We were given a few topics to prepare presentations for an assignment. I was allotted mobility considerations for gender. I found data mostly for women's mobility. This was done in the 1st month of 2nd Semester M.Plan (Transport Planning) at SPA Delhi. It starts with the understanding of sex ratio in indian cities, PCTR of women gathered from various research papers, SLBS that gauge women mobility, some case studies (with one from P Sainaths Everybody loves a good drought). Lots more in the ppt.

1. MOBILITY
CONSIDERATIONS FOR
GENDER
PRESENTED BY LAKSHMAN R

2. VIEW IN SLIDESHOW
MODE

3. Travel
characteristics
• PCTR
• ATL
• Purpose
• Mode Choice
• Trip patterns etc.
LFPR
Other issues
Possible solutions
Successful cases
and key learnings
Structure of Presentation
Revised SLB Framework

4. POPULATION BY GENDER
SEX IS
BIOLOGICALLY
DETERMINED
BUT GENDER
IS A SOCIAL
CONSTRUCT
XY XX
XO
XXX
XXY
XYY
MALE INTERSEX FEMALE
0.16 Million 181.6 Million
195.5 Million
377.264 Million
Urban Population
0.1% 48.1%
51.8%
% Share
Total Urban
Population
BROADLY, 3
BIOLOGICAL
SEXES
RECORDED IN
CENSUS
TRAVEL CHARACTERISTI
PER CAPITA TRIP RATE & ATL
MOST RESEARCH IS LIMITED TO WOMEN
IN TRANSPORT (PREDOMINANTLY ROAD
BASED)
CITY GENDE
R
PCT
R
AT
L
PUNE*
MALE 1.21 4.2
FEMAL
E
0.79 3.7
RAJKO
T
MALE 1.70 3.4
FEMAL
E
1.10 2.6
UDAIPU
R
MALE 1.70 NA
FEMAL
E
0.75 NA
PCTR
INCOME GROUP
RAJKOT PCTR GENDERWISE
INCOME GROUP
ATL
RAJKOT ATL GENDERWISE
PUNE* - 1996 data

5. WHY ARE FEMALE PCTRs & ATLs LOW?
LFPR very low --- Trip Purposes
I. Home based work
II. Make fewer trips, Trip chaining
III. Poverty of time
IV. Travel lesser distance
V. Low salaries, low financial viability hence they opt out of work at
times
41%
21%
18%
15%
3%
1% 1%
TRIP PURPOSE - ALL
Work
Education
Purchases
Household and Care
2017-18 - Urban Bihar Female LFPR – 7%
Male LFPR - 69%
Most trips by women are for Non work based unlike men – Purchases,
Family Care, Education etc. many which are intra-zonal
TRAVEL PURPOSE MALE & FEMALE

6. TRIP PATTERNS
II. WOMEN’S TRIPS ALSO TEND TO BE DURING OFF-PEAK HOURS, OFTEN AFTER
FAMILY
CAREDUTIES ARE FULFILLED
III. ACCOMPANYING TRAVELLERS
IV. MONEY SAVING TENDENCY REFLECTS IN TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR
FEMALE TRIP PATTERNS
TRIP CHAINING
MALE TRIP PATTERNS
I. DESTINATION OF TRIPS: INFORMAL CONSTITUTES A
LARGE SHARE OF SECTORS IN WHICH WOMEN ARE
EMPLOYED. HENCE TRIP DESTINATIONS ARE OFTEN
NOT CBDS AND HUBS OF CITIES LIKE MEN.

7. MODE CHOICE
Women make 61% of all walk trips and 60% of all trips by shared IPT, making these two modes
critical for their access and mobility. Similarly, trips by Train also high apart from car.
Source: Safer Streets, Safer Cities in Bihar
Street design guidance to mainstream women’s mobility and access

8. MODE CHOICE
49.70%
36.70%
7.55%
3.20%
2.62%1.00%
Women’s mode choice for
access to Suburban Rail,
Mumbai
Walk Auto/Shared Bus
Train Taxi Pvt
Metro
86% Walk/IPT
used for
Access
Suburban
Rail
Main Haul
Egress
No data in
study

9. ISSUES FACED BY WOMEN IN TRANSPORTATION
Chennai-based non-profit organization AWARE (Awareness for Wo+Men to Advocate their Rights and
Equality) through its initiative, ‘Reclaiming Safer Spaces for Women and Girls in Chennai’ conducted a
survey and had the following findings
“Among the 1,400 online respondents, 400 were on-site, 64% were female and 36% male; and about 90% were
between the ages of 18 and 35,”

10. ISSUES FACED BY WOMEN IN TRANSPORTATION
I. HARASSMENT
II. LACK OF SAFETY
III. COSTLIER SHORT TRIPS
IV. LACK OF ACCESS TO MOTOR VEHICLES
V. LACK OF SKILL TO DRIVE
VI. SOCIETAL NORMS
VII. LACK OF LIGHTING, EYES ON STREET
VIII. WAITING TIME DURING NON-PEAK HOURS
IX. LACK OF ACCESS LEADING TO UNEMPLOYMENT
X. PATTERN OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
SHORT DISTANCE TRIPS COST 3 – 5 RS/KM
LONG DISTANCE TRIPS COST 1.75 RS/KM

