The document presents an algorithm to find an optimal L(2,1)-labeling for triangular windmill graphs. It begins with definitions of triangular windmill graphs, L(2,1)-labelings, and the Chang-Kuo algorithm. The Chang-Kuo algorithm is then applied to obtain an L(2,1)-labeling of a triangular windmill graph W(3,n) by iteratively finding and labeling maximal 2-stable sets. The maximum label used is the labeling number λ(G).
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Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling of Triangular Windmill Graphs
1. Development of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for
Triangular Windmill Graph
Jazztine Paul Bibit
Maria Christine Kadusale
Marc Christian Satuito
Ma. Jomelyn Ylen
Department of Mathematics
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
March 14, 2017
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 1 / 21
2. Introduction
L(2,1)-labeling
1 Griggs and Yeh [7] ”Labeling Graphs with a Condition at Distance
Two”
2 Chang and Kuo [5] ”The L(2,1)-labeling Problem on Graphs”
3 Fiala, Klox and Kratochvil [6] ”Fixed Parameter Complexity of
L(2,1)-labelings”
4 Calamoneri and Vocca [4] ”Approximability of the L(h,k)-Labeling
Problem”
5 F. Roberts [10] ”Channel Assignment Problem”
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 2 / 21
3. Statement of the Problem
Problem This paper aims to develop an algorithm in labeling all triangular
windmill graph so that it has an optimal L(2, 1)-labeling.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 3 / 21
4. Triangular Windmill Graph
Definition
Let n ∈ N. The triangular windmill graph W (3, n) is the graph obtained
by taking n copies of K3 with a common vertex such that n ≥ 2.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 4 / 21
5. Triangular Windmill Graph
Definition
Let n ∈ N. The triangular windmill graph W (3, n) is the graph obtained
by taking n copies of K3 with a common vertex such that n ≥ 2.
Example
Construct W (3, 3).
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 4 / 21
6. Triangular Windmill Graph
Definition
Let n ∈ N. The triangular windmill graph W (3, n) is the graph obtained
by taking n copies of K3 with a common vertex such that n ≥ 2.
Example
Construct W (3, 3). This implies n = 3. Thus, we have 3 copies of K3 and
a vertex say j which is adjacent to all vertices in K3.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 4 / 21
7. Triangular Windmill Graph
Definition
Let n ∈ N. The triangular windmill graph W (3, n) is the graph obtained
by taking n copies of K3 with a common vertex such that n ≥ 2.
Example
Construct W (3, 3). This implies n = 3. Thus, we have 3 copies of K3 and
a vertex say j which is adjacent to all vertices in K3.
Figure 1. A triangular windmill graph W (3, 3)
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 4 / 21
8. L(2,1)-labeling
Definition
An L(2,1)-labeling of a graph G is a nonnegative integer-valued function
f : V (G) → {0, 1, 2, } such that the following condition holds:
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 5 / 21
9. L(2,1)-labeling
Definition
An L(2,1)-labeling of a graph G is a nonnegative integer-valued function
f : V (G) → {0, 1, 2, } such that the following condition holds:
1 If d(u, v) = 1 then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 2, for all u, v ∈ V (G).
2 If d(u, v) = 2 then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 1, for all u, v ∈ V (G).
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 5 / 21
10. L(2,1)-labeling
Definition
An L(2,1)-labeling of a graph G is a nonnegative integer-valued function
f : V (G) → {0, 1, 2, } such that the following condition holds:
1 If d(u, v) = 1 then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 2, for all u, v ∈ V (G).
2 If d(u, v) = 2 then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 1, for all u, v ∈ V (G).
Definition
A k − L(2, 1)-labeling is an L(2,1)-labeling such that no label is greater
than k.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 5 / 21
11. L(2,1)-labeling
Definition
An optimal L(2, 1)-labeling of G is a k − L(2, 1)-labeling with minimum k
possible. The maximum label k used by an optimal L(2, 1)-labeling is
called the labeling number of G and denoted by λ(G).
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 6 / 21
12. L(2,1)-labeling
Definition
An optimal L(2, 1)-labeling of G is a k − L(2, 1)-labeling with minimum k
possible. The maximum label k used by an optimal L(2, 1)-labeling is
called the labeling number of G and denoted by λ(G).
