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Alento riverarea presentation
1. UNESCO-HELP BASIN
The Alento River Basin
Presentation of study areas and results
N. Romano and G.B. Chirico
Department of Agricultural Engineering - University of Napoli Federico II
2. Rationale
Major limitations on current studies of modeling hydrologic
processes and assessing the impacts of landuse and climate
changes are lack of:
• good quality observational data and model parameters,
especially the soil hydraulic characteristics, to provide a
basis for evaluation of hydrologic model performance and
reliable scenario construction;
• information on how the nature of spatial variability of soils
(parameters) and boundary conditions (data) affects
hydrologic response over a range of scales;
• in-depth understanding of effectiveness of using different
modeling tools for soil moisture dynamics (for example,
the bucket model vs. the Richards equation); and,
• clear identification of the catchment landscape units
controlling storm runoff generation, its timing, and
mixing dynamics.
3. The SPERAS project
[from the Latin-root verb: speras you expect (something of good)]
S oil
P rocesses and
E co-hydrological
R esponse in the
A lento river
S ystem
The SPERAS Project is viewed as a box, whose contents are contributions
from different ongoing projects and various other activities.
5. The Alento River Basin
Campania Region
Salerno Province
Cilento area
6. Alento River at “Piano della Rocca” dam
Elevation 96 m a.s.l.
Water surface area ha max 200 – min 100
Length km max 3.9 – min 1.0
Depth max 34 m
Perimeter km 9.3
Wood protection belt ha 154
15. Experimental site
Alento River basin
Subhumid climate
Annual rainfall 1200 mm
Average air temperature 15°C
Area Elevation Slope Aspect
ha m a.s.l. %
5.1 401 7 West
23. soil properties: field and lab investigations
Clay soil, with vertic features (vertisols)
Large and deep cracks within soil surface during
dry periods
Macropores and roots in the top 40 cm (A-horizon)
Almost permanently saturated below 150 cm
Deep clay C-horizon
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Soil layers
0
A (clay)
19 31 51
40
B (clay)
Depht(cm)
14 29 57
60
18 25 57 BC (clay)
100
11 29 61 C (clay)
Sand Silt Clay
25. soil properties: field & lab investigation
Low saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix (<0.8 mm/h)
High permeability of the A-horizon, through preferential flow-paths
A-horizon Ks>10 mm/h
B-horizon Ks<0.8mm/h
C-horizon Ks<0.2mm/h
Stone-cased well
27. surficial soil moisture variability
Surface soil moisture have been measured according to a
25m sample grid in 12 field campaigns.
Soil water content map 22/09/06 Soil water content map 29/09/06 Soil water content map 03/11/06
Soil water content map 2/03/07 Soil water content map 22/01/07 Soil water content map 08/12/07
28. surficial soil moisture variability
Data N CV KS
01/09/06 56 0.257 0.074 0.289 0.148 N
positive
skewness
22/09/06 63 0.342 0.071 0.208 -0.126 N
in dry state
29/09/06 91 0.359 0.080 0.224 -0.255 NN
03/11/06 92 0.334 0.064 0.193 -0.559 N
08/12/06 92 0.405 0.066 0.163 -0.572 N
22/01/07 91 0.410 0.073 0.177 -0.896 N
02/03/07 92 0.408 0.076 0.187 -0.452 N As soil water content is a
bounded variable, its
16/03/07 91 0.347 0.091 0.261 -0.051 NN
skewness decreases
10/04/07 78 0.405 0.079 0.196 -0.506 N
from positive to negative
11/05/07 26 0.379 0.110 0.290 -0.964 N
values from dry to wet
9/07/07 18 0.207 0.088 0.424 0.508 N
periods.
12/11/07 92 0.383 0.073 0.191 -0.748 N
29. surficial soil moisture variability
Data N CV L-Ntest Lilliefors test for
goodness of fit to a
01/09/06 56 0.257 0.074 0.289 0.148 N normal distribution
22/09/06 63 0.342 0.071 0.208 -0.126 N
at 5% significance
level
29/09/06 91 0.359 0.080 0.224 -0.255 NN
03/11/06 92 0.334 0.064 0.193 -0.559 N
non-normal
08/12/06 92 0.405 0.066 0.163 -0.572 N distribution in
22/01/07 91 0.410 0.073 0.177 -0.896 N transition periods
02/03/07 92 0.408 0.076 0.187 -0.452 N
16/03/07 91 0.347 0.091 0.261 -0.051 NN
10/04/07 78 0.405 0.079 0.196 -0.506 N
11/05/07 26 0.379 0.110 0.290 -0.964 N
9/07/07 18 0.207 0.088 0.424 0.508 N
12/11/07 92 0.383 0.073 0.191 -0.748 N
30. surficial soil moisture variability
During transition periods, surface soil moisture assumes a
bimodal distribution as a result of the combination of vertical
fluxes and lateral fluxes through preferential flow-paths.
31. surficial soil moisture variability
During transition periods, surface soil moisture assumes a
bimodal distribution as a result of the combination of vertical
fluxes and lateral fluxes through preferential flow-paths.
Soil water content map 29/09/06
dry-to-wet
32. surficial soil moisture variability
During transition periods, surface soil moisture assumes a
bimodal distribution as a result of the combination of vertical
fluxes and lateral fluxes through preferential flow-paths.
wet-to-dry
33. what we have learned (up to now) …
• We have identified 4 different periods that
characterize the hydrologic response of the
hillslope; in each of which there occur different
dominant hydrologic processes.
• Spatial variability of surficial soil water content
shows slightly different statistical features in each
of these periods.
• This type of investigation can give useful
directions when one should build hydrologic
models as related to specific objectives of
modeling
34. Space-based earth observation and in-depth
analyses of natural phenomena characterizing
environmental evolution offer new perspectives
on management of land and water resources.
GIS + Earth + Model
Observation u z
u* z
ln
k z0m
R
A
R
T0 X T
m
RS C
T
S (z,t)
v(x,y,t)
35. 20 July 2004
24 Oct. 2004
soil, vegetation, and landscape characterization through satellite images
38. KEY TO PROGRESS
About the data … : improving our
monitoring techniques over a broad range
of scales (to measure/infer soil hydraulic properties & fluxes at
scales of interest for environmental planning).
About the models … : identifying dominant
vegetation, soil and topography controls
on ecosystem dynamics.
Defining new criteria for moving across
scales