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Digital Quality Assurance: Insights and Trends
Shaping Banking and Financial Services
To keep pace with the rampant digital disruption and radical change across
the banking industry, financial institutions must increase their focus on
digital quality assurance that results in a superior end-user experience.
Executive Summary
Amid the rush to digitize every function of
business, CIOs are prioritizing those IT initia-
tives that create “customer intimacy” through
enhanced user experience. As companies push
to create “markets of one” that transcend demo-
graphic segmentation and customer personas,
user tolerance for poor software quality and the
application errors and performance issues that
ensue, is raising the bar on quality assurance.
This in turn is forcing enterprises to pay renewed
attention to the quality and reliability of custom-
er-facing software solutions. The reason: Any
negative publicity on social platforms can have
a significant direct impact on reputation and
revenue streams. Thus, banking and financial
services (BFS) organizations are looking to
services providers to overhaul how they deliver
and guarantee software quality to mitigate the
potential for reputational and financial damage.
BFS companies have been in the forefront of antic-
ipating and adjusting to the changing technology
trends. As digital business proliferates, CIOs
of BFS organizations have begun to shift their
priorities from maintenance to developing and
implementing new systems that drive revenue
growth, and are launching new products and
services that extend end customer engagement
via new channels. Add the increase in merger and
acquisition activities, the advent of new social,
mobile, analytics and cloud (or SMAC Stack)
technologies, the application development shift
from traditional SDLC Waterfall approaches to
Agile and to DevOps, bigger budgets for business
assurance, and as a result, CIOs in the BFS sector
are doubling-down on QA and testing. This, they
hope, will accelerate time to market and decrease
the cost of quality of new digital offerings.
This white paper offers recommendations,
informed by experience, to help IT units across the
BFS sector to enhance digital quality assurance
across the technology testing landscape, from
cloud, mobility and big data analytics through
Agile and DevOps.
BFS Industry Trends
Key industry trends are shaping and driving new
technology adoption and the associated quality
concerns across the BFS sector. Prominent items
include:
•	The accelerating globalization of BFS: Over
the next five to seven years, we foresee greater
demand for transactional banking services and
an increase in consumer demand for credit. To
keep pace, BFS organizations must rethink their
relationships with customers. Infrastructure
funding and partnerships with nonbanks are
expected to generate new revenue streams.
cognizant 20-20 insights | december 2016
• Cognizant 20-20 Insights
cognizant 20-20 insights 2
Digital transformation trends in
technology are driving investments in
the banking sector that make banking
services innovative and aligned with
the current digital landscape.
While ensuring customer experience
across mobile, Internet and cloud
channels, banks must also guarantee
safe transactions and the safeguarding
of sensitive customer information
across all touchpoints.
•	The irrepressible rise of digital business:
Digital transformation trends in technology
are driving investments in the banking sector
that make banking services innovative and
aligned with the current digital landscape.
Mobile, social, Web and IoT together determine
how most of the customers today engage with
businesses in general. Wider smartphone reach
will make mobile wallets the preferred mode of
payments, which can be called the Internet of
payments (IoP). The share of digital interactions
will reach new highs in all the developed and
most of the developing countries. As such,
the emerging digital ecosystem with an
omnichannel approach will define the bank of
the future. Meanwhile, banks are enhancing
customer experience by ensuring consistency
in services across various banking channels.
•	The reshaping of banking processes: Digital
technology is reshaping processes around
improved governance, decision-making, fraud
prevention and devising new banking service
and partnership models. Greater “gamifica-
tion”1
is helping banks improve customer brand
loyalty and overall strategy. At the enterprise
level, banking organizations need strategies
for open application program interfaces (APIs)
spanning products or platforms, security,
governance and ongoing management of data
exposed by the APIs.
•	Revamped operating models: BFS organiza-
tions are focusing more on core operations,
accelerating time to market and heightening
customer experience. Digital engagements
drive data-gathering about customer behavior.
This will allow banks to tailor products accord-
ingly, with sales and distributions adopting
more omnichannel approaches.
