1. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
103
A STUDY ON ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AND
ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES
C.MURALI KUMARAN1
and Dr.M.SIVASUBRAMANIAN2
1
Research Scholar, Assistant Professor cum Liaison Officer, Business Administration Wing,
Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University.
2
Research Guide, Professor Business Administration, Business Administration Wing,
Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University.
ABSTRACT
Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is a term that encompasses anything positive and
constructive those employees do, of their own volition, which supports co-workers and benefits the
company. Typically, employees who frequently engage in OCB may not always be the top
performers, but they are the ones who are known to ‘go the extra mile’ or ‘go above and beyond’ the
minimum efforts required to do a merely satisfactory job. This study set to test the relationship
between organisational citizenship behaviour and organisational commitment. The study concludes
that there was a moderate level of citizenship behaviour was found among the employees and low
level of organisational commitment was found among the employees. The study also concludes that
there is a significant relationship between citizenship behavior and organisational commitment.
INTRODUCTION
Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is a term that encompasses anything positive and
constructive those employees do, of their own volition, which supports co-workers and benefits the
company. Typically, employees who frequently engage in OCB may not always be the top
performers (though they could be, as task performance is related to OCB), but they are the ones who
are known to ‘go the extra mile’ or ‘go above and beyond’ the minimum efforts required to do a
merely satisfactory job.
Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) has garnered much academic attention since its
conception. It is perceived to be something intangible; OCB is not always formally recognised or
rewarded, and concepts like ‘helpfulness’ or ‘friendliness’ are also difficult to quantify. Yet OCB has
been shown to have a considerable positive impact at the organisational level, enhancing
organisational effectiveness from 18 to 38% across different dimensions of measurement (Podsakoff,
MacKenzie, Paine & Bachrach, 2000; Ehrhart, 2004).
Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) has undergone subtle definitional revisions since
the term was coined in the late 1980s, but the construct remains the same at its core. OCB refers to
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (IJM)
ISSN 0976-6502 (Print)
ISSN 0976-6510 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), pp. 103-110
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijm.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 6.9071 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJM
© I A E M E

2. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
104
anything that employees choose to do, spontaneously and of their own accord, which often lies
outside of their specified contractual obligations. In other words, it is discretionary.
OCB may not always be directly and formally recognised or rewarded by the company,
through salary increments or promotions for example, though of course OCB may be reflected in
favourable supervisor and co-worker ratings, or better performance appraisals. In this way it can
facilitate future reward gain indirectly. Finally, and critically, OCB must ‘promote the effective
functioning of the organisation’ (Organ, 1988, p. 4).
OCB has been shown to have a positive impact on employee performance and wellbeing, and
this in turn has noticeable flow-on effects on the organisation. The effects on employee performance
are threefold. Firstly, workers who engage in OCB tend to receive better performance ratings by their
managers (Podsakoff et al., 2009). This could be because employees who engage in OCB are simply
liked more and perceived more favourably (this has become known as the ‘halo effect’), or it may be
due to more work-related reasons such as the manager’s belief that OCB plays a significant role in
the organisation’s overall success, or perception of OCB as a form of employee commitment due to
its voluntary nature (Organ et al., 2006).Regardless of the reason, the second effect is that a better
performance rating is linked to gaining rewards(Podsakoff et al., 2009) – such as pay increments,
bonuses, promotions or work-related benefits. Thirdly, because these employees have better
performance ratings and receive greater rewards, when the company is downsizing e.g. during an
economic recession, these employees will have a lower chance of being made redundant (Organ et
al, 2006).
Citizenship behaviours come in many distinct shapes and forms. Traditionally thought of as
the worker who ‘goes above and beyond’ the minimum requirements, it can also be the employee
who takes the initiative and always offers to lend a hand; the knowledgeable, helpful and cooperative
colleague; the senior staff member who is able to roll with the punches; or the friendly, approachable
manager who shows the new employees around the office and introduces them to other staff. All of
these types of OCB should be actively encouraged – employees support the organisation through
enhancing each other’s performance and wellbeing, and this is reflected in reduced costs and
increased profitability at the organisational level.
