Overview of findings and ongoing research from the APRA Zimbabwe Work Stream 1 team. Focus on the impacts of smallholder tobacco- and maize-led commercialisation in Zimbabwe.
1. Impacts of Smallholder Tobacco and Maize–led
Commercialisation in Zimbabwe:
Some Preliminary Observations
Chrispen Sukume and Vine Mutyasira
Zimbabwe
The Dynamics of Agricultural Commercialisation, Diversification and Rural Change in
Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Multi-Country Studies of the Afrint and APRA Programmes
Afrint-APRA Seminar, IDS, Brighton - 3 October 2018
Funded by UK aid from the UK Government
www.future-agricultures.org/apra
3. www.future-agricultures.org/apra
Introduction
• Since colonial times, flue-cured tobacco production for export has
been a key subsector in the settler agriculture
• The land reforms of 2000 temporarily disrupted the tobacco value
chain. But beginning 2004-5 the sector regrouped and began rapid
growth largely on the back of smallholder production
• Some commentators have blamed declines in national food self-
sufficiency on growth in smallholder tobacco growth
• This study empirically contrast how participation in tobacco or
maize based commercialisation by smallholder households have
impacted poverty, employment, empowerment of women, and
food and nutrition security within Mazowe district – an area that
has experienced rapid growth in tobacco production in the past 13
years.
5. www.future-agricultures.org/apra
Key Hypothesis & Methodology
Using two period panel survey the in Mvurwi and Concession
areas of Mazowe District the following hypotheses:
•Compared to maize based, tobacco led commercialisation will
lead to greater increase in agricultural productivity and incomes
resulting in better poverty reduction and food security outcomes.
•Smallholder tobacco farmers under contractual arrangements
with exporting firms experience better poverty reduction and
increase in food security than independent smallholder farmers
•The impacts of commercialisation will be highly differentiated in
terms of gender, class and other social dimensions.
6. www.future-agricultures.org/apra
Key Hypothesis & Methodology
•Tobacco commercialisation will lead to increased labour
demands and changes in time use for men and women,
consequently leading to the dis-empowerment of women and girls
compared to maize based commercialisation.
•Smallholder farming households with better access to land and
access to financial resources are more likely to participate in
tobacco led commercialisation compared to maize based
commercialisation
7. www.future-agricultures.org/apra
Findings 1 - Statistics/ Indicators
Zone of Mazowe
District Obs
Maize
based
Tobacco-
Independent
Tobacco-
Contract
Mvurwi
(3 Wards, 11
Villages) 424 98 161 165
Concession
(4 Wards, 7 Villages) 221 119 46 56
8. www.future-agricultures.org/apra
Findings 1 - Statistics/ Indicators
Variable Tob - contract Tobacco - Indep Maized based
Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
(n=221) (n=221) (n=221)
Age Head 50 12.42 51 13.82 54 12.99
Yrs of schooling
of HHLD head 9.34 2.51 8.68 3.08 9.22 2.86
HHLD Size 6.47 2.72 6.46 2.62 5.37 2.43
Asset Index 2.23 0.76 1.95 0.81 1.82 0.83
Value of livestock 3,355 3,986 3,762 5,980 2,972 4,988
Livestock sales 492 1587 683 4022 662 2137
Crop revenue($) 1,928 1,634 1,570 1,432 960 1,329
Land holding(ha) 4.68 2.46 4.24 2.12 4.96 3.52
9. www.future-agricultures.org/apra
Findings 2 - Highlight
• .
8.7
6.2
2.5
8.0
5.5
2.5
8.1
5.7
2.5
mzprd
mzsls
mzretained
mzprd
mzsls
mzretained
mzprd
mzsls
mzretained
Tobacco under contract Tobacco under auction No tobacco production
Maize production, retention and sales by treatment
10. www.future-agricultures.org/apra
The Team
Team Member Organisational Affiliation Area of Responsibility
Chrispen Sukume University of Zimbabwe Team Lead
Vine Mutyasira University of Zimbabwe Econometric Analysis
Felix Murimbarimba Independent Researcher Field Supervisor
Hinweis der Redaktion
Please prepare a fairly detailed presentation of your study design, methodology, descriptive statistics, emerging findings and next steps.