•	Customers redefine rules: Customer diversity
and individualism will pervade buying behavior.
Better-informed customers demand greater
advocacy and control in their banking relation-
ships. Product and services personalization is
on the rise. Banks will anticipate and proactively
suggest banking solutions, and use service and
experience to de-commoditize their offerings.
•	Workforce transformation needs: Digital
disruption has encompassed all facets of
banking, with the most obvious examples
being enhanced customer experience, reduced
branch footprints and automated/stream-
lined processes. As such, the future banking
workplace will be transformed by:
>> Automation, which will power operational
activities such as claims processing, ac-
counts payable/receivable, record or account
data reconciliations, and data consolidation/
validation.
>> Intelligent automation systems, which will
take on activities such as prescriptive pric-
ing, providing services, portfolio manage-
ment and investment services.
On one hand, the approach suggested above
would necessitate an up-skilling of the
workforce to keep pace with digital technology
advances and new business applications; on the
other hand, this will make a sizeable workforce
redundant owing to automation.
•	Intensified regulatory burdens: If recent
activities are any indication, we foresee a
demand for transparency and governance by
regulators. Strict enforcement of performance
and reliability measures as well as disaster
recovery policies will also take center stage.
We expect banks to leverage technology to aid
compliance processes in an efficient and cost-
effective way.
•	Broader security concerns: With more con-
nections, more technology, smart systems, and
increasing digital processes and business, there
has been a comparable rise in cybercrime.
As a highly regulated industry, banks place
enormous importance on data security and
integrity. While ensuring customer experience
across mobile, Internet and cloud channels,
banks must also guarantee safe transactions
and the safeguarding of sensitive customer
information across all touchpoints. System
security testing across multiple channels,
3
As the cloud proliferates and powers
BFS digital transformation, cloud
testing must become a prerogative
for winning organizations.
operating systems and networks must be
enhanced to ensure comprehensive security
measures across the value chain. Banking orga-
nizations are prime targets for cybercrimes like
hacking, but system vulnerability testing and
penetration testing can preempt such fraudulent
activities. Comprehensive security protection
requires an adaptive protection process that
integrates predictive, preventive, detective and
response capabilities.
BFS Technology and Quality Trends
In our work with BFS organizations, we see more
financial institutions increasingly focusing on
process digitization across their back, middle and
front offices. Agile- and DevOps-based develop-
ment methodologies, cloud solutions, mobility,
business intelligence (BI) and analytics are
enabling banks to remodel for digital technology
and process reformation.
Today, investments across industry are vendor
and platform agnostic and focus on integrating
legacy systems of records with modern digital
systems of engagement and intelligence. This
is particularly true for banking organizations.
Increased IT investments are driving the growth
of digital QA and testing budgets across BFS, as
well as “Shift Left”2
initiatives. Our study reveals
that organizations employ a combination of cen-
tralized and decentralized testing teams that are
focused towards a comanaged testing approach.
To address the aforementioned needs, banks need
an IT workforce that is well equipped to manage
the rapidly advancing technologies with deep
knowledge, experience and skill sets. Cross-skilling
human resources around automated tools and
evolving business models that are DevOps focused
and digitally driven is a major imperative across the
BFS space. Satisfying millennial consumers’ best-in-
class digital experience expectations will require an IT
workforce with heightened ingenuity and adaptivity
to rapidly evolving technological advancements.
Cloud Testing: Ensuring a Seamless
Customer Experience
There are multiple good reasons for BFS orga-
nizations to integrate cloud services into their
technology landscape. Our informal research
suggests that global megatrends such as new
operating and digital business models, as well as
the push by customers to redefine the rules of
business, are fueling the shift to cloud adoption.
Potential benefits include:
•	Minimized operational costs.
•	Availability of more flexible infrastructure and
services.
•	Streamlined operations.
•	Modernized core and noncore systems through
the use of cloud service models.
