2. VitaminsVitamins
• Vitamins are essential nutrients that are required in
the diet, not synthesized by human metabolic
enzymes.
• Only trace levels are required, but shortage can
result in disease or death.
• Once growth and development are completed,
vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy
maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.
• Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit
the absorption or actions of vitamins.eg: avdin a
protein in egg white, inhibits the absorption of
biotin. Pyrithiamine is similar to thiamine,inhibits the
enzymes that use thiamine.
4. Thiamine (Vitamin BThiamine (Vitamin B11))
Active structure : Thiamine
pyrophosphate
•Thiamin (Vitamin B1 helps the body’s cells to convert
carbohydrates into energy.
•Specific functions: Thiamin is cofactor for pyruvate
dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase.
•Thiamin is essential for the functioning of heart muscle and
nervous system.
•Deficinecy: Beriberi, Wernicke –Korsakoff syndrome.
•Signs & Symptoms : Tachycardia, vomiting ,weakness,
fatigue, psychosis, and nerve damage, (convulsions, apathy,
loss of memory) and eye movements .
8. Niacin (Vitamin BNiacin (Vitamin B33 ))
• Other Names: Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide
• Active structure : NAD+
, NADP
(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
• Functions: Electron transfer
• Deficiency: Pellagra
• Signs & Symptoms:Dermatitis,Diarrhea,Dementia(3Ds)
9. Source and RDA forSource and RDA for
NiacinNiacin
• High: Peanut, rice bran, liver, heart, beef, chicken, tuna &
yeast.
• Medium: Avocados, dates, beans, nuts
• Low: apples, berries, banana, oranges, melon, peaches,
tomato & sprouts.
• RDA : 13 – 19 NE (Niacin Equivalents)
1 NE = 1 mg of free niacin.
10. BiotinBiotin
Biotin bound to an enzymeStructure of Biotin
Active structure : Enzyme bound biotin
Functions: Carboxylation of reactions
Deficiency: Rare
Signs & Symptoms: nil
Source and RDA Biotin
• Biotin is found in
numerous foods
• Also synthesized by
intestinal bacteria
• Deficiency is rare.
• RDA : 30 – 100 μg / day
11. Pantothenic acid (Vit BPantothenic acid (Vit B55))
• Active structure : Coenzyme A
• Functions: acyl carrier . 70 enzymes
in CHO and Fat metabolism require
this coenzyme
• Deficiency: Rare
• Signs & Symptoms: nil (Very
rarely diarrhea)
Source and RDA for
Pantothenic acid (Vit
B5)
• Present in all living
tissues, whole grain
cereals, legumes and
meat.
• RDA : 4 -7 mg / day
Pantothenic acid also plays a role in the
production of hormones and cholesterol.
12. Pyridoxine (Vit BPyridoxine (Vit B66))
Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoximine Pyridoxal
Pyrophosphate
Isoniazid
Vitamin B6
• Other Names: Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxal
• Active structure : Pyridoxal phosphate
• Functions: cofactors for enzyme in amino acid metabolism,
synthesis of heme, neurotransmitter (serotonin, nor epinephrine),
Spingomyelin for nerve, NAD in Glycogenolysis.
• Deficiency: Rare
• Signs & Symptoms: glossitis, Neuropathy
14. Folic acid (Vitamin BFolic acid (Vitamin B99
• Active structure:Tetrahydrofolate
• Deficiency: Diarrhea, Gray hair,
Mouth and peptic ulcers, poor
growth, Swollen tongue (glossitis).
• Sign & symptoms: Megaloblastic
anemia, neural tube and birth
defects
Function :
•Folate (folic acid) is necessary for the
production of red blood cells and for
the synthesis of DNA.
•Folic acid also helps with tissue
growth and cell function.
•In addition, it helps to increase
appetite when needed and stimulates
the formation of digestive acids.
•Transfer one-carbon units, synthesis
of methionine, purines and thymine0
15. Source and RDA FolicSource and RDA Folic
acidacid
• Source: yeast, leafy vegetables and liver
• RDA : 150 – 200 μg / day
• Pregnant women : 400 μg / day
• Lactating women : 280 μg / day
Action:
Folate works along with vitamin B12 and vitamin C to
help the body break down, use, and create new proteins.
17. Cobalamin- vitamin BCobalamin- vitamin B1212
• Structure: The structure contains a cobalt ion,
coordinated within a corrin ring structure (Corroniod).
• Active form: Methylcobalamin, Deoxyadenosyl
cobalamin
• Stable form: Cyanocobalamin (a cyanide molecule
attached to a cobalamin) is the stable form.
• Function: It is a coenzyme
Homocysteine → Methionine
Methylmalonyl CoA → Succinyl CoA
• Deficiency: Pernicious anemia, Dementia, spinal
degeneration
• Sign & symptoms: anemia, neuropsychiatric
symptoms.
18. Cobalamin- vitamin BCobalamin- vitamin B1212
• Source: B12 is NOT found in plant foods. The main
source is in milk, eggs and liver
o B12 requires the presence of intrinsic factor (IF) from the stomach for its
absorption.
• The liver can store this vitamin for 6 months.
• RDA : 2.0 μg / day
• Pregnant women : 2.2 μg / day
• Lactating women : 2.6 μg / day
