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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1458 Comparative Analysis of CI Engine Fuelled with Mahua oil & Jatropha oil derived Single & Dual Biodiesel Blends Milind Balkrishna Patil1, Prof. Arun M. Kulkarni2, Prof. Amol S. Dayma3, Dr. Mrs. S. N. Bobade4 1 & 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSJCOET, Asangaon, University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSJCOE, Dombivli, University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 4Research Head, Indian Biodiesel Corporation, Baramati, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Biodiesel is becoming a significant substitute for petroleum-based automotive fuels. Biodiesel is producedfrom vegetable oils (edible or inedible), animal fats or used cooking oils. Edible vegetable oils are mainly used for human consumption; can lead to an increase in the price of biodiesel. Available quantities of used oils and animal fats are not sufficient to meet current biodiesel demands. For these reasons, the uses of inexpensive inedible vegetable oils are preferred for the production of biodiesel. The actual raw material supply of any vegetable oil is not sufficient to meet current demand. Competition for biodiesel ismainly related to the cost of raw materials, which is high since the production process uses only a favorable raw material for the oils. The cost of producing biodiesel can be reduced by mixing two different biodiesels. To meet the current demand foradequate alternative fuels with a reasonable market price, biodiesel must be derived by blending two or more biodiesels from different feed stocks. The properties of the different biodiesels vary in a very small proportion, which gives more possibilities to combine different biodiesels between them. In the dual blend of biodiesel, we blended two different biodiesels that combine 50% Mahua oil and 50% biodiesel derived from Jatropha oil. Biodiesel has been blended with additives in various proportions to prepare a series of test fuels that are tested in a diesel engine to study various parameters. In this research, we study the performance characteristics of the CI engine fueled with Mahua oil and single and double biodiesel blends derived from Jatropha oil. Key words: Mahua, Jatropha, Single, Dual, Biodiesel, Blends 1. INTRODUCTION Energy is a major contribution to economic growth and sustainable development in both industrialized and developing countries. The global energy requirement for transport is covered by non-renewable fossil fuels. As fossil fuels are limited sources of energy, the growing demand for energy has led to the search for alternative energy sources economically efficient, socially just and ecologically. It has been established that these energy sources have limited quantities and that they shouldbeusedtoexhaustresources. Fuel is an essential energy source for industrial and daily transport activities. It is important to meet the demand for fuel to reach the development around the world. Globalization is growing rapidly, which is difficult to satisfy. In view of the decline in supply and rising demand, oil prices are likely to rise further. In addition, growing concern about climate change caused by humans as a result of rising temperatures and pollution of the environment are other sources of clean energy driving. Alternative options for conventional fossil fuels are urgently required for sustainable development. One such source is ethanol from biomass / cereal crops andbiodiesel processingof edible oils and non-edible plant. Biodiesel is a better option to meet the demand for diesel. India's energy supply is mainly covered by non- renewable energy sources such as coal, natural gas and oil. These will continue to play a dominant role in their energy scenario over the coming decades. The strongest energy demand comes from the industry, followed by the transport sector. The car population in India is expected to grow by 10 to 12% per annum. The current diesel consumption in India accounts for about 40% of the total oil consumptioninIndia. While the domestic production of oil and natural gas will be lower than demand. There is a large gapbetweensupplyand demand, which is currently imported, resulting in a heavy burden on the foreign currency of the country. Therefore, ensure long-term supply ofenergysourcesanddevelopment is important to set priorities to ensure thatthefuture energy needs are met. The country is currently looking for alternative energy options from biofuels to meet the requirements of the transport sector.Topromotebiofuels as an alternative source of energy, the Indian government foresees compulsory biofuels fuel requirements, with incentives policy, the development and optimal use of raw materials of domestic biomass to facilitate production of biofuels. [1-17] 1.1 Biodiesel Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel thatcanbeuseddirectly in any unchanged diesel engine. Since it has properties similar to diesel fuel, biodiesel can be mixed with diesel fuel in any ratio. Biodiesel is a relatively new product in India. Vegetable oils have long been used as new fuel engines. In 1912 the use of vegetable oils for fuels appears to be insignificant. Plant oil as an optimistic alternative presents because of its various advantages: it is renewable, environmentally friendly and occurs easily in rural areas in urgent need for new energy forms.Scientistshavefoundthat