The “customer is king” adage is truer today
than ever. Customers demand consistent cross-
channel experiences and persistent connectiv-
ity for their banking transactions and interac-
tions, services that for the most part are enabled
by the use of cloud infrastructure. For example,
the cloud allows mobile payment providers to
modernize transaction processing, and it makes
new models for data management viable. Cloud
is now increasingly used for sophisticated service
configuration and delivery. Amazon Web Services
(AWS) and Microsoft Windows 10 are examples
of an enormous amount of automation that has
been installed to enable cloud-based solutions.
As the cloud proliferates and powers BFS digital
transformation, cloud testing must become a pre-
rogative for winning organizations.
The growing embrace of cloud testing among
BFS firms will have significant impact on the
three fundamental levers: people, process and
technology. To keep pace with this development,
we recommend that BFS organizations do the
following:
•	Raise the bar on skill sets within their testing
teams; create hybrid team structures with
adequate skill-sets around digital and take
advantage of the diverse talent capacity
available through virtual services such as
crowdsourcing and cloud-sourcing.
cognizant 20-20 insights
Satisfying millennial consumers’
best-in-class digital experience
expectations will require an IT
workforce with heightened ingenuity
and adaptivity to rapidly evolving
technological advancements.
cognizant 20-20 insights 4
Given the global ubiquity of
smartphones, it is advantageous for
BFS organizations to leverage mobility
as a platform to enhance customer
reach and provide seamless and
hassle-free banking experiences.
•	Make use of tailored infrastructure- and plat-
forms-as-a-service models (IaaS/PaaS) on
secured private cloud environments to support
cloud testing.
•	Establish cloud-based test environments and
procure testing tools that enable better and
secured inter- and intraorganizational sharing
of resources to improve scalability, affordabil-
ity, interoperability and security.
Cloud testing comes with its own set of unique
challenges that organizations must prepare
for and overcome. The lack of scalable testing
environments and the lack of dynamic software
validation solutions to address the dynamic
features of software as a service (SaaS) and other
cloud-based services can hamper an organiza-
tion’s journey toward a stable cloud test strategy.
The shortfall of test models, test adequacy, test
techniques and tools for security testing in third-
party cloud infrastructure can be a major obstacle
that BFS organizations should prepare for.
Despite the challenges, our experience suggests
that cloud testing is and will remain a top priority
for most CIOs in the BFS sector. The benefits
associated with it – such as reduction in TCO,
flexible infrastructure capacity, reduced time for
provisioning, flexible payment models, on-demand
service, multiple test environments and scalable
tools availability – will make investing in cloud-
based testing solutions a no-brainer for BFS CIOs.
Digital Assurance: Going Mobile
Given multiple banking channels such as IVR,
mobile, Internet and branch, banks need to
provide a seamless and consistent customer
experience across all touchpoints. The role of QA
here is to deliver a top-notch experience through
best-in-class device integration testing, channel
interface validation, security and compliancy
testing, and service/network virtualization testing
– whether the customer is accessing the bank via
a mobile, tablet or visiting a branch in person. We
anticipate the more expensive modes of banking
(such as branch and call centers) will be leveraged
for only complex transactions.
Given the global ubiquity of smartphones, it is
advantageous for BFS organizations to leverage
mobility as a platform to enhance customer reach
and provide seamless and hassle-free banking
experiences. Omnichannel journeys are the norm
for consumers; for banks, this means they must
recognize and serve up data to individual internal
users or customers as well as manage processes
and data in new and unique ways.
Our experience shows that security, perfor-
mance and compatibility of applications on
digital platforms must be at the center of a digital
assurance strategy, followed by functional and
user interface testing for mobile solutions. Based
on our work with clients, we believe many BFS
organizations are turning to either third-party
service providers or are establishing internal
testing centers of excellence (TCoEs) to provide
niche mobile testing solutions. To set up a spe-
cialized mobility TCoE, we recommend that BFS
organizations do the following:
•	Provision end-to-end testing infrastructure:
devices, methods, tools and people to ensure
quality of mobile applications. TCoEs would
work explicitly in the area of digital assurance
testing and should provide access to multiple
possible combinations of devices, operating
systems and application versions. They should
enable organizations to scale up existing
testing processes and offer new business
products and services with higher quality, in a
shorter delivery time and at a reduced cost.
