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Ijetcas14 648
1.
International Association of
Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR) (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS) www.iasir.net IJETCAS 14-648; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 315 ISSN (Print): 2279-0047 ISSN (Online): 2279-0055 Review Paper on Comparative study of various PAPR Reduction Techniques Gagandeep Singh1 Ranjit Kaur2 1 PG Student, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department 2Associate Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, INDIA Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing (OFDM) has been increasingly used in modern wired and wireless communication systems due to its high data rate, immunity to noise and high frequency spectral efficiency. The major drawback in using OFDM technique is its high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Within the existing PAPR reduction techniques, Selective Mapping is most popularly used Technique. In this paper, we discuss various PAPR reduction techniques. And find out that the signal scrambling techniques are having most advantages in terms of no out of band radiations and BER. But these techniques are more complex than others. Keywords: Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM), Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Peak to average power ratio (PAPR), Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), Selective Mapping (SLM). I. Introduction Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is most widely used technique due to its capability of supporting high data rates. In OFDM based systems, a high data rate stream is broken down into several lower speed streams which are orthogonal or parallel to each other([7][12]). Due to this property, OFDM is widely used in high speed systems like Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) and wireless networks([3][12]). The main concept behind OFDM system is that the available bandwidth is divided among the various subcarriers. Due to the formation of subcarriers, the data rate of each carrier is reduced but overall data rate of system increases as more number of subcarriers can be used[7]. Example, in DSL communication 64 subcarriers are used whereas in DVB, 2048 subcarriers are used for video transmission. The major disadvantage in using the OFDM is the high value of PAPR. This means the difference in Peak power and average power is more. This difference increases if we increase the number of subcarriers. This high PAPR reduces the performance of High Power Amplifier (HPA) used for transmission due to the fact that amplifier is driven into saturation region if input power is increased beyond its linear range. This causes inter modulation and out of band modulation. This causes the system efficiency to degrade. So before using HPA, these high peaks need to be suppressed. To reduce this PAPR, there are many techniques used such as Source Coding, Scrambling Technique and Signal Distortion Techniques etc.[8]. This paper is organized as follows: Section I describes OFDM system. Section II describes PAPR in OFDM system. Section III describes PAPR reduction techniques. Section IV describes overall analysis of different techniques. Section V describes conclusion. II. Papr in OFDM Signal Let the input data block of length K be represented by block [ , ... ] X 1 2, 3 K A A A A A , Thus OFDM symbol can be written as: x (s) = j kf t K k X A e 2 0 1 (1) Where X(s) is the OFDM symbol, X A is the input data block and K is the number of symbols in input data block.
2.
Gagandeep Singh et
al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 9(3), June-August, 2014, pp. 315-318 IJETCAS 14-648; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 316 PAPR is defined as the ratio of Peak to Average Power. Mathematically PAPR can be defined as following: PAPR 2 2 max E x s x s x s (2) Where x (s) is the original OFDM signal, 2 max x s is the peak signal power, E 2 x s is the average signal power and E[.] is the expectation operator. III. PAPR Reduction Techniques There are various techniques available for PAPR reduction in OFDM. These are described as follows: A. Signal Scrambling Techniques: Selected mapping (SLM) [2], Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) [8], Tone Injection(TI) etc are Signal Scrambling Techniques. Signal Scrambling Techniques are described as follows: A.1. Pts Technique In the PTS Technique, the input symbol sequence is partitioned into a number of disjoint symbol subsequences. IFFT is then applied to each symbol subsequence and the resulting signal subsequences are summed after being multiplied by a set of distinct rotating vectors. Next the PAPR is computed for each resulting sequence and then the signal sequence with the minimum PAPR is transmitted. As the number of subcarriers and the order of modulation are increased, the system complexity is also increased to great extent thus making this technique more complex in implementation on hardware[8]. Figure 1 Block diagram of conventional PTS scheme [8] A.2. Selective Mapping Selective Mapping is a useful technique to reduce PAPR in OFDM system, as this technique does not effects the system performance in terms of Bit Error Rate. The basic idea behind this technique is the phase rotation of the OFDM modulated data. After several rotations, the signal with low PAPR is selected[2].
3.