In fact no organization can succeed without the employees’ commitment and attempt since the
committed employees devote more time and attention to their work. This study sets out to test
whether the relationship between Organisational Commitment and Organisational Citizenship
Behaviour (OCB) found among the employees.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Early research efforts on employee characteristics focused on two main causes of OCBs. The
first of these is a general affective “morale” factor, which Organ and Ryan (1995) view as underlying
employee satisfaction, organizational commitment, perceptions of fairness, and perceptions of leader
supportiveness. These variables have been the most frequently investigated antecedents of OCB, and
all of them have significant relationships with citizenship behaviours of roughly comparable strength
(ranging from .23 to .31). Thus, those variables comprising employee “morale” do appear to be
important determinants of citizenship behaviours. These findings raise the question of whether there
are other variables that comprise employee morale (e.g., trust, more specific forms of satisfaction,
etc.) whose effects may also be important to examine.
In addition to “morale,” Organ and Ryan (1995: 794) argue that various dispositional factors,
such as agreeableness, conscientiousness, positive affectivity, and negative affectivity, “predispose
people to certain orientations vis-à-vis coworkers and managers. And those orientations might well
increase the likelihood of receiving treatment that they would recognize as satisfying, supportive,
fair, and worthy of commitment.” Thus, these dispositional variables could be seen as indirect
contributors of OCBs, rather than direct causes.

3. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
105
Organ and Ryan (1995) found that although the correlation between conscientiousness and
altruism was significant (r 5 .22) when all available data were included, this relationship became
nonsignificant (r 5 .04) when studies with self-rated OCBs were excluded from the analysis.
Similarly, the correlation between positive affectivity and altruism dropped from .15 (significant) to
.08 (non-significant) when this bias was controlled. The same really cannot be said for the
relationship between conscientiousness and generalized compliance. Indeed, although this
relationship was weaker when common method variance was controlled for, it was still significant.
Role perceptions also have been found to have significant relationships with at least some of the
organizational citizenship behavior dimensions, although the size of these relationships is not very
substantial. Both role ambiguity and role conflict are significantly negatively related to altruism,
courtesy, and sportsmanship but not to conscientiousness and civic virtue. However, since both role
ambiguity and role conflict are known to be related to employee satisfaction, and satisfaction is
related to organizational citizenship behaviours, it is likely that at least a portion of the relationship
between ambiguity and conflict and OCBs is mediated by satisfaction.
McLean Parks (1993) Generally speaking, demographic variables (e.g., organizational tenure
and employee gender) have not been found to be related to OCBs. The finding that gender is not
related to citizenship behaviours is somewhat surprising, given that He argued that males are more
likely to engage in conscientious behavior than females, because “this type of behavior suggests an
exchange orientation or an emphasis on quid pro quo, frequently associated with a male preference
for equity over equality.” Thus, even though the existing empirical evidence has not been very
supportive of the hypothesized effects of gender on citizenship behavior, additional evidence is
needed before this issue can be resolved conclusively.
Morrison (1994), has stated employees have a broad conception of performance that includes
OCBs when they value organizational rewards, and believe that their leader administers them
contingent upon good performance, they engage in citizenship behavior as a means of obtaining
rewards. This line of reasoning is consistent with who found that employees often
view OCBs as an expected part of their job.
Karambayya (1990). She found that employees in high performing work units exhibited more
citizenship behaviours than employees in low performing work units. Unfortunately, although these
results were promising, they were far from conclusive because unit performance was measured
subjectively rather than objectively. In addition, the data were obtained from raters in 12 different
organizations, raising the possibility that different raters used different criteria in their evaluations of
organizational success.
Anna-Lena (2005) This study investigates the potential antecedents of organizational
citizenship behaviours (OCBs) in a retail setting. Much remains unknown about the factors affecting
OCBs in retail settings. Several characteristics of retail jobs, as compared with other organizational
behavior contexts, suggest the need to examine antecedents of OCBs. Job attitudes (job satisfaction
and organizational commitment) are proposed as direct predictors of OCBs. Leadership support,
professional development, and empowerment are posited as indirect predictors of OCBs and direct
predictors of job attitudes. The possible moderating impacts of employee demographics and job
types on the modelled relationships are also examined. The research hypotheses are tested using data
collected from 211 frontline employees who work in a retail setting. The employees have customer-
contact roles in the upscale food and grocery retailer that participated in the study. The pattern of
results is more complex than hypothesized. Job attitudes are related to OCBs but the mediating role
of job attitudes is not supported. The relationships between leadership support, professional
development, and empowerment, and OCBs and job attitudes differ systematically. Evidence of how
employee demographics can alter the modeled relationships is also presented. The findings have
significant implications for the theory and practice of managing frontline employees. Limitations of
the study are discussed and a program of further research is sketched.

4. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
106
Ayesha Noor (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior becomes one of the important factors
that enhance the organizational effectiveness. The main purpose of this study was to explore the
importance of OCB of universities teachers of Pakistan as the outcome of organizational commitment. In
this study the impact of training & development opportunities, work-life policies and empowerment
practices on organizational commitment has also been analyzed. The data was collected from 160
universities teachers of Pakistan through questionnaires. The result of 134 respondents reveals that
training & development opportunities, work-life policies and empowerment practices have significant
positive relationship with organizational commitment and also organizational commitment impacts
positively in enhancing the organizational citizenship behavior of the teachers and implications that can
help universities of Pakistan in augmenting the OCB of teachers have also been discussed.
Today organizations are facing the fierce competition due to the flow of intense awareness and
knowledge. In order to cosset the competitive advantage the organizations have to make pace with the
increasing change and for this high commitment from employees are needed (Lok and Crawford, 2001).
Organizational commitment is significantly associated with the organizational citizenship behavior as its
construct. (Gautam, Dick, Wagner, Upadhyay & Davis, 2004). According to Wilson &Western (2000)
Training and development plans of individuals can be supportive for the organizational objectives if there
is a clear sense of direction. The teachers who are empowered participate in decision making that affect
the learning and teaching. If there is empowered work environments then it assist in improving the
quality of work life, teacher leadership and professionalism.
From 30 years the concept of organizational commitment is evolving. (Putterill & Rohrer,
1995).Organizational commitment of the employees get positively influences if there are opportunities to
work challenging tasks.(Chew & Chan, 2007).According to Parish, Cadwallader & Busch (2008)
Employees commit more positively to the change occurring at workplace only when they judge the role
autonomy. Depending upon the level of attachment of an individual the consequences of commitment
varies accordingly (O’Reilly & Chatman,
1986). Previous studies reveals that organizational commitment is very beneficial for the organization as
it reduces the absenteeism rate and turn over ratio and enhances the organization productivity.(Jernigan,
Beggs & Kohut,2002).Organizational commitment is very important because it is linked with
absenteeism, work effort and turnover. (Joiner & Bakalis, 2006).According to Boon & Arumugam (2006)
culture of the organization and management practices should be scrutinize in order to sustain high level
of organizational commitment, because high commitment is examined as the essential component of
employee relations. (McCabe & Garavan, 2008).It is the goal of the organization to estimate the
commitment level of their employees and probe the ways to increase the commitment (Liu, 2006). An
individual having the organizational commitment shows loyalty and intention to stay with the
organization and shows personal interest towards the employment. (Brewer, 1996).An employee who is
highly committed to the organization contributes to the organization performance. (Freund & Carmeli,
2003).Support should be provided for enhancing the commitment to the organization. (Aube, Rousseau &
Morin, 2007). For retaining the employees the organizations should enhance the organizational
commitment. (Stallworth, 2004).Extra- role behaviors are the results of the organizational commitment.
(Foote, Seipel, Johnson & Duffy, 2005).Results of previous researches shows that commitment is the
predictive of organizational citizenship behavior because it significantly impacts OCB. (Liu, 2008).
http://ciitlahore.edu.pk/pl/abrc/Proceedings/All%20papers/Examining%20Organizational%20Citizenship
%20Behavior
Jehad Mohammad (2011). This study is designed to measure the two dimensions of
organisational citizenship behaviour (i.e., OCBI and OCBO) and to examine how these organisational
citizenship behaviours are related to the two facets of job satisfaction (intrinsic and extrinsic). To achieve
the research objectives, the survey method is employed. Findings of this study reveal that both extrinsic
and intrinsic job satisfaction are very important in predicting citizenship behaviour. Implications and
limitations of the study are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

5. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
107
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the demographic profile of the respondents.
2. To access the level of job commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour of the
respondents.
3. To study the relationship between demographic variables, organisational commitment and
organisational citizenship behaviour.
