25th January 2016. Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on “Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”.
Background: Food losses, issue of aflatoxin, challenges, abbreviations followed by GIZ project activities:
Promotion of value chains and reduction of risk of aflatoxin contamination: by the “Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector”, commissioned by BMZ Special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No Hunger!”.
Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and possible aflatoxin contamination: by various projects worldwide
Aflasafe technology in Zambia: Upscaling and dissemination in other countries in Africa: by IITA/CGIAR - CCAFS, GIZ/ITAACC, Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation, USDA, PACA and other partners
Aflatoxin risk assessment as part of the Rapid Food Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT): by Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture (SV NAREN)
Prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination in value chains: Contribution of GIZ
1. Slide 1Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
Prevention and control of
aflatoxin contamination
in value chains
Contribution of GIZ
Bruno Schuler
2. Slide 2
Content
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
1. Background: Food losses, issue of aflatoxin, challenges, abbreviations
followed by GIZ project activities:
2. Promotion of value chains and reduction of risk of aflatoxin
contamination: by the “Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and
Food Sector”, commissioned by BMZ Special Initiative
“ONEWORLD – No Hunger!”.
3. Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and possible
aflatoxin contamination: by various projects worldwide
4. Aflasafe technology in Zambia: Upscaling and dissemination in other
countries in Africa: by IITA/CGIAR - CCAFS, GIZ/ITAACC, Bill&Melinda
Gates Foundation, USDA, PACA and other partners
5. Aflatoxin risk assessment as part of the Rapid Food Loss Assessment
Tool (RLAT): by Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture (SV NAREN)
3. Slide 3
Aflatoxin - Background
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
• FAO estimates that one third of all food produced around the world is lost before
it reaches our plates. Losses and waste occur at every level of the value chain
• Food losses occur mainly at the immediate post-harvest stages in developing
countries (whereby causes are often related to pre-harvest stages, i.e. choice of
seed)
• Around a quarter of the world food crops as well as world’s grain harvest may be
contaminated with mycotoxins (FAO)
• Contamination with aflatoxin is a major barrier in linking African farmers to
markets as aflatoxin prevents commodities from meeting international, regional
and local regulations and standards
• Most severely affected countries are those located between the 40th northern and
the 40th southern lines of latitude
• Aflatoxin is a significant threat to both human and animal health.
5. Slide 5
Most severely affected countries by aflatoxin
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
6. Slide 6
Challenges for development cooperation
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
• Awareness for aflatoxin contamination and health danger is low,
especially at producer and consumer levels
• No alternatives to contaminated food available
• No methodology: How can contaminated food be treated?
• Lowering aflatoxin levels requires a systematic approach
addressing various causes
7. Slide 7
Abbreviations of organisations and programmes
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
• BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
with the special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No Hunger”
• CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (research
programme of CGIAR)
• GIAE Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector
(global programme concentrating on 12 countries in Africa)
• GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
GmbH (German development cooperation)
• ITAACC Innovation Transfer into Agriculture – Adaptation to Climate
Change (GIZ sector project with focus on Africa)
• NAREN Sustainable Agriculture (GIZ sector project with global focus)
• PACA Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (initiative)
8. 2. Promotion of value chains and reduction of risk
of aflatoxin contamination
by the
“Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector”
in some countries in Africa
9. Slide 9
Activities of GIZ
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
2. Promotion of value chains with risk of aflatoxin contamination
and reduction of risk of aflatoxin contamination:
by the “Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food
Sector” (GIAE),
commissioned by BMZ Special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No
Hunger!”.