Definition
The L(2, 1)-labeling number λ(G) is the minimum k such that G has an
L(2, 1)-labeling with max{f (v) : v ∈ V (G)} = k.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 6 / 21
13. Example
Consider C3.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 7 / 21
14. Example
Consider C3.
Figure 2. The graph of C3
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 7 / 21
15. Example
Consider C3.
Figure 2. The graph of C3
Figure 3. The L(2,1)-labeling of C3
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 7 / 21
16. Theorem
Chang-Kuo algorithm is an algorithm for obtaining an L(2,1)-labeling of a
given non-empty graph.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 8 / 21
17. Theorem
Chang-Kuo algorithm is an algorithm for obtaining an L(2,1)-labeling of a
given non-empty graph.
Input: A graph G = (V , E)
Output: L(2,1)-labeling of G and k is the maximum label
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 8 / 21
18. Theorem
Chang-Kuo algorithm is an algorithm for obtaining an L(2,1)-labeling of a
given non-empty graph.
Input: A graph G = (V , E)
Output: L(2,1)-labeling of G and k is the maximum label
Idea: In each step, find a maximal 2-stable set from these unlabeled
vertices that are distance at least 2 away from those vertices labeled
in the previous step. Then label all vertices in that 2-stable
set with the index i in current stage. The index i starts from 0 and then
increases by 1 in each step. The maximum label k is the final value of i.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 8 / 21
19. Initialization: Set S−1 = ∅; V = V (G); i = 0.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 9 / 21
20. Initialization: Set S−1 = ∅; V = V (G); i = 0. The following steps are as
follows:
S1. Determine Fi and Si where
Fi = {x ∈ V : x is unlabeled and d(x, y) ≥ 2, ∀y ∈ S−1}. Si is a
maximal 2-stable subset of Fi . If Fi = ∅ then set Si = ∅.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 9 / 21
21. Initialization: Set S−1 = ∅; V = V (G); i = 0. The following steps are as
follows:
S1. Determine Fi and Si where
Fi = {x ∈ V : x is unlabeled and d(x, y) ≥ 2, ∀y ∈ S−1}. Si is a
maximal 2-stable subset of Fi . If Fi = ∅ then set Si = ∅.
S2. Label these vertices in Si (if there is any) by 1.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 9 / 21
22. Initialization: Set S−1 = ∅; V = V (G); i = 0. The following steps are as
follows:
S1. Determine Fi and Si where
Fi = {x ∈ V : x is unlabeled and d(x, y) ≥ 2, ∀y ∈ S−1}. Si is a
maximal 2-stable subset of Fi . If Fi = ∅ then set Si = ∅.
S2. Label these vertices in Si (if there is any) by 1.
S3. V ← V Si .
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 9 / 21
23. Initialization: Set S−1 = ∅; V = V (G); i = 0. The following steps are as
follows:
S1. Determine Fi and Si where
Fi = {x ∈ V : x is unlabeled and d(x, y) ≥ 2, ∀y ∈ S−1}. Si is a
maximal 2-stable subset of Fi . If Fi = ∅ then set Si = ∅.
S2. Label these vertices in Si (if there is any) by 1.
S3. V ← V Si .
S4. V = ∅ , then i ← i + 1; go to Step 1.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 9 / 21
24. Initialization: Set S−1 = ∅; V = V (G); i = 0. The following steps are as
follows:
S1. Determine Fi and Si where
Fi = {x ∈ V : x is unlabeled and d(x, y) ≥ 2, ∀y ∈ S−1}. Si is a
maximal 2-stable subset of Fi . If Fi = ∅ then set Si = ∅.
S2. Label these vertices in Si (if there is any) by 1.
S3. V ← V Si .
S4. V = ∅ , then i ← i + 1; go to Step 1.
S5. Record the current i as k (which is the maximum label).