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1459 the viscosity of vegetable oil could be reduced by a simple chemical process in 1970 and could function well as a diesel fuel in a modern engine. The fuel generated by simple transversal of vegetable oil is called biodiesel. It is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines and provides a performance similartoconventional diesel fuel.It reduces the dependency of the countries on foreign oil imports. The selection of non-edible vegetable oils as a raw material for biodiesel production requires a review of existing work. Extensive recent researchintothe production of biodiesel from various raw materials shows the advantages of inedible oils compared to edible oils. The production of biodiesel from inedible petroleum raw materials can solve the problems of food, the environment and economic issues related to edible vegetables. The development of inedible biodiesel could be an important program to combat poverty for the poor in rural areas, and to ensure energy security in general and in particular rural areas and to improve rural agriculture. All these problems have a major impact on the sustainability of biodiesel production. The complete replacement of oil imports for the transport and agricultural sectors is the biggest and most difficult challenge for India and other parts of the world. By modifying existing facilities to conduct comprehensive biodiesel research studies and their feasibility for compression ignition engines, this research will serve as a model for such a design. [1-17] 1.2 Present work The development of the biodiesel industryandtheuseof biodiesel in developing countries such as India is a low priority sector. The present work is a small step towards minimize dependency on individual biodiesel & to promote production of dual hybrid biodiesel of two different vegetable oils. The sustainable developmentcan beachieved by mixing a combination of renewable and alternative fuels such as biodiesel from various vegetable oils and hybridize biofuels to improve efficiency of vehicles. The search for an alternative fuel for diesel fuel is crucial for the economy and safety of every nation. The main goal of this research is to synthesize biodiesel from non-food feed stocks such as Jatropha & Mahua and then compare theirdifferentvariants. This study is a step towards the sustainable development of biodiesel through the use of inedible raw materials, which are available and have outstanding properties. The choice of Mahua and Jatropha for the hybridization of tropical raw materials to improve their quality parameters is of interest to research. The underlying motivation of this research is to develop new biodiesel production routes through the hybridization process. The hybridization of the raw material biodiesel is a new development process presented in this study. Researchers around the world have not tested thisprocessasanoption.It is therefore a new focus on biodiesel developments.Another motivation is that in the production, evaluation and testing of biodiesel from inedible raw materials mahua oil and jatropha, creates a way for the expansion of trade and the adaptation of the technology. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among the nonedible oil sources, Mahua and Jatropha seeds have been identified as potential biodiesel sources and comparing with other sources, they have added advantages such as rapid growth, higher seed productivity, suitable for tropical and subtropical regions of the India. 