3. What is Terrestrial Microwave ?
transmission systems consisting of at least two radio transmitter/receivers
(transceivers) connected to high gain antennas (directional antennas
which concentrate electromagnetic or radio wave energy in narrow beams)
focused in pairs on each other
The operation is point-to-point; communications are established between two
and only two antennas with line-of-sight visibility
Operating frequencies range for microwave are 2Ghz to 60Ghz which limits all
communications to line-of-sight
Repeaters need to be used for long distance communication
uses a parabolic dish to communicate using electromagentic waves onto
receiver antenna
5. Why Microwave ? (Advantages)
Fast Deployement possible
Felxiblity
Link across mountains and rivers are economically feasible
Low MTTR(mean time to recover)
Less affected by natural calamities
Less prone to accidental damage
6. Characteristics of Microwave
Generally used frequency band is 3Ghz to 30Ghz
Typically used for point to point communication
Microwaves travel in straight lines & thus can be narrowly focused thereby
allowing other microwave communications using same frequencies with
almost no interference
Microwaves cannot pass through big obstacles viz. buildings, mountains
7. Types of Microwave Links and
polarization
Long haul (2Ghz-10Ghz)40km-80km
Medium Haul (11-20Ghz) 20km-40km
Short Haul (23-58Ghz) Few Kms
Polarization Types:
Vertical Polarization: less prone to rain and environmental factors
Horizontal Polarization: very much used to avoid interference but are more
prone to rain.
8. Requirements for microwave
communication
required a clear line of sight(LOS) between points
Parameters design like power, frequency, Rx level etc
Antenna height calculation for clear LOS
Fresnel ellipsoids and their clearance criteria concept is used to calculate
radio LOS
Fresenel zone must be clear of all obstacle
9. What is LOS ?
Line of Sight
Line of sight (LoS) is a type of propagation that can transmit and receive data
only where transmit and receive stations are in view of each other without any
sort of an obstacle between them
10.
11. LOS purpose and requirement
Purpose
Establish LOS links
Feasibility Studies
Up gradation of existing links
Requirement of LOS Links
Site location
Planned antenna height
direction of the other end of link
Output
LOS/NLOS
13. Limitation of LOS
Curvature of earth
Actual obstruction en-route in each hop
RF effect of fresnel zone
path loss
transmitter power
antenna gain
transmission line loss
frequency of operation
received power
receiver threshold
signal to noise ratio
Fade margin required
Desired reliability of link
14. Fresnel Zone
• Area of constructive and destructive interference created when EM waves
propagation in free space is reflected(multipath) or diffracted as waves
intersect obstacles
• Fresnel Zone are specific employing ordinal numbers that corresponds to the
number of half wavelength multiples that represent the difference on radio
wave propagation path from direct path.
• Fresnel zone must be clean of all obstacles
• Typically first Fresnel zone (n=1) is used to determine obstruction loss
• Direct path between transmitter and the receiver needs a clearance above
ground of atlest 60% of radius of first Fresnel zone to achieve free space
propagation condition
• Earth radius factor K compensate the refraction in the atmosphere
15.
16. Clearence is defined as criterion to ensure sufficient antenna height so that in
the worst case of refraction(K is minimum), the receiver antenna is not
placed in the diffraction region
Effe. Earth radius=K^True earth’s radius
True earth radius=6371km
K=4/3=1.33, standard atmosphere with normal refracted path
17. Clearance critera
Clearance of 60% or greater at minimum K suggested for central path
Clearance of 100% at K=4/3
Incase of space diversity, the antenna can have 60% clearance at K=4/3 plus
allowance for tree growth, building (usually 3m)
18. Microwave Link design process
• Loss/attenuation calculation
• Fading and fade margin calculation
• Frequency planning and interference
• Quality and availability calculation
19. MW link design process is iterative and may go through many redesign phase
before the required quality and availability are achieved
1. Frequency planning(Interference analysis)
2. Link Budget
Propagation loss
Branching loss
Other loss
3. Fading prediction
Rain attenuation
Diffraction-refraction loss
Multipath propagation
4.Quality and Availability
20. Loss/Attenuation Calculation
1. Propagation Loss: due to earth’s atmosphere
2.Branching Loss: carries from network used to deliver the trx/rx output
to/from antenna
3. Other Loss: Unpredicatbel and sporadic in character like fog, moving
objects crossing path profile, poor equipment installation, less then perfect
antenna alignment
21.
22. Propagation Loss
Free Space Loss: when the transmitter and receiver have a clear unobstructed
loss
FSL is the loss in the signal strength of an EM wave that would be result from
LOS path through free space (usually air), with no obstruction nearby to cause
reflection or diffraction. It doesn’t include Tx,Rx antenna, gain and others
loss associated with network imperfection.
23. Vegetation Attenuation
Provision should be taken for 5 years of vegetable growth.
Obstacle Loss: also called diffraction loss or diffraction attenuation
.one method of calculation is based on knife edge approximation
.having an obstacle free 60% of Fresnel gives 0db loss
24. Gas Absorbtion
.primary due to water vapour and oxygen on atmosphere in radius relay region
.absorption peak are located around 23Ghz for water molecule 50-70Ghz for
oxygen molecule
.Attenuation depends as fog, temperature and absolute or relative humidity of
atmosphere.
Attenuation due to precipitation:
Rain attenuation increses with frequency and become major contribution in
frequency band above 10Ghz
Horizontal polarization gives more rain attenuation than vertical polarization
25. Ground Reflection:
.Reflection give rise to multiple propagation
.Direct ray at receiver may interfered with the ground reflected ray and the
reflection loss can be significant
26. Link Budget
Calculation involving the gain and loss factor associated with the antenna,
transmission line, propagation environment to determine maximum distance
at which a transmitter and receiver can successfully operate