Two quantitative panel surveys will be undertaken in each APRA Work Stream 1 country. These will be complemented by qualitative and historical studies. The first panel has been carried out during the first year of the programme and will serve as a benchmark survey for comparing impacts of commercialisation on the key APRA outcome indicators. It is expected that there will be changes in commercialisation and outcome indicators between the first round and second round surveys to establish the impact of different commercialisation options.
Use this slide to:
Introduce your study briefly
Summarise the main objective of the study
Two quantitative panel surveys will be undertaken in each APRA Work Stream 1 country. These will be complemented by qualitative and historical studies. The first panel has been carried out during the first year of the programme and will serve as a benchmark survey for comparing impacts of commercialisation on the key APRA outcome indicators. It is expected that there will be changes in commercialisation and outcome indicators between the first round and second round surveys to establish the impact of different commercialisation options.
Use this slide to:
Introduce your study briefly
Summarise the main objective of the study
Include a map of your field sites
Please add one or two photos from your first round fieldwork and/or team training and planning. These could be added to other slides, if space allows.
Use this slide to:
Outline key hypothesis briefly
Summarise the main hypothesis of the study
Please explain the specific hypotheses you plan to test in your WS1 study. Generally speaking, using the APRA panel data the following hypotheses will be tested across the country studies to assess the links between commercialisation and household outcome indicators:
-Higher the degree of commercialisation of rural households will lead to agricultural productivity and increased incomes resulting in poverty reduction and increase in food security.
-Smallholder farmers with contractual arrangements (such as out-grower models) with large farms or commercial entities will witness better outcomes than independent smallholder farmers in terms of poverty reduction and increase in food security.
-Large scale agricultural investments or agro-investments that engage small and medium scale farmers in contractual arrangements are more effective in generating employment and quality jobs.
-The impacts of commercialisation will be highly differentiated in terms of gender, class and other social dimensions.
-Higher level of commercialisation of rural households will lead to increase in labour and changes time use for men and women, consequently leading to the empowerment of women and girls.
-Smallholder farming households with land and access to financial resources will benefit disproportionately from market opportunities arising from commercialisation while poorer households are likely to benefit through the employment channel.
Use this slide to:
Outline key hypothesis briefly
Summarise the main hypothesis of the study
Please explain the specific hypotheses you plan to test in your WS1 study. Generally speaking, using the APRA panel data the following hypotheses will be tested across the country studies to assess the links between commercialisation and household outcome indicators:
-Higher the degree of commercialisation of rural households will lead to agricultural productivity and increased incomes resulting in poverty reduction and increase in food security.
-Smallholder farmers with contractual arrangements (such as out-grower models) with large farms or commercial entities will witness better outcomes than independent smallholder farmers in terms of poverty reduction and increase in food security.
-Large scale agricultural investments or agro-investments that engage small and medium scale farmers in contractual arrangements are more effective in generating employment and quality jobs.
-The impacts of commercialisation will be highly differentiated in terms of gender, class and other social dimensions.
-Higher level of commercialisation of rural households will lead to increase in labour and changes time use for men and women, consequently leading to the empowerment of women and girls.
-Smallholder farming households with land and access to financial resources will benefit disproportionately from market opportunities arising from commercialisation while poorer households are likely to benefit through the employment channel.
Presentation of basic descriptive statistics: Examples include sample numbers by control/ treatment groups, mean household characteristics by control and treatment groups etc.
Presentation of basic descriptive statistics: Examples include sample numbers by control/ treatment groups, mean household characteristics by control and treatment groups etc.
You can’t cover everything in a short presentation, so please try to select one or two ‘gems’ or ‘nuggets’ (i.e. exciting findings or unexpected outcomes) to report to the audience!
List key team members
Explain who is doing what – the roles and responsibilities