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Mahua oil Madhuca indica is found mainly in India, commonly known as Mahua. It belongs to the family of the Sapotaceae and grows rapidly up to about 20 m high, has perennial or semi- annual foliage and adapts to arid environments. In some countries, Mahua oil is considered edible as it is only used for the production of ghee. In our country, however, it is considered unpalatable oil. Madhuca indica is one of the inedible, non-edible tree-based oils with a high production potential of around 60 million tonnes per year in India. This type of tree has a slow growth because the average height at the end of the fourth year is about 0.9 to 1.2 m. It also has resistance to drought. Trees have a large root system that stretches, but many roots are flat. The leaf falls between February and April and begins to bloom at the same time. The fruit matures in May-July. Mahua is spread by seeds. Grain is about 70% of the seed and contains 50% of oil. Each tree produces about 20 to 40 kg of seeds per year depending on the age and size of the tree and the total oil yield per hectare is 2.7 t per year. Its seed contains about 35-40% Madhuca indica. It is an important tree for the poor; is very popular for its flowers and seeds. The tree has a religious and aesthetic value in tribal culture. [3-7] 2.1.2 Jatropha oil Jatropha oil is inedible oilfortheproductionofbiodiesel. The jatropha plant has a scientific name like Jatropha curcas from the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a small tree or a large shrub, up to 5-7 m tall. It is a drought-resistant plantthatcan survive on abandoned farmland and Brachland. It is a tropical plant that can thrive in a series of climatic zones with precipitation of 250 to 1200 mm. The plantcomesfrom Mexico, Central America, Africa, India, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and Paraguay. It is well adapted to arid and semi- arid conditions and has low fertility and moisture requirements. It can also grow in moderately calcined, salty, degraded and eroded soils. The ideal plant density per hectare is 2500. It produces seeds after 12 months and reaches its maximum productivity in five years and can live
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1460 between 30 and 50 years. Depending on the variety of soil conditions, jatropha seeds contain 43-59% of oil. [8-11] 2.1.3 Catalyst The catalysts are used to accelerate a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy, which is the energyrequired to initiate the reaction. There are two types of catalyst systems, heterogeneous and homogeneous systems. Nowadays, heterogeneous catalysts are not very popular because of the high cost or incapacity to achieve the degree of reaction required by the ASTMspecificationstandard. The homogeneous system includes acids and bases. However, acid catalysts are not preferred due to a much slower Transesterification process of triglycerides in fatty acid methyl ester versus basic catalysts. The catalyst provides very high yields but the reaction rate is very slow and requires more time andhighertemperaturestocomplete the reaction. Thus, acid catalystsarecommonlyusedtopre-treat raw materials with high levels of free fatty acids. During this pretreatment, the fatty acids areconvertedintothefattyacid ester. Alkali metal alkoxides are the most effective transesterification catalyst compared to the acidic catalyst. The most common alkaline catalysts are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is most efficient catalyst used for this purpose. The catalyst concentration in the range of 0.5 to 1% by weight yields 90 to 94% conversion of vegetable oil into esters. Further increase in catalyst concentration does not increase in conversion yields. Although there are different types of Transesterification processes for basic and acidic catalysts, virtually all commercial biodiesel manufacturers use basic catalysts. [12-15] 2.2Methodology 2.2.1 Transesterification reaction: Transesterification of vegetable oils with simplealcohol has long been the preferred method for producing biodiesel. Transesterification is a reversible reaction between triglyceride and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst for producing glycerol, and a monoalkyl ester is known as biodiesel. The weight of the monoalkyl ester is one third of the typical oil and therefore has a lower viscosity. The chemical reaction that the biodiesel preparation describes is: Fig-1: Transesterification reaction process of Biodiesel production In this figure, R1, R2, R3 represent long carbon chains. This reaction is occurred by alkali (NaOH,KOH),acid(H2SO4,HCl) or enzymes (lipase). In the transesterification process, methanol and ethanol are more frequent. Methanol is most prevalent due to its low cost and physico-chemical advantages associated with the dissolution of triglycerides and alkalis.The first step is the conversion of triglycerides to diglycerides, followed by the conversion of diglycerides to monoglycerides, and of monoglycerides to glycerol, yielding one methyl ester molecule from each glyceride at each step. In most cases, biodiesel is produced by a catalyzed transesterification process based on oil and is more economical. 