Projects in Benin (rice, soya), Burkina Faso (rice), Cameroon
(poultry), Ethiopia (wheat, beans), Ghana (maize, rice) Kenya (milk),
Malawi (groundnuts, soya, sunflower), Mali (rice), Nigeria (rice,
maize), Togo (groundnuts, soya), Tunisia (milk, meat), Zambia (soya,
groundnuts, milk)
10. Seite 10
„ONEWORLD – No Hunger“ Initiative - Focus countries
BEN
MWL
SAM
ETH
JME
SOMGHA
KAM
KEN
MLI
TGO
KMB
NIG
IND
BUR
TUN
Food and nutrition security, enhanced resilience
Innovation Centres for the agriculture and food sector
Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security
Global Programmes:
11. Examples of planned project activities related to groundnuts in 2016
Malawi
- Provision of aflatoxin management training services
- Provision of diagnostic services
- Integrated aflatoxin management along the whole value chain
- Storage of aflatoxin-free products through improved drying technologies
and warehouse management practices
Togo
- Establishing of a national lab for aflatoxin analysis
- Extension towoards prevention of contamination during production and
post-harvest activities
Zambia
- Control and reduction of aflatoxin during production, storage and
processing
12. 3. Further (planned) activities to reduce post-
harvest losses and possible aflatoxin
contamination
by various projects
in some countries worldwide
13. Slide 13
Activities of GIZ
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
3. Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and
possible aflatoxin contamination:
by various projects
commissioned by BMZ
Projects in
Africa: Côte d'Ivoire, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda,
Zimbabwe
Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, ASEAN countries
Latin America: Bolivia, Guatemala
14. 4. Aflasafe Technology in Zambia: Upscaling and
dissemination in other countries in Africa through
on-farm trials for wide uptake and utilisation
Opportunities and difficulties
in the research and development cooperation
by
IITA – International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
ITAACC - Innovation Transfer into Agriculture – Adaptation
to Climate Change (GIZ sector project with focus on Africa)
and other partners
15. www.iita.org
Aflatoxin in Zambia
District Range Mean
Proportion of samples (%)
Safe (< 4 ppb)* Unsafe (> 10 ppb)#
Chipata 0.7 – 108.8 15.1 69.2 30.8
Katete 0.0 – 10.9 3.3 85.7 14.3
Mambwe 0.0 – 255.0 55.1 10.0 80.0
Nyimba 0.0 – 81.4 16.6 60.0 33.3
Petauke 0.1 – 103.2 17.5 73.3 20.0
Aflatoxin levels (ppb) in maize flour from markets & homesteads
*As per EU standard; # As per Zambia standard
16. A member of CGIAR consortium
Aflatoxin in Zambia
District Range Mean
Proportion of samples (%)
Safe (< 4 ppb)* Unsafe (> 10 ppb)#
Chipata 0.4 – 3435 176.5 28.6 53.6
Lundazi 0.7 – 310 63.6 15.8 68.4
Mambwe 1.1 – 5234 523.3 10.0 80.0
Nyimba 1.4 – 376 76.0 33.3 55.6
Petauke 1.7 – 775 147.3 13.3 66.6
Aflatoxin levels (ppb) in groundnut flour from markets & homesteads
*As per EU standard; # As per Zambia standard
19. A member of CGIAR consortium
Aflasafe Product Development
Senegal
Burkina
Faso
Ghana
Nigeria
Kenya
Tanzania
Mozambique
Zambia
Rwanda
Malawi
Burundi
Uganda
The
Gambia
Strain
development in
progress
Products under
testing in
farmers’ fields
Product ready
for registration
Product
registered
20. A member of CGIAR consortium
Upscaling of aflasafe application
• Nigeria: Farmers to produce
260,000 tons of Aflasafe maize;
Public-Private Partnership
• Senegal: Area-wide treatment
during 2013 to 2015 with 32
tons; private sector led
• Kenya: Government buy-in;
about 230 tons procured;
excellent support
• Zambia: New effort beginning
Senegal
Kenya
21. A member of CGIAR consortium
Biocontrol efforts
• Create a sustainable system
(commercialization/public good) where
small holder farmers have access to
Aflasafe and are incentivized to utilize
Aflasafe to control aflatoxin levels
• Need for business plan, manufacturing
capacity, marketing and distribution
strategies
• Advocacy, awareness, demonstration of
product value
• Full registration, licensing and
stewardship
• Training and technical back-stopping
• Develop second generation product
• Develop regional strains
23. Slide 23
5. Rapid Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT)
for agribusiness value chains
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
by the Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture
(SV NAREN)
can be applied in crop value chains in Africa
24. Slide 24
Aflatoxin assessment
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
Rapid Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT) for agribusiness value chains”
contains a part for aflatoxin risk assessment
Tool developed by the Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture in
cooperation with project in Ghana
Publications: user guide for maize (2015), toolbox (2016), case study of
maize in Ghana (2016)
The tool can be applied for food loss and aflatoxin risk assessment in
crop value chains in cooperation with projects.
25. Slide 25
Integrating the aflatoxin risk into the Rapid Food Loss Appraisal Tool
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“21.03.2016
Bio-physical measurements:
Indication of aflatoxin risk via number of discoloured grains (which has no direct
relationship with aflatoxin, but indicates a higher risk)
Use of blue-light as aflatoxin indicator not successful – high rate of
instrumentation needed in the field, including access to power
Laboratory testing is too lengthy and complicated (sampling!) for RLAT, but
should be recommended as a follow up if a high risk has been detected by the
number of discoloured grains
Aflatoxin checklist:
Points of increased risk for aflatoxin contamination along the production to
consumption chain
Risk evaluated as percentage of positive responses
List has to be specifically conceived for every commodity
27. Slide 27
Small Scale Farmer
Production
Market loss
Supply shortage
Discarded Grain
Litigation
Human health
impact
Sale to local
market
Market loss
Reduced milk
productivity
Livestock disease
burden
Reduced prices of
products
Discarded products
Human health
impact
Disease burden
Reduced
productivity
Contaminated
livestock products
Own consumptionLivestock feed
Export - oriented Farmer
Production
Human health
impact
Disease burden
Reduced
productivity
Own consumptionSale to trader
Export
Quality standards
not met
28. Slide 28
Thank you for your attention!