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 9 / 21
25. Algorithm 4.1
Input: The graph of triangular windmill graph W (3, n) where
n ∈ {2, 3, 4, . . .}
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 10 / 21
26. Algorithm 4.1
Input: The graph of triangular windmill graph W (3, n) where
n ∈ {2, 3, 4, . . .}
Output: Optimal L(2, 1)-labeling of W (3, n)
The following steps are as follows:
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 10 / 21
27. Algorithm 4.1
Input: The graph of triangular windmill graph W (3, n) where
n ∈ {2, 3, 4, . . .}
Output: Optimal L(2, 1)-labeling of W (3, n)
The following steps are as follows:
S1. Let W (3, n) be the triangular windmill graph with the vertex set of
V = {v0, v1, . . . , vn, u1, u2, . . . , u2n} and edge set of
E = {v0ui |i = 1, 2, . . . , 2n} ∪ {v0vj |j =
1, 2, . . . , n} ∪ {vku2k−1, vku2k, u2k−1u2k|k = 1, 2, . . . , n}.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 10 / 21
28. Algorithm 4.1
Input: The graph of triangular windmill graph W (3, n) where
n ∈ {2, 3, 4, . . .}
Output: Optimal L(2, 1)-labeling of W (3, n)
The following steps are as follows:
S1. Let W (3, n) be the triangular windmill graph with the vertex set of
V = {v0, v1, . . . , vn, u1, u2, . . . , u2n} and edge set of
E = {v0ui |i = 1, 2, . . . , 2n} ∪ {v0vj |j =
1, 2, . . . , n} ∪ {vku2k−1, vku2k, u2k−1u2k|k = 1, 2, . . . , n}.
S2. Let j ∈{0, 1, 2, . . . , n} and i ∈{1, 2, . . . , 2n}. Also, let
ui , vj ∈ V (W (3, n)). Label the vertices of W(3,n) using f where
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 10 / 21
29. Algorithm 4.1
Input: The graph of triangular windmill graph W (3, n) where
n ∈ {2, 3, 4, . . .}
Output: Optimal L(2, 1)-labeling of W (3, n)
The following steps are as follows:
S1. Let W (3, n) be the triangular windmill graph with the vertex set of
V = {v0, v1, . . . , vn, u1, u2, . . . , u2n} and edge set of
E = {v0ui |i = 1, 2, . . . , 2n} ∪ {v0vj |j =
1, 2, . . . , n} ∪ {vku2k−1, vku2k, u2k−1u2k|k = 1, 2, . . . , n}.
S2. Let j ∈{0, 1, 2, . . . , n} and i ∈{1, 2, . . . , 2n}. Also, let
ui , vj ∈ V (W (3, n)). Label the vertices of W(3,n) using f where
f (vj ) =
0, if j = 0,
j + 1, if j = 0.
and f (ui ) =
i + 3
2
+ n, if i is odd,
f (ui−1) + n, if i is even.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 10 / 21
30. Proof
Outline of Proof
We propose the following:
1 All W (3, n) has L(2, 1)-labeling.
2 L(2, 1)-labeling produces distinct labels.
3 Algorithm 4.1 produces optimal L(2, 1)-labeling.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 11 / 21
31. W (3, n) has L(2, 1)-labeling
The proof uses Chang-Kuo Algorithm.
Proposition 4.1
All triangular windmill graph has L(2, 1)-labeling.
Proof.
Since the triangular windmill graph is a non-empty connected graph, then
the algorithm by Chang and Kuo produced L(2, 1)-labeling. Therefore, for
all triangular windmill graph has L(2, 1)-labeling.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 12 / 21
32. Proposition 4.2
L(2, 1)-labeling for all triangular windmill graph W (3, n) will produce
distinct labels.
Proof.
Assume that two vertices, u and v ∈ V , have the same label h. Since the
distance between any two vertices u and v is at most two, then either
d(u, v) = 1 or d(u, v) = 2.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 13 / 21
33. Proposition 4.2
L(2, 1)-labeling for all triangular windmill graph W (3, n) will produce
distinct labels.
Proof.
Assume that two vertices, u and v ∈ V , have the same label h. Since the
distance between any two vertices u and v is at most two, then either
d(u, v) = 1 or d(u, v) = 2. Note that by Definition of L(2, 1)-labeling.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 13 / 21
34. Proposition 4.2
L(2, 1)-labeling for all triangular windmill graph W (3, n) will produce
distinct labels.
Proof.
Assume that two vertices, u and v ∈ V , have the same label h. Since the
distance between any two vertices u and v is at most two, then either
d(u, v) = 1 or d(u, v) = 2. Note that by Definition of L(2, 1)-labeling.
1 d(u, v) = 1 ⇒|f (u) − f (v)| = |h − h| = 0 < 2.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 13 / 21
35. Proposition 4.2
L(2, 1)-labeling for all triangular windmill graph W (3, n) will produce
distinct labels.
Proof.
Assume that two vertices, u and v ∈ V , have the same label h. Since the
distance between any two vertices u and v is at most two, then either
d(u, v) = 1 or d(u, v) = 2. Note that by Definition of L(2, 1)-labeling.
1 d(u, v) = 1 ⇒|f (u) − f (v)| = |h − h| = 0 < 2.
2 d(u, v) = 2 ⇒|f (u) − f (v)| = |h − h| = 0 < 1.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 13 / 21
36. Proposition 4.2
L(2, 1)-labeling for all triangular windmill graph W (3, n) will produce
distinct labels.
Proof.
Assume that two vertices, u and v ∈ V , have the same label h. Since the
distance between any two vertices u and v is at most two, then either
d(u, v) = 1 or d(u, v) = 2. Note that by Definition of L(2, 1)-labeling.
1 d(u, v) = 1 ⇒|f (u) − f (v)| = |h − h| = 0 < 2.
2 d(u, v) = 2 ⇒|f (u) − f (v)| = |h − h| = 0 < 1. Contradicts the
definition of L(2,1)-labeling.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 13 / 21
37. Proposition 4.3
Algorithm 4.1 produces optimal L(2,1)-labeling for all triangular windmill
graph.
WNTS the following holds:
1 Algorithm 4.1 produces L(2, 1)-labeling for W (3, n).
a. If d(u, v) = 1, then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 2, for any u, v ∈ V .
b. If d(u, v) = 2, then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 1, for any u, v ∈ V .
2 The labeling number for W (3, n) is 3n + 1.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 14 / 21
38. Algorithm 4.1 produces L(2,1)-labeling for W(3,n).
Proof for Case a
(a.) If d(u, v) = 1, then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 2, for any u, v ∈ V .
Let i ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}, j ∈ {0, 1, 2, ..., n} and k ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}
(i.) v0, ui
(ii.) v0, vj
(iii.) vk, u2k−1
(iv.) vk, u2k
(v.) u2k−1, u2k
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 15 / 21
39. Algorithm 4.1 produces L(2,1)-labeling for W(3,n).
Proof for Case b
(b.) If d(u, v) = 2, then |f (u) − f (v)| ≥ 1, for any u, v ∈ V .
(i.) vi , vj where i, j ∈ {1, 2, ..., n} and i = j
(ii.) ui , uj where i = j and i, j ∈ {1, 2, ..., 2n};
if i is even then j = i − 1
if i is odd then j = i + 1
(iii.) vj , ui when i = 2j, i = 2j − 1 and j = {1, 2, ..., n}, i = {1, 2, ..., 2n}
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 16 / 21
40. (2.) The labeling number for W (3, n) is 3n + 1.
Proof. Claim that the labeling number of W (3, n) is 3n + 1. Let k be the
maximum label.
1 Assume k < 3n.
2 Assume k = 3n.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 17 / 21
41. (2.) The labeling number for W (3, n) is 3n + 1.
Proof. Claim that the labeling number of W (3, n) is 3n + 1. Let k be the
maximum label.
1 Assume k < 3n.
2 Assume k = 3n.
Contradicts the definition of L(2,1)-labeling.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 17 / 21
42. Conclusion
The researchers reveal that:
1. All W (3, n) has L(2, 1)-labeling.
2. Algorithm 4.1 produces optimal L(2, 1)-labeling. Moreover, the labeling
number for W (3, n) is 3n + 1.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 18 / 21
43. Recommendation
1 Give a specific type of graph and give its optimal L(2, 1)-labeling.
2 Let m, n ∈ N where m = n. Observe the L(m, n)-labeling of simple
graphs and develop an algorithm so that simple graphs like path,
cycle and complete graphs has optimal L(m, n)-labeling.
Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 19 / 21
44. References
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3. T. Calamoneri, The L(h, k)-Labelling Problem: A Survey and
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4. T. Calamoneri and P. Vocca,Approximability of the L(h, k)-Labelling
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5. Gerard J. Chang and David Kuo, The L(2,1)-Labeling Problem on
Graphs, (1994)
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-labelings. ”Discrete Applied Mathematics,” (2001) 113, 5972.Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 20 / 21
45. References
7. J. R. Griggs and R. K. Yeh, Labeling graphs with a condition at
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Jazztine Paul Bibit Maria Christine Kadusale Marc Christian Satuito Ma. Jomelyn Ylen (Department of Mathematics PolytechnicDevelopment of an Optimal L(2,1)-Labeling Scheme for Triangular Windmill GraphMarch 14, 2017 21 / 21