2.2.2 Properties of Biodiesel Some of the desirable fuel properties of biodiesel derived from various vegetable oils are shown in Table-1. Table-1: Properties of diesel and biodiesel fuels Biodiesel is a better fuel than diesel in terms of sulfur content, firing pointandaromaticscontent.Thepropertiesof biodiesel fuel are close to diesel fuels, and biodiesel is thus a solid alternative to diesel fuels. The conversion of triglycerides to methyl or ethyl esters by the transesterification process reduces the molecular weight to one third of the triglyceride, reduces the viscositybya factor of about eight, and easily increases volatility. These methyl Properties Diesel Mahua oil Biodiesel (100% MB) Jatropha oil Bio- diesel (100% JB) Dual Biodiesel (50% MB + 50% JB) Density (gm./cc) 0.840 0.870 0.880 0. 873 Calorific value (kJ/kg) 42490 38450 39050 38850 Cetane number 45 51.2 51.6 51.5 Viscosity@ 40 ⁰C 3.05 5.8 4.84 5.4 Flash point ⁰C 58 129 162 149
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1461 esters of different biodiesel have a higher denudation than diesel. The calorific value of these biodiesel is about 10% less than diesel. These methyl esters of various biodiesel containing 10 to 11% by weight of oxygen can improve the combustion as comparedtothehydrocarbondiesel fuel in an engine. The cetane biodiesel index is50,whichishigherthan diesel. The use of tertiary aminesandamidescanbeeffective to improve the ignition quality of diesel fuel without adversely affecting the cold-flow characteristics. If the volatility increases slightly, the boot problem persists when it is cold. 3. EXPERIMENTATION 3.1 Test Engine Fig-2: 4-stroke compression ignition engine A single stage cylinder, constant speed, 4-stroke water cooled diesel engine was used for the engine test. Different blends of biofuel with diesel are tested for different parameters. The specification of diesel engine inwhich experimentis performed is as follows: Table-2: Specification of engine FUEL DIESEL TYPE OF IGNITION COMPRESSION RATED POWER 5.2 kW @ 1500 rpm NO. OF CYLINDER ONE COMPRESSION RATIO 16.5:1 BORE 80 mm STROKE 110 mm ORIFICE DIAMETER 22 mm METHOD OF LOADING ROPE BREAKE METHOD OF STARTING CRANK START 3.2 Blends The blending of pure diesel with single & dual biodiesels is done in different proportion which to be tested. In Single biodiesel blends diesel is blended with any one biodiesel derived from only one vegetable oil. In dual biodiesel blending, we are blended two different biodiesels i.e. combination of 50% Mahua oil & 50% Jatropha oil derived biodiesel with diesel fuel. The dual blending contains equal blending quantity of two different biodiesels. The different variants with their proportions are as follows: 3.2.1 Fuel I: Mahua biodiesel Variants i. MB5: (95% Diesel + 5% Mahua Biodiesel) ii. MB10: (90% Diesel + 10% Mahua Biodiesel) iii. MB15: (85% Diesel + 15% Mahua Biodiesel) iv. MB20: (80% Diesel + 20% Mahua Biodiesel) 3.2.2 Fuel II: Jatropha biodiesel Variants i. JB5: (95% Diesel + 5% Jatropha Biodiesel) ii. JB10: (90% Diesel + 10% Jatropha Biodiesel) iii. JB15: (85% Diesel + 15% Jatropha Biodiesel) iv. JB20: (80% Diesel + 20% Jatropha Biodiesel) 3.2.3 Fuel III: Dual biodiesel Variants i. DuB5: (95% Diesel + 5% Dual Biodiesel) ii. DuB10: (90% Diesel + 10% Dual Biodiesel) iii. DuB15: (85% Diesel + 15% Dual Biodiesel) iv. DuB20: (80% Diesel + 20% Dual Biodiesel) 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Engine performance Biodiesel was mixed with additives in various proportions to produce a series of test fuelstestedina diesel engine to examine various parameters. The engine power is measured with 100% diesel, 5%, 10%, 15% and20% blends of Mahua, Jatropha and Dual Biodiesel. 4.1.1 Brake Power The comparison of B.P. (kW) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-1.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1462 At full load (5kW) condition Chart-1: Comparison of B.P. (kW) for Biodiesel Blends The braking performance can be called pure power, useful power or power required to move the wheels. It has been observed that by increasing the amount of biodiesel contained in the fuel, the braking performance is reduced. This is mainly due to the lower calorific value, the higher flash point, the higher viscosity and the delayed combustion process. It can also be seen that the brake power decreased gradually with increasingpercentageof biodiesel. Ithasbeen observed that Mahua biodiesel variants have a lower BP value than two other mixtures due to its higher viscosity. 4.1.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption The comparison of BSFC (Kg/kWh) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-2. At full load (5kW) condition Chart-2: Comparison of BSFC (Kg/kWh) for Biodiesel Blends Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) is a measure of the efficiency of the engine in using the fuel supplied to produce work. It can be observed that the BSFC values are higher when biodiesel blends are used due to the higher density and lower calorific value of biodiesel blends. Fromthegraph it was observed that the brake specific fuel consumption of the Mahua biodiesel among these three fuels is higher. Ithas also been observed that dual biodiesel blends have an intermediate value for all fuels variants. As seeninthegraph by increasing the biodiesel content in the fuel, the value of BSFC increases in ascending order for all these fuels. 4.1.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency The comparison of B.T.E. (%) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-3. At full load (5kW) conditions 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 5 10 15 20 B.T.E.(%) Biodidel % in Blends Comparison of B.T.E. % for Biodiesel Blends MB JB DuB Chart-3: Comparison of B.T.E. % for Biodiesel Blends The brake thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake horse power to the heat energy of the fuel supplied during the same interval of time. From the graph it was observed that with the increase of the biodiesel share a decrease of the BTE is recorded. The dual biodiesel variants show a middle nature between Mahua biodiesel and Jatropha biodiesel mixtures. 4.1.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature The comparison of E.G.T. (0C) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-4. At full load (5kW) condition Chart-4: Comparison of E.G.T. 0C for Biodiesel Blends
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1463 The observation was made by EGT measurements with increasing biodiesel%. EGT will also increase for all three mixtures. The reason for a highertemperatureoftheexhaust gas was an incomplete combustion in the high load cylinder, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the exhaust gas. Also a poor atomization of vegetable oil due to a higher viscosity to cause a slow combustion of the supplied oil can burn at the end of the cycle. 4.2 Engine Emissions 4.2.1 Hydrocarbons Emissions The comparison of HC Emission (ppm) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-5. At full load (5kW) condition Chart-5: Comparison of HC Emission (ppm) for Biodiesel Blends It has been observed that by increasing the amount of biodiesel, the HC emissions for all three variants are also reduced. Because of the higher viscosity, all the hydrocarbons present in the Mahua biodiesel do not completely burn, leaving behindthe particulatecarbonof the engine exhaust so thattheMahua biodiesel hasmaximumHC emissions. With the increase in the biodiesel share in the mixtures, the HC emissions have consequently followed a decreasing trend. 4.2.2 CO2 Emissions The comparison of CO2 Emission (ppm) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-6. At full load (5kW) condition Chart-6: Comparison of CO2 Emission (ppm) for Biodiesel Blends It has been observed that among these three biodiesel Jatropha biodiesel blends show lowest value of the CO2 emissions and higher value of % CO2 emissions with a larger amount of biodiesel in Mahua biodiesel. MB has a value that is slightly larger than the other two types of biodiesel mixtures. A higher proportion CO2 emission from all biodiesel blends is due to theincreasedviscosityofbiodiesel. 4.2.3 CO Emissions The comparison of CO Emission (ppm) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-7. At full load (5kW) condition Chart-7: Comparison of CO Emission (ppm) for Biodiesel Blends From the graph it is observed that the CO emission is decreases due to sufficient fuel combustion. The air-fuel ratio decreases with increasing load as all typical combustion engines due to the cleaner combustion of the mixture. As the percentage of biodiesel increased in the blend, the higher oxygen contents of biodiesel allow more carbon molecules to burn and combustion becomes
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1464 completed. Moreover, low aromatics inthe blendsmaybe an additional reason for reducing CO emission. 4.2.4 NOx Emissions The comparison of NOX Emission (ppm) for different biodiesel blends is shown in chart-8. At full load (5kW) condition Chart-8: Comparison of NOx Emission (ppm) for Biodiesel Blends From the graph it is observed that the NOx emission increases with the increase of the biodiesel content (%). It was found that the NOx emission was a maximumof20% for the three different fuels. With the rise of biodiesel in pure diesel, NOx emissions will rise. In addition, the density has an effect on the emission of NOx, that is, biodiesel has a higher density that causes more fuel jet into the combustion chamber, resulting in a rise in NOx. NOx occurs in areas of cylinders in which high temperature peaks occurred during uncontrolled combustion. NOx emission for these biodiesel variants is more than diesel in all loading conditions. This is mainly due to the presence of oxygen and more cetaneofthe biodiesel variants. 