2. Presentation Layout
Introduction
General Discussion about biodiesels
Previous works and properties of jatropha
Simulation Model
Experimental set-up
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References

3. Introduction
Need for Alternative Fuel
 Fast Depletion of Fossil Fuels
 Global Warming and Environmental Pollution
 Ever Increasing Energy Demand
 Crisis of Energy throughout the World

4. What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is made from 100% renewable recourses and it is
considered as the fuel of future.
It is made from vegetable oil through a process called
transesterification.
CH2OOR
|
CHOOR
|
CH2OOR
(Triglyceride)
CH2OH
|
+ 3 CH3OH → 3CH3OOCR + CHOH
|
CH2OH
(Methanol) (Methyl Ester) (Glycerol)
Transesterification Reaction

5. PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE
Almost 10 kg of fossil CO2 released 3.78 liter of fuel burned
Fossil CO2
Release to Atmosphere
Refining
Exploration
Use in Cars and Trucks

6. BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE
No fossil CO2 Released ; No global warming
Renewable CO2
Use in Cars and Trucks
Oil Crops
Biodiesel Production

7. Previous Works
Researcher
Method
Conclusion
Rao [1]
Experimental
Decrease in engine performance and
emissions
Increase in NOx
Dwivedi et al. [2]
Experimental
BSFC increased
Brake thermal efficiency was almost equal
Prasad et al. [3]
Experimental
Higher BSFC
Lower CO and HC emissions
Higher NOx emission
Amarnath et al. [4] Experimental
Slight reduction in performance
Lower HC emission
Increase in NOx emission

8. Properties of Jatropha
Property
Fuel
Diesel
Jatropha
Cetane No.
48
53
Molecular Mass
190
282
Calorific Value (MJkg-1)
42.5
38
Density (kgm-3)
830
872
C
0.87
0.766
H
0.126
0.120
O
0.004
0.114
Dynamic Viscosity
coeffecient at 325 K(Pas)
0.003
0.0057
Composition
(in mass fraction)

9. Simulation Model
Conservation of mass*
dm

= ∑mj
dt
j

m j is the mass flow rate of the jth species
Conservation of species*

 mj

Yj = ∑

j  m
 j
ΩW
 Yi − Yi cyl + i mw

ρ

(
)
Yi j and Yi cyl are the stoichiometric coefficients on the product side and reactant side
Ωi is a dimensionless integral dependent on ith species
Wmw is the molecular weight of the species
Conservation of energy*
d ( mu )
=
dt


Internal Energy
dv
−p
 
dt
Displacement Work
+
dQht
dt

Heat Transfer

+ ∑j mjhj
 
 
Enthalpy Flux
*as described by Hamdan and Khalil [5]

10. Simulation Model
Equivalence ratio
Brake power
Specific fuel consumption
NOx formation Modelling*
( A F)
λ=
( A F)S
=
(m

(m
a
a
mf

mf
)
)
S
Pb = T .ω
SFC =

mf
Pb
O2 ↔ 2O
N 2 +O ↔ NO+N
Zeldovich mechanism
N+O2 ↔ NO+O
*as described by Heywood [6]

11. Simulation Model
NOx formation Modelling*
−
38020
TZ
{
[ N 2 ] e .[ O] e . 1 − ( [ NO] [ NO ] e )
d [ NO ] p.2.333 ∗10 .e
=
dθ
 2365 3365 [ NO ] 

R.TZ .1 +
.e Tz .

Tz
[O2 ] e 


7
2
}⋅ 1
ω
p is a cylinder pressure, Pa; Tz is a temperature in a burnt gas zone, K; R is a gas
constant, J/(mole K); ω is an angular crank velocity, 1/sec;[ NO ] e [ ,N 2 ] e [,O ] e [,O2 ] e
are equilibrium concentrations.
*as described by Kuleshov [7]
Soot Formation Modelling
q dx
 d [C ] 
= 0.004 C


V dt
 dt  K
V is a current volume of cylinder, qc is a cycle fuel mass, dx/dt is a heat release rate
K is a constant of evaporation.

12. Simulation Model
Calculation of Hartige smoke level
Particulate Matter Modelling*
Hartige = 100[1 − 0.9545 exp( − 2.4226[ C ] ) ]
[ PM ] = 565 ln 10 


10 − Bosch 

*as described by Alkidas [8]
1.206

13. Experimental Setup
Manufacturer
Kirloskar Engine Oil. ltd
Model
AV2
Type
4-stroke, water cooled
Ignition Type
Compression Ignition
No. of cylinders
2
Rated Power
7.35 kW or 10 BHP
Bore
80 mm
Stroke
110 mm

14. Experimental Setup
5
6
4
3
7
2
1
8
9
10
1. Engine, 2. Hydraulic dynamometer, 3. Exhaust Gas Analyser, 4. Loading Unit, 5. Fuel Tank, 6. Measuring Burette, 7. Inlet water for dynamometer, 8. Inlet
water for engine, 9. Water outlet from dynamometer, 10. Water outlet from engine
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup

15. Results and Discussions
Validation of Experimental and Numerical Results

16. Results and Discussions

17. Results and Discussions

18. Results and Discussions

19. Results and Discussions

20. Conclusion
 Diesel-RK gives s realistic results and trend match well with
experimental results.
 The slight quantitative difference is due to the fact that
Diesel-RK uses 1-D modeling and experimental results are
3-D in nature.
 With increase in biodiesel share in the blends:
• Brake thermal efficiency decreases and BSFC increases
• NOx and CO2 emissions increase
• Smoke and PM emissions decrease

21. References
1. P. V. Rao, Experimental Investigations on the Influence of Properties of
Jatropha Biodiesel on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics
of a DI-CI Engine, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2011,
51, 854-867.
2. G. Dwivedi, S. Jain, M. P. Sharma, Impact of Biodiesel and its Blends with
Diesel and Methanol on Engine Performance, International Journal of Energy
Science, 2011, 1(2), 105-109.
3. S. M. Palash, M. A. Kalam, H. H. Masjuki, B. M. Masum, A. Sanjid, Impacts of
Jatropha biodiesel blends on engine performance and emission of a multi
cylinder diesel engine, Intermational Conference on Future Trends in Structural,
Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering – FTSCEM, 2013,ISBN: 978981-07-7021-1 doi:10.3850/ 978-981-07-7021-1_58.
4. H. K. Amarnath, P. Prabhakaran, S. A. Bhat and R. Paatil, A Comparative
Experimental Study Between The Biodiesels of Karanja, Jatropha And Palm Oils
Based On Their Performance And Emissions In A Four Stroke Diesel Engine,
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, April 2012, 7(4), 1819-6608

22. References
5. M. A. Hamdan, R. H. Khalil, Simulation of compression engine powered by
Biofuels, Energy Conversion and Management, 2010, vol. 51(8), pp. 1714–1718.
6. J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, 1988, McGrawHill Co., US.
7. A. S. Kuleshov, Use of Multi-Zone DI Diesel Spray Combustion Model for
Simulation and Optimization of Performance and Emissions of Engines with
Multiple Injection, 2006, SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1385, doi:10.4271/2006-011385.
8. A. C. Alkidas, Relationship between smoke measurements and particular
measurements, 1984, SAE Technical Paper 840412, doi:10.4271/840412.