11. ISSUES FACED BY WOMEN IN TRANSPORTATION
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT THAT DISCOURAGES WALKING – MODE PREFERRED BY WOMEN TO MAKE S

12. INCLUSIVE SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

13. INCLUSIVE SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

14. INCLUSIVE SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

15. FREE BUS SERVICES FOR WOMEN
DELHI
PROVISION OF NMT INFRASTRUCTU

16. HOPPER FARES
CASE OF LONDON
Women were only
20% of PBS users in
2010
Share then increased
to 40% by 2017
ECOBICI
MEXICO
PUBLIC BIKE
SHARING SYSTEM
The drivers were selected
by the Kerala Women’s
Development Corporation
and given a loan to buy the
vehicles at 7 per cent
interest.
Maruti supplied the cars at
concessional rates
SHE-TAXI
KERALA

17. Mobility included as a part of the literacy drive.
Banks gave loans for the women to buy cycles. Cycles were also
made available on rent due to demand.
Demand created and then a kind of PBS supplied to match the
demand
Every woman wanted to learn. Not surprisingly, this led to a
shortage of ‘ladies’ cycles. Never mind. ‘Gents’ cycles would do
just as nicely, thank you. Some women preferred the latter as
these have an additional bar from the seat to the handle. You
can seat a child on that.
Cycle design must include considerations of trip purpose,
trip accompaniers etc.
Under a National Literacy Mission survey in 1990, it was identified
that two lakh people were illiterate in the district out of which 70%
were women.
Over 1 lakh women in the Pudukkottai district learned the art of
cycling in 1992-1993.
CYCLING REVOLUTION IN PUDUKKOT

18. BOUNDARY WALL ART,
ADS FOR AWARENESS
RECOGNITION OF IPT AS A
MAJOR MODE OF TRANSPORT
FOR WOMEN
Regulation of IPT services
Formalization of shared routes
Allocation of space for stops, terminals etc.

19. IF WOMEN WERE TO PLAY AN EQUAL ROLE IN LABOUR MARKETS, AS MUCH AS US$28 TRILLION
COULD BE ADDED TO THE GLOBAL ECONOMY BY 2025 ACCORDING TO THE MCKINSEY GLOBAL
INSTITUTE.
HENCE, ONE OF THE MOST ESSENTIAL KEYS TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR
WOMEN, ESPECIALLY POOR WOMEN, IS SAFE, ACCESSIBLE, AND AFFORDABLE
TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS.
Buses to accommodate baby carriages, luggage and wheel chairs and level
access platforms to trains
Step-free access to Trains
Low Floor Busses
Feeding Rooms at Transit hubs
Toilets
Male- 4 WC for first 1000 persons and 1 for every subsequent 1000 persons;
6 urinals for first 1000 persons and 1 for every subsequent 1000 persons
Female- 5 WC for first 1000 persons and 1 for every subsequent 2000
persons

20. This is significant not only for women’s quality of life on its own, but for India’s economy. In
urban India, women’s labor force participation is only at 15.5 per cent—and actually dropped
by 19.2 million people between 2005 and 2012. That loss is costing India a big chunk of
money: if more women were to work across the country, the country could reap a substantial
reward—to the tune of a whopping 770 billion increase to India’s GDP by 2025.
CONCLUSION
REAL TIME INFORMATION
SYSTEM AT BUS STOPS
Could really help decrease the uncertainty and aid in
planning of journeys
Especially when women travel in non peaks hours
with trip chaining.

21. REFERENCES
I. ‘Other’ Gender in India: An Analysis of 2011 Census Data - Chaitali Mandal
II. Census 2011
III. https://intersexindia.org/blog-posts/
IV. https://www.orfonline.org/research/promoting-female-participation-in-urban-indias-labour-force-63693/#_edn40
V. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/explaining-the-decline-in-women-s-role-in-workforce-
101639333923098.html
VI. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-india-is-no-country-for-working-women-explainspeaking-7249928/
VII. https://idronline.org/why-india-needs-a-gender-sensitive-public-transport-system/
VIII. https://thecityfix.com/blog/why-it-is-key-to-include-gender-equality-in-transport-design-jyot-chadha-vishal-ramprasad/
IX. Women in Transport, ITDP
X. The Urban Catalysts
XI. Practical Cities Webinar – Aswathy Dilip
XII. UTTIPEC Guidelines
XIII. https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/access_for_all_series_1_baja.pdf
XIV. Everybody Loves a Good Drought – P. Sainath
XV. https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/waning-women-at-work/story-1v5eNLUCxJ7ibHIkbRenEM.html
XVI. http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/govt-spent-rs-484-cr-on-free-bus-ride-scheme-48-cr-availed-service-so-far-468291
XVII. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-count-of-third-gender-in-census-4-9-lakh/articleshow/35741613.cms