5. CONCLUSION In the present study, it is observed that the qualities of biodiesel produced from non-edible oil are comparablewith diesel fuel. As they are slightly heavier than diesel fuel hence their viscosities are also little higher than that of diesel fuel. The heating values of these methyl esters are slightly lower as compared to diesel fuel. Further the performance and emissioncharacteristicsof MB & JB methyl ester and their various dual blends with diesel have been studied at full loads and constant speed of 1500 rpm. Over the entire range of speed, all fuel variants give average reduction in brake power (BP) and increased brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). In caseofengine emission, the fuel blends give an average reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. However, all fuel blends increased nitrous oxides (NOx) emission. The overall results suggest that the dual biodiesel variants have intermediate results for all the parameters.Dual variantsare preferable due to very less output difference than higher variants for engine performance and better in emissions over the same variants. The performance of DuB is found to be very close to two other fuel variants. This study suggests that the Dual blends can be preferred over single biodiesel blends. REFERENCES [1] Rahul Patel, Kshitiz K. Jain, Satyam Sharma,Saurabh Barange, “Performanceandemissioncharacteristics of diesel engine using vegetable oils and its blends,” IJAERS IV, Dec. 2014. [2] Nada E. M. ElSolh, Kassel and Cairo Universities, “The Manufacture of Biodiesel from the used vegetable oil,” Uni Kassel Versitat, Feb. 2011. [3] Purna C. Mishra, Swarup. K. Nayak, Durga. P. Ghosh, Manoj Ukamanal, Sushanta. K. Sahu, “Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produced from Mahua Oil UsingAdditive,” IOSR-JMCE, Aug. 2013. [4] Hariram V., Vagesh Shangar R., “Characterization and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Crude Mahua Oil by Two Stage Transesterification,” (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN (2014), 2320- 0936 Volume-03, Issue-11. [5] V. N. Ariharan, V. N. Meena Devi, N. K. Parameswaran, P. Nagendra Prasad, “Madhuca indica [MAHUA] an Alternative Source for Biodiesel Industrial of Future,” IJPSRR 33(2), Aug. 2015. [6] A. F. Sherwani, A. Sharma, A. K. Yadav, “Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emission Parameters of A C.I. Engine Fuelled With Different Blends Of Biodiesel Derived From Mahua Oil And Waste Cooking Oil,” IJIRSET Vol. 2, Sept. 2013. [7] Khandelwal Shikha, Chauhan. Y. Rita, “Biodiesel production from non edible-oils: A Review,” ITM University Gwalior, India, JOCPR (2012),4(9):4219- 4230. [8] R. K. Singh, Saroj Padhi, “Characterization of Jatropha oil for the preparation of biodiesel,” Natural product radiance Vol. 8(2), 2009.
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1465 [9] Nagarhalli M. V., Nandedkar V. M., “Performance of diesel engine using blends of Esters of Jatropha and Karanja- A novel approach,” International Journal of Advanced EngineeringTechnology,, IJAET/Vol.III,E- ISSN 0976-3945, Sept. 2012. [10] Jayant Arbune, Shyam Manatkar, Neha Koparde, Manjiree Hingane, Abhijeet Ghadge, “Performance and emission analysis of biodiesel (Jatropha + Chicken Fat) on diesel engine,” IMPACT: IJRET, ISSN(E): 2321-8843; ISSN(P): 2347-4599 Vol. 2, Issue 5, May 2014,( 81-90). [11] Nafis Ahmad, A. Y. F. Bokhary , “A Comparative Study of Performance andEmissionsCharacteristics under Pure Diesel and Blends of AlternativeFuelsof a C I Engine,” Department of Thermal Engineering, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,, IJMME-IJENS, Vol:10 No:06, Dec. 2010. [12] Sruthi Gopal, Sajitha C. M., “Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil Using CaO Catalyst & Analysis of Its Performance in Four Stroke Diesel Engine,”IJSRP Vol. 3, Nov.2013 [13] B. L. Maharana, Dr. H. Chnadra, “Evaluation of performance of diesel engine with biodiesel,” E- ISSN2249–8974/Bitcon-2015. [14] A. K. Singh, S. D. Fernando, R. Hernandez, “Base- Catalyzed Fast Transesterification of Soybean Oil Using Ultrasonication,” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2007, pp. 1161-1164. [15] Arun, N., Sampath, M., Siddharth, S., Prasaanth, R. A., “Experimental Studies of base catalyzed Transesterification of Karanja oil,”Journal ofEnergy & Environment, 2011, 2(2): 351–356. [16] Gashaw, A., and Lakachew, A., “Production of biodiesel from non edible oil and its Properties,” International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 2014, 3(4): 1544 –1562. [17] Azam M. M., Waris A., Nahar N. M., “Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non- traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India,” Biomass and Bioenergy 29: (293-302), 2005.
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