Sector Project "Sustainable Agriculture"
See also library on post-harvest publications:
https://www.donorplatform.org/postharvest-losses-and-food-
waste/on-common-ground
Hinweis der Redaktion
An innovative scientific solution in the form of a natural biocontrol has been developed by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). This breakthrough technology, already in wide use in the United States, reduces aflatoxins during both crop development and post-harvest storage, and throughout the value chain. Atoxigenic-strain-based biological control is a natural, non-toxic technology that utilizes the ability of native atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to naturally out-compete their aflatoxin-producing cousins. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and partners have successfully adapted this competitive displacement technology for use on maize and groundnut in various African countries using native micro-flora, developing biocontrol products called Aflasafe (www.aflasafe.com). Field testing of Aflasafe in Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso and Kenya has produced extremely positive results in reducing aflatoxin contamination of maize and groundnut, consistently by 80% to 90%, and even as high as 99%.
Adapting and applying this proven biocontrol solution to address aflatoxin contamination in Africa could dramatically improve nutrition, health and livelihoods of millions of families while reducing commodity losses due to contamination. It is anticipated that this cost effective technology, which can be applied for about $18 per hectare (ha), once developed for the African context and commercialized, could be replicated and applied to other highly vulnerable areas, making the potential return on investment enormous.
IITA and USDA-ARS, together with national partners have already tested the technology with over 4,000 small holder farmers in Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Zambia. Aflasafe products are under development for Ghana, Tanzania and Mozambique. At the same time, regional aflasafe products are also being developed for East, West and Southern Africa using atoxigenic strains that co-occur in all countries in a region. More than 60 tons aflasafe was manufactured using a lab-scale method and sold in Nigeria by IITA under the Provisional Registration from biopesticide regulator National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC). The method of production and application of atoxigenic strain based biocontrol products is fairly simple. A mixture of spores of biocontrol strains are coated on a grain carrier (e.g., sorghum), which also serves as a food source. The atoxigenic strains grow and multiply on and disperse from the carrier to initiate displacement of aflatoxin-producers in the field. Application timing differs with the crop and location. In some crops the product is applied 2-4 weeks prior to flowering. For small fields, the product can be tossed onto the 1 hectare of crop and soil by hand by four persons in 1 hour at an application rate of 10 kg/ha.
In the countries where aflasafe development is most advanced (Nigeria, Senegal, and Kenya), the farmers’ needs and demand for aflasafe far exceeds supply of the product produced using the lab-scale manufacturing method. Thus, lack of manufacturing capacity is a barrier preventing wide use of Aflasafe in target markets. There is an demonstration scale manufacturing facility that has just begun to produce Aflasafe at IITA in Ibadan. The new facility in IITA was built for demonstrating the production process of aflasafe to potential manufacturers as well as for producing sufficient quantity of Aflasafe to meet current demand from farmers and for experimental use to evaluate product efficacy in Africa. The Demonstration-scale Aflasafe manufacturing plant will be commissioned in November 2013 in the IITA campus in Ibadan. All the equipment in the plant is now operational and the manufacturing process has been tested successfully. The capacity of the plant is 5 tons per hour. The inoculum production and quality control labs are now functional. The strain multiplication method for aflasafe production has been successfully tested. The new strain multiplication method can produce 12.8 trillion spores in a 250 ml bottle containing 30 grams sorghum grain substrate; these spores are sufficient to produce 60 tons of aflasafe that can treat 6000 ha of crop.
The plant was used to produce the following amount of aflasafe:
1.5 tons of aflasafe BF01 for Burkina Faso for field efficacy trials
6 tons of aflasafe SN01 for field efficacy trials and market linkage research in Senegal in partnership with the private sector
12 tons of two aflasafe products (6 tons each of aflasafe ZM01 and aflasafe ZM02) for field efficacy trials and market linkage research in Zambia in partnership with the private sector
20 tons aflasafe for distribution to farmers by the AgResults initiative
1 ton of aflasafe KE01 will be produced for efficacy trials in Kenya in 2013
Private sector partners have expressed interest to manufacture aflasafe in in Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia.