks are clearly
more necessary than others, and some
require a great deal more talent and training.
 Social inequality is viewed as both necessary
and constructive.

21.  Both theories acknowledge that the
evaluation of the contributions of jobs to
society also determines unequal rewards.
 The Marxist theory leans heavily on the
significance of power in the distribution of
resources; while the functionalist emphasize
the necessity of assigning some position or
work higher status than others.
 Both theories recognize that social power
plays a part in determining the unequal
distribution of rewards.

22. Functionalist View Conflict Theory
1. Stratification is
universal, necessary
and inevitable
2. Social organization
(the social system)
shapes the
stratification system
1. Stratification may be
universal without
being necessary and
inevitable
2. The stratification
system shapes social
organizations (social
system)

23. Functionalist View Conflict Theory
3. Stratification arises
from the societal
need for integration,
coordination and
cohesion
4. Stratification
facilitates the optimal
functioning of society
and the individual
3. Stratification arises
from group conquest,
competition, and
conflict
4. Stratification impeded
the optimal
functioning of society
and the individual

24. Functionalist View Conflict Theory
5. Stratification is an
expression of
commonly shared
social values
6. Power is usually
legitimately
distributed in society
5. Stratification is an
expression of the
values of powerful
groups
6. Power is usually
illegitimately
distributed in society

25. Functionalist View Conflict Theory
7. Tasks and rewards
are equitably
allocated.
8. The economic
dimensions is
subordinate to other
dimensions of society
7. Tasks and rewards
are inequitably
allocated.
8. The economic
dimension is
paramount in society

26. Functionalist View Conflict Theory
9. Stratification systems
generally change
through evolutionary
processes
9. Stratification systems
often change through
revolutionary process.

27. 1. Open System
2. Closed System

28.  Positions are awarded on the basis of merit,
and rank is tied to individual achievements.
 Status is said to be achieved depending on
what the individual accomplishes and what he
can do by his own efforts.
 It provides people with an equal chance to
succeed.

29.  It consists of a category of people who share
similar opportunities, similar economic and
vocational positions, similar lifestyles, and
similar attitudes and behaviour.
 Class boundaries are maintained by
limitations on social interaction,
intermarriage, and mobility into that class.

30.  Status is ascribed and determined at birth
and people are locked into their parent’s
social position.
 Ascribed characteristics determine social
position, and individuals opportunities are
limited accordingly.
 Caste lines are clearly defined and legal and
religious sanctions are applied to those who
attempt to cross them

31.  It is a rigid system. People are born into and
spend their entire lives within a caste with
little chance of leaving it.
 Contact between castes is minimal and is
governed by a set of rules or laws.
 Access to valued resources is extremely
unequal

32.  A person’s social position is based on
ownership of land, birth or military strength.
 An estate is a segment of a society that has
legally established rights and duties.

33. 1. People who have
made it
2. People who are
doing very well
3. People who have
achieved the
middle class
dream
4. People who have
comfortable life
5. People who are
just getting by
6. People who are
having a difficult
time
7. People who are
poor

34.  Upper Class have great wealth, often going
back for many generations; are recognized
by reputation and lifestyle; have an influence
on the society’s basic economic and political
structures.
 Upper- Middle Class is made up of successful
business and professional people and their
families; Have a college education, own
property and have money savings; live
comfortably in exclusive areas

35.  Lower- Middle Class shares many
characteristics with the upper middle class
but they have not been able to achieve the
same lifestyle because of economic or
educational shortcomings; usually high
school or vocational education graduates with
modest incomes; less professionals, clerical,
and sales workers
 Working Class is made up of factory works
and other blue-collar workers

36.  Lower Class are people at the bottom of the
economic ladder. They have little in the way
of education or occupational skills and are
consequently either unemployed or
underemployed.

37. • The movement of an
individual or group within a
stratification that changes
the individual’s or group’s
status in society
• The degree of mobility
depends on (1) rules
governing how people gain
or keep their positions; and
(2) structural changes in
society.

38. • Power
• Prestige
Wealth

39.  It is the ability to
attain goals, control
events and
maintain influence
over others- even
in the face of
oppositions
 People
empowerment is a
movement aimed at
liberating the poor
people from their
poverty, and the
powerless people
from their situation.

40.  It consists of
approval and
respect an
individual or group
receives from other
members of society
1. Esteem consists of
the appreciation
and respect a
person wins in his
or her daily
interpersonal
relationships.
2. Honor that is
associated with
specific statuses
in society

41.  The total economic
assets of the
individual or a
family are known as
a wealth.
 Poverty is a
condition in which
people do not have
enough money to
maintain a standard
of living that
includes the basic
necessity of life.

42. 1. Upward Mobility
2. Horizontal Mobility
3. Geographical Migration
4. Role Mobility

43.  Movement of individuals or groups from
lower to higher status in social stratification
system (or vice versa)
 Operate intragenerationally- social change
during the lifetime of one individual; or
intergenerationally- changes in the social
level of a family through two or more
generations.

44.  The policy and practice of immigration into a
total society and into a local community
 Differential fertility of social classes
 Presence or absence of individual competition
as a value in the culture
 Availability of opportunities to prepare one’s
self for the competitive process.
 Pattern of equality and inequality in a society
(religion, sex, ethnic plurality and the like)

45.  Disappointments and frustrations are
cushioned by the traditional conservatism of
middle class
 Have little contact with his former associates
of higher status
 Rationalization of the mobility
 There is no significant status visibility
 Consolation that children may regain social
status that one has himself lost

46.  May come about because of changing one’s
occupation, marrying into a certain family
and others.
 Movement involves a change in status with no
corresponding change in social class

47.  Movement from one geographical spot to
another
 Includes forced relocation of large groups of
people, eviction, and dispossession of
unwanted people, voluntary permanent
migration from one country to another, or
from one region to another within the same
country, as well as local residential changes.
 Fluidity exemplified by people commuting
from home to office or factory, making
business trips and taking vacations.

48.  Voluntary Migration refers to the voluntary
movement of people from one geographical
area to another
 Forced migration includes expulsion of
unwanted people, the herding people into
reservation areas and concentration camps,
the transportation of enslaved individuals and
groups

49.  Economic factor. This refers to the desire of
people to seek better food supplies, workers
looking for better living.
 Political reason. Some people move to escape
from political oppression and racial
discrimination; or political asylum to other
countries
 Religious liberty. Some people move to enjoy
religious liberty in response to existing
religious persecutions in their country

50.  Educational opportunities. Some avail
themselves of educational opportunities
prevailing in other areas due to the presence
of colleges and university in other areas.
 Natural or man-made calamities (floods,
denudation, volcanic eruption, earthquake)

51.  Diffusion of culture means contact and
communication between people who had
been culturally and geographically isolated.
 Biological mixture
 Urbanization of the culture. Urban ways of
thinking and acting, urban social relations
and structures and increasing secondary
associations.

52.  It is the shifting from role to role
 Every person enacts multiples roles, even
while he remains a total, integrated
personality. His participation in different
groups and in different situations call for
enactment of various roles.
 There is normal successive assumption of
new roles.
 Occupational mobility causes shifting of
roles.

53.  Hard work.
 Social structure.
 Societal values and
norms.
 Level of education.
 Marriage
 Luck

54.  Higher status is the result of personal
achievement.
 There as many channels of social mobility as
they are social roles the person enacts.
 Striving for higher status is often
accompanied by certain strains and
frustrations
 Downward social mobility carries it own costs
and personal costs.

55.  The amount of education a person has
constitute one of the most important criteria
of social status.
 Those who receive higher education may use
it as a stepping stone to a higher social status

56.  Success in life is always attached to upward
social mobility.
 The values of activity, success and quantity
are extremely improtant from the point of
view of social mobility.
 Upward mobility means for any individual
that he enjoys higher status than he
previously had, and this is in itself valued as
an achievement.