METHODOLOGY
Descriptive research design was adopted for the present study. The universe of the present study
is the employees of Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli. The researcher adopted simple
random sampling for selecting the 120 sample for the study. The researcher used interview schedule as a
tool for collecting data. The interview schedule consisted of three sections. 1. Personal details,
2. Organisational Commitment and 3. Citizenship Behaviour. Data was collected from both primary and
secondary sources. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools like mean, standard deviation,
t-test, coefficient of correlation and ANOVA.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
S.no Variable Particulars Frequency Percentage
1. Age Below 30 13 10.8
30 – 40 74 61.7
Above 40 33 27.5
2. Gender Male 90 75.0
Female 30 25.0
3. Marital Status Married 102 85.0
Unmarried 12 10.0
Widow 6 5.0
4. No. of Dependent 2 and Below 90 75.0
3 -4 26 21.7
5 and Above 4 3.3
5. Educational Qualification Primary 14 11.7
Secondary 54 45.0
Higher Secondary 16 13.3
Graduation 9 7.5
Diploma 20 16.7
Professionals 7 5.8
6. Designation Worker Level 75 62.5
Supervisor Level 17 14.2
Executive Level 28 23.3
7. Years of Experience Up to 5 22 18.3
6-10 42 35.0
11 & above 56 46.7
8. Monthly Income Below 10000 89 74.2
10001-15000 7 5.8
15001-20000 9 7.5
20001-25000 7 5.8
Above 25000 8 6.7
9. Citizenship Behaviour Very High 5 4.2
High 14 11.7
Moderate 44 36.7
Low 39 32.5
Very Low 18 15.0
10. Organisational Commitment High 26 21.7
Moderate 34 28.3
Low 38 31.7
Very Low 22 18.3

6. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
108
The above table shows that 61.7 percent of the respondents belong to the age group between
30-40 years and majority of the respondents were male. The findings also show that majority of the
respondents were married and majority of them had 2 dependents. High percent of the respondents
(45 percent) were educated up to secondary level and 62.5 of the respondents were at workers level.
The findings also shows that less than half of the respondents were having an experience above 11
years and majority of the respondents were earning an income below Rs.10000.
The findings revealed that 36.7 percent of the respondents had a moderate level of citizenship
behaviour, 32.5 percent of the respondents had low level of citizenship behaviour, 15 percent of them
had very low level of citizenship behaviour, 11.7 percent of them had high level of citizenship
behaviour and only 4.2 percent of them had very high level of citizenship behaviour. From this it can
be concluded that moderate level of citizenship behaviour was found among the respondents.
The findings related to organisational commitment revealed that 31.7 percent of the respondents had
low level of organisational commitment, 28.3 percent of the respondents had moderate level of
organisational commitment, 21.7 percent of the respondents had high level of organisational
commitment and 18.3 percent of them had very low level of organisational commitment.
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR
S.no Variables Statistical Tool Value Significance
1. Age and Citizenship Behaviour Correlation r = 0.381
p<0.01
Significant
2. Gender and Citizenship Behaviour t-test t = 3.128
p<0.01
Significant
3. Marital Status and Citizenship Behaviour ANOVA F = 5.866
P<0.01
Significant
4. Educational Qualification and Citizenship
Behaviour
ANOVA F = 0.644
P>0.05
Not- Significant
5. Designation and Citizenship Behaviour ANOVA F = 2.940
P<0.05
Significant
6. Experience and Citizenship Behaviour Correlation r = 0.268
P<0.01
Significant
7. Monthly Income and Citizenship Behaviour Correlation r = 0.026
P>0.05
Not-Significant
The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant relationship between age
and level of citizenship behaviour of the respondents at 0.01 level. It is interpreted that higher the
age, higher is the level of citizenship behaviour. The t-test value shows that there is a significant
difference in the level of citizenship behaviour among male and female at 0.01 level. The mean value
shows that female (117) had better citizenship behaviour compared to male (104) respondents. The
ANOVA value shows that there is a significant difference in the level of citizenship behaviour
among married, unmarried and divorced respondents at0.01 level. The mean value shows that
unmarried (124) had better citizenship behaviour compared to married (107) and widow (93). The
ANOVA value shows that there is no significant difference in the level of citizenship behaviour
among the levels of education of the respondents at 0.05 level. The ANOVA value shows that there
is a significant difference in the level of citizenship behaviour among the different levels of job at
0.05 level. The mean value shows that worker and executive level had better citizenship behaviour
compared to supervisory level. The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant
relationship between organisational citizenship behaviour and experience of the respondents at 0.01
level. It is interpreted that higher the experience of the employee, higher is the citizenship behaviour.