Gagandeep Singh et
al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 9(3), June-August, 2014, pp. 315-318 IJETCAS 14-648; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 317 Figure 2 Block diagram of SLM technique[2] Let the input data block be represented as T K N A [A , A A ...A ] 0 1, 2 1 (6) And independent phase sequences are given by U T N U U U p [ p , p .....p ] 0 1 1 (7) Where U P is the phase sequence, U is the total no. of Phase sequences and T is the length of input data block. After applying Phase rotation, IFFT is applied to obtain data block with different PAPR value and phase sequence [2]. U T N U U U d [d d .....d ] 0 1 1 (8) Where U d is the OFDM symbol generated after IFFT operation. After this the stream with lowest PAPR is selected for transmission. CCDF is used for PAPR representation. CCDF of PAPR in SLM can be represented as PAPR N U P(PAPR PAPR0) (1 (1 e ) ) 0 . (9) Where α is the oversampling factor, N is no. of sub-carrier, U is total no. of independent phase sequences and PAPR0 is the threshold value. A.3. Tone Injection Tone injection uses a set of equivalent constellation points for an original constellation to minimize the level of PAPR. It increases original constellation size and map several constellation points to extended constellation from each original constellation points. Since all elements mapped are useful for PAPR reduction. There is no need for additional operation and no side information is required to transmit along with the original signal. This technique is based on summing a data block and time domain signal[13]. B. Signal Distortion Techniques Clipping and Filtering ([2][10]), Peak cancellation, peak power suppression, companding etc. are signal distortion techniques. B.1. Peak Cancellation In this algorithm the amplitude and phase of peak is kept within constellation region which points to the data symbol to be transmitted. For example, to use this technique for QPSK constellation, it carries four regions to represent the four different value of QPSK symbol.
4.
Gagandeep Singh et
al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 9(3), June-August, 2014, pp. 315-318 IJETCAS 14-648; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 318 B.2. Peak Windowing With this technique it is possible to remove larger peaks at the rate of a little amount of interference when large peaks arise infrequently. It mitigates PAPR at cost of increases BER (bit-error-rate) and out-of-bands radiation. In this method multiply large signal peak with a specific window such as Gaussian shaped window, Kaiser, cosine, and hamming window which results a spectrum of convolution of original OFDM spectrum with spectrum of window. The window size should be narrow otherwise it affects number of signal sample which cause increasing BER[9]. IV. Overall Analysis Of Various Techniques Table 1 Comparison of PAPR reduction techniques[11] NAME OF SCHEME NAME OF PARAMETERS DISTORTION LESS POWER INCREASE DATA RATE LOSS BER IMPROVED PTS YES NO YES YES SLM YES NO YES YES TI YES YES NO YES Peak Cancellation NO NO NO NO Companding NO YES NO NO PW NO YES NO NO V. Conclusion In this paper, OFDM is studied and various PAPR reduction techniques are studied. These techniques are compared for different parameters. Here SLM is analyzed and it is found that this technique is better for PAPR reduction because this technique does not cause out-of-band radiations or degrades BER performance. The only drawback in using this Technique is that system becomes complex when phase sequence increases or number of subcarriers increases. References [1] Md. Mahmudul Hasanl, “An Overview of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Systems,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol no. 60, issue no. 15, pp. 33-37, dec. 2012. [2] Aparna P. More, “The reduction of PAPR in OFDM system using SLM method”, IEEE , year 2010 , vol. no. 1. [3] Abhishek Arun Dash, “OFDM systems and papr reduction techniques in OFDM systems,” Phd Thesis, year 2010. [4] Gagandeep Kaur, “Compare SLM (selective mapping) and PTS (partial transmit sequence) technique for PAPR reduction of an MC- CDMA (multi-carrier complex division multiple access),” IEEE, vol. no.2, issue no. 4, pg no. 779-784, jul-aug 2012. [5] Guangyue Lu1, “Partial Transmit Sequences Method for Reduction of PAPR in OFDM Systems,” Signals and Systems Division, Dept. of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden. [6] Md. Ibhrahim Abdullah, “Comparative Study of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM,” ARPN journal of system and software, vol. no. 1, issue no. 8, pp 263-269, nov 2011. [7] Komal Gupta, “PAPR reduction of OFDM using a new phase sequence in SLM technique,” IJAEEE, vol-2 ,issue-2, pp 125-109,2013. [8] Kamal Singh, “A modified PAPR reduction scheme based on SLM and PTS Techniques,” IEEE, 2012. [9] H. Sakran, “ An efficient technique for reducing PAPR of OFDM system in the presence of high power amplifier,” IEEE, vol. 4, no. 8, pp 1749-1751, 2008. [10] Filbert H. Juwano, “PAPR reduction using Huffman coding combined with clipping and filtering for OFDM transmitter to mitigate PAPR (peakto-average power ratio) in OFDM,” (CITISIA 2009), vol. 8, PP. 344-347, year 2009. [11] Mohd. Zavid Parveez, Md. Abdullah Al Baki, ”PAPR reduction in OFDM based radio system,” PhD thesis, Belkinge Institute of technology, Sweden, may 2010. [12] Sang Woo Kim,“Peak to average ratio reduction for multicarrier modulation,” PhD thesis, University of Stanford, 2006. [13] J.Tellado, “Peak to average power ratio reduction for multicarrier modulation,” PhD thesis, University of Stanford, 1999.
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