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1. PERFORMANCE LIMITS AND STATUS OF SINGLE-JUNCTION
SOLAR CELLS WITH EMPHASIS ON CIGS
ABSTRACT
Limitations in performance and the status of singlejunction solar cells are reviewed.
Conversion efficiency in singlejunction solar cells is systematically analyzed in terms of energy
conversion efficiency, the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) efficiency limit, and two remaining
efficiencies, i.e., optical efficiency and electrical efficiency normalized to the SQ limit of
performance parameters. There is a weak dependence of the SQ efficiency limit in single-
junction solar cells on the bandgap of the absorber and much stronger dependence of the
electrical efficiency. In the case of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) solar cells, the bandgap can be
varied through In/Ga and/or Se/S content from 1.04 to 1.7 eV, which allows considerable
opportunity to optimize the bandgap. Although the record CIGS cells have a bandgap below 1.2
eV, the SQ efficiency limit predicts slightly higher efficiencies for bandgaps near 1.34 eV.