Bio-diesel is a synthetic diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste oils via a chemical process. It has several advantages over petroleum diesel, including producing less greenhouse gas emissions and being safer to handle. Bio-diesel can be used as a substitute for or blended with petroleum diesel. In Pakistan, organizations like the Alternative Energy Development Board and private companies have conducted research on utilizing bio-diesel for transportation and power generation. Some projects have successfully tested bio-diesel blends in vehicles and set up a power plant fueled by bio-diesel produced locally from oil crops.

1. BIO-DIESEL A GREEN BIO-FUEL Engr. Safwan Ali (Associated Technical Consultants)

5. Bio-Diesel… Emissions Compared to Petroleum Diesel -50% -90% nPAH (nitrated PAHs) -13% -80% PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) -20% -100% Sulfates +2% +13% NOx -22% -30% Particulate Matter -20% -50% Carbon Monoxide -30% -93% Total Unburned Hydrocarbon B20 B100 Emission Type

7. Bio-Diesel… Fuel Properties 40 - 50 35 - 45 130,000 7.50 Raw Vegetable Oil 3.3 50 138,000 7.10 Bio-Diesel Mix (B-20) 5.7 55 130,000 7.30 100% Bio-Diesel 3.0 48 140,000 7.05 No. 2 Petroleum Diesel Viscosity (Centistokes) Cetane Number Heat of Combustion (BTU/gal) Fuel Weight (Lbs/gal)