This document outlines the key steps in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) production process. It begins with extracting natural gas from the ground, then treating the gas to remove impurities. The treated gas is then condensed into a liquid by cooling it to -260°F through a multi-stage liquefaction process. The LNG is stored and transported in specialized cryogenic tanks on ships or trucks, then regasified back into gas form before being distributed through pipelines. The document provides details on each stage of the LNG value chain from production to regasification and discusses related technologies like compressed natural gas.

1. Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
Spring 2018
Natural Gas
LNG
@Hassan Harraz 2018

2. Outline Lecture
 What is LNG?
 LNG Production Process
 Production of LNG
 Basic Facts
 LNG industry and Technology(or LNG Value Chain)
1)Production
2)Liquefaction :Train Size; Compressor Drive Efficiency
3)Transportation
3.1)Pipe
3.2) Shipping
3.3) Tanker
Major Natural Gas Trade Movements
4) Regasification
5) Storage
 How much does LNG cost?
 Conclusion
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3. Overview of Natural Gas Partners (NGP)

4. A TYPİCAL LNG PROCESS

5. General LNG Production Process
Heat
Exchangers
Gas
Treatment
Refrigerant
Compression
LNG
Ships
Pipeline
Feed Gas
-260oF
LNG Storage
Pentanes and heavier
Condensates
Impurities:
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Mercury (Hg)
 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
 Water (H2O)
 Nitrogen (N2)
Heat expelled
to water or air
Source: Cheniere
 LNG manufacture uses the real gas law.
 A mixed refrigerant system chills methane until it reaches changes its state from a gas to a liquid.
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6. Typical Sour Gas Plant with NGL Recovery
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7. Natural Gas Condensate Separate
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8. NATURAL GAS
Benzene Methane Ethane Buthane Propane
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9. Natural Gas Industry Sector

10. 1) GAS TREATMENT AND COMPRESSION

11. 1.1) Heat exchangers

12. 1.2) Scrubbers and reboilers

13. 1.3) Compressors, anti-surge and performance

17. 2) GAS PROCESSING

18. Figure 10. Typical gas plant
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Natural Gas Processing (Gas Treatment)
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19. @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG
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Figure 10. Typical gas plant
Natural Gas Processing (Gas Treatment)
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20. 3.1) Acid Gas Removal

21. Absorption

23. Selexol® flowscheme for sulfur removal (UOP, 2009)
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24. Modified Stertford® process flow diagram to Direct conversion
of H2S to sulfur (Joule Processing, 2012)
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26. Gas Sweetening Processes
• There is a great number of existing and economically viable gas sweetening
processes, and some of them are listed below according to chemical and
physical principles used (Arnold & Stewart, 1999):
1) Solid bed absorption:
 Iron Sponge
 SulfaTreat® (Licensor: The SulfaTreat Company)
 Zinc Oxide
 Molecular Sieves (Licensor: Union Carbide Corporation)
2) Chemical solvents:
 Monoethanol amine (MEA)
 Diethanol amine (DEA)
 Methyldiethanol amine (MDEA)
 Diglycol amine (DGA)
 Diisopropanol amine (DIPA)
 Hot potassium carbonate
 Proprietary potassium systems
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3) Physical solvents:
 Fluor Flexsorb® (Licensor: Fluor Daniel Corporation)
 Shell Sulfinol®
 Selexol® (Licensor: Norton Co., Chemical Process Products)
 Rectisol® (Licensor: Lurg, Kohle & Mineraloltechnik GmbH
& Linde A.G.)
4) Direct conversion of H2S to sulfur
 Claus
 LOCAT® (Licensor: ARI Technologies)
 Strertford® (Licensor: Ralph M. Parsons Co.)
 IFP (Licensor: Institute Francais du Petrole)
 Sulfa-check® (Licensor: Exxon Chemical Co.)
5) Hydrogen sulfide scavengers
6) Distillation
 Amine-aldehyde condensates
7) Gas permeation

27. 4) LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)

28. 4) LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) …(cont.)

29. Basic Facts about LNG

30. Melkøya LNG Plant with LNG Carrier Arctic Princess Photo: Statoil
The LNG feedstock comes from a gas plant as outlined above. It must satisfy
sales gas specifications. Ethane, propane and butane all have freezing points
of less than -180°C and can be part of the LNG, but the concentration of
methane is generally above 90%. Some NGLs are also needed as refrigerant
for the cryogenic process.
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31. 4.1) LNG liquefaction

35. 4.2) Storage, Transport and Regasification

36. • At the receiving terminal, LNG is stored in local
cryogenic tanks. It is regasified to ambient temperature
on demand, commonly in a sea water heat exchanger,
and then injected into the gas pipeline system.
Cove point LNG terminal
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37. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS
(CNG)
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38. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)

39. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Advantages
Simplicity
Inexpensive onshore
facilities
Can start with very
modest transporting
needs
Energy efficient
Can exploit isolated
supply sources
Suitable for small
demand markets.
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40. CNG Technology

41. Transportation of the gas
 90% of the investment involved is in shipping of the gas.
 Loading and unloading is possible and easy with small facilities.
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Opportunities for CNG Marine Transport
VOTRANS™ Shifts CNG Paradigm
RATE,mmscfd
1,000
500
1,500
RATE,mmscfd
1,000
500
1,500
Pipelines LNG
Hydrates
3,0002,0001,0000
Transport Distance, nm
3,0002,0001,0000
Transport Distance, nm
CNG
3,0002,0001,0000
Transport Distance, nm
43,0002,0001,0000
Transport Distance, nm
43,0002,0001,0000
Transport Distance, nm
4
VOTRANSTM

42. CNG Cargo Containment System
 For distances up to 2500 miles, CNG appears more attractive than LNG
 Major advantage in terms of market entry
 Much less capital deployed in country
 Up to 2 Bcf on a ship
 Ideal for limited supply, limited consuming markets
CNG Application
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43. Comparison of CNG and LNG

44. Comparison of CNG and LNG

45. Gas –to- Liquids
(GTL)
GTL
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46. Gas-to-Liquids (GTL)

47. Reasons for GTL attraction

48. Gas to Liquids

49. Processes for converting methane
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50. Existing and Emerging Technologies
Company Syngas Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst
Plant Size
(bpd)
Sasol (SPD) ATR(O2)
Slurry phase
180-250oC, 10-45 atm Fe, Co 50,000
Shell (SMDS) POX(O2)
Fixed bed (Non-catalytic)
180-250oC, 10-45 atm
Co 50,000
ExxonMobil
AGC-21
ATR(O2)
Slurry phase
(Fluidized bed)
180-250oC, 10- 45 atm (“RIM”)
Co >50,000
BP SMR Fixed bed Co
Syntroleum ATR(air)
Fixed bed
180-250oC, 10-45 atm
Co <10,000
Rentech SR Fixed bed, slurry Fe <5,000
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51. GTL Technology Assessment
Source: GTL Study@Hassan Harraz 2018 NG
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52. GTL Technology Assessment

53. GTL Cost

54. What is CNG, LNG, NGLs, LPG, and GTL?
LNG Composition
Others
5%
Methane
95%
NGL Composition
Ethane,
propane,
butane
95%
Others
5%
LPG Composition
Propane
and Butane
95%
Others
5%
Methane
81%
Ethane
Nitrogen
Propane
Carbon
Dioxide
Butane
Pentane
Other
19%
Typical Natural Gas Composition
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55. Outline of Lectures:
Topic 1: Natural Gas (Overview).
Topic 2: Unconventional Gas Reservoir
Topic 3: Shale Gas
Topic 4:Coalbed Methane (CBM)
Topic 5: Tight Reservoir
Topic 6: Gas Hydrates
Topic 7: Hydraulic Fracturing.
Topic 8 : Separating and Treating Well Fluids
Topic 9 : Natural Gas Processes
Topic 10 : Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle Overview.
Topic 11 : Egyptian Natural Gas Resource (Overview).
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