The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is no significant relationship between monthly
income and citizenship behaviour at 0.05 level.

7. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
109
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT
S.no Variables Statistical Tool Value Significance
1. Age and Organisational Commitment Correlation r = 0.271
p<0.01
Significant
2. Gender and Organisational Commitment t-test t = 2.798
p<0.01
Significant
3. Marital Status and Organisational
Commitment
ANOVA F = 3.673
P<0.01
Significant
4. Educational Qualification and Organisational
Commitment
ANOVA F = 1.124
P>0.05
Not-
Significant
5. Designation and Organisational Commitment ANOVA F = 0.970
P>0.05
Not-
Significant
6. Experience and Organisational Commitment Correlation r = 0.156
P>0.05
Not-
Significant
7. Monthly Income and Organisational
Commitment
Correlation r = 0.039
P>0.05
Not-
Significant
The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant relationship between age
and level of organisational commitment of the respondents at 0.01 level. It is interpreted that higher
the age, higher is the level of organisational commitment. The t-test value shows that there is a
significant difference in the level of organisational commitment among male and female at 0.01
level. The mean value shows that female (36) had better organisational commitment compared to
male (33) respondents. The ANOVA value shows that there is a significant difference in the level of
organisational commitment among married, unmarried and divorced respondents at0.01 level. The
mean value shows that unmarried (36) had better organisational commitment compared to others.
The ANOVA value shows that there is no significant difference in the level of organisational
commitment among the levels of education of the respondents at 0.05 level. The ANOVA value
shows that there is no significant difference in the level of organisational commitment among the
different levels of job at 0.05 level. The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is no
significant relationship between organisational commitment and experience of the respondents at
0.01 level. The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is no significant relationship between
monthly income and organisational commitment at 0.05 level.
CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT
S.no Variables Statistical Tool Value Significance
1. Citizenship Behavior and
Organisational Commitment
Correlation r = 0.533
p<0.01
Significant
The coefficient of correlation value shows that there is a significant relationship between
Citizenship Behavior and Organisational Commitment at 0.01 level. It is interpreted that higher the
organisational commitment, higher is the level of citizenship behaviour and vice versa.
CONCLUSION
The study concludes that there was a moderate level of citizenship behaviour was found
among the employees and low level of organisational commitment was found among the employees.
The study also concludes that there is a significant relationship between citizenship behavior and
organisational commitment. It is concluded that demographic variables like age, gender and marital
status influences the level of citizenship behavior and organisational commitment of the employees.

8. International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013)
110
REFERENCE
1. Anna-Lena (2005). A study of organizational citizenship behaviors in a retail setting. Journal
of Business Research 58 (2005) 151 – 159
2. Ayesha Noor (2009). Examining organizational citizenship behavior as the outcome of
Organizational commitment: a study of universities teachers of Pakistan. Proceedings 2nd
CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan November 14, 2009
3. Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit level
organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57, 61-94
4. Jehad Mohammad (2011). Job Satisfaction and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour: An
Empirical Study at Higher Learning Institutions. Asian Academy of Management Journal,
Vol. 16, No. 2, 149–165, July 2011
5. Karambayya, R. 1990.Contexts for organizational citizenship behavior: Do high performing
and satisfying units have better ’citizens’. York University working paper.
6. Morrison, E. W. 1994. Role definitions and organizational citizenship behavior: The
importance of the employee’s perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 1543–1567
7. Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. 1995. A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional
predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48: 775–802.
8. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. USA:
D.C. Heath and Company
9. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship
behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. USA: Sage Publications, Inc
10. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and
organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A metaanalysis.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141. doi: 10.1037/a0013079
11. Dr.Jayshree Suresh and Kavitha Sethuraman, “Effective Leadership”, International Journal of
Management (IJM), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 44 - 47, ISSN Print: 0976-6502,
ISSN Online: 0976-6510.
12. Dr.Davinder Sharma, “Indian Managers in Multinational Companies and Their
Commitments”, International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010,
pp. 141 - 155, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510.