•	Address the rising demand for a dynamic
workforce by leveraging testing as a service for
a quick turnaround of tests. This can advance
virtual work anytime, anywhere initiatives.
•	Meet the needs of a tighter mobile app devel-
opment cycle with Agile testing methodologies.
Effective coverage of the testing procedures in
a secured environment should be prioritized
for mobile solutions.
•	Embrace regression testing for mobile appli-
cations via automation tools. Organizations
should look toward simulation of multiple
possible devices, platforms, application
versions and operating systems in a single
automation testing tool for effective validation
of mobile applications.
Foreseeable challenges are bound to emerge to
digitalassurancetestingformobileapplications.One
is the lack of specialized mobile testing procedures.
Companies cite a dearth of specialized resources
to augment their existing internal resources for
mobile testing. Most companies do not have the
devices, platforms and operating systems needed
to perform end-to-end mobile testing.
Apart from this, security testing for mobile
banking applications is of the utmost importance.
Also, crowdsourcing of mobile applications offers
an effective way to perform testing using varied
user demographics and combinations of devices
and platforms; however, this approach may be
deemed a security threat by most companies
given the sensitivity and confidential nature
of banking information. Other challenges for
testing mobile banking apps include the complex
industry value chains when providing location-
based services (LBS), resource-intensive appli-
cations constrained by current mobile maturity,
insufficient mobile banking infrastructure and
network bandwidth.
Still, adoption of mobile testing has some obvious
benefits. These include attracting and retaining
tech-savvy smartphone users, offering instan-
taneous access to data and services for end
customers, facilitating an on-the-go workforce,
strongly enabling B2B transactions and commu-
nications, as well as delivering an omnichannel
experience through emerging mobile technolo-
gies including wearables and beacons.
Big Data Analytics Testing: Aiding
Decision-Making
Big data analytics has become a cornerstone
in the digital transformation journey of many
BFS organizations. The driver is customer
service improvements, delivered through mass
personalization and modernization of account
management by leveraging customer feedback
and drawing meaningful insights. In our work with
the fifth largest U.S. bank, campaign analytics,
segmentation and personalized recommendations
have driven a significant increase in the net
promoter value. Big data analytics is leading the
way in helping banks design customer-driven
products. Today, banks sit at the center of the
payments web and as such have unique insights
into how, when and where customers are spending
their money. This gold mine of information must
be leveraged by BFS organizations to help design
products and services tailored to customers’
needs. Banks need to apply real-time insights into
customers’ spending patterns to boost decision-
making relevancy.
In terms of the Code HaloTM3
perspective, enterprise
halos are beginning to reshape the banking
business. These halos are transforming customer
experience (e.g., consistent omnichannel and per-
sonalized services across touchpoints), operational
processes (e.g., employee enablement and process
agility) and business models (e.g., regulatory
compliance and shared services).
According to our experience, big data analytics
testing is among the top priorities in BFS-sector
test strategies. The customer intelligence
acquired from multiple banking channels can be
more effectively leveraged if banks have suitable
big data analytics testing infrastructure in place.
To get there, we recommend the following:
•	Live data integration testing/performance
testing: Validating the collated live big data
acquired from multiple feeds for quality and
performance.
•	Instant deployment testing: Deployment
testing of live data to ensure reliable predictive
analytics.
•	Scalability testing: Validating the application’s
architecture for scalability with huge volumes
of big data.
•	Security testing: Data security testing at
different levels of the application is hypercritical.
To move beyond “doing digital” to “being digital,”
we recommend that organizations embrace a big
data testing strategy that does the following:
•	Demands greater skill sets from testers as
testing teams must also be responsible for
identifying data irregularities, validating data
quality and confirming the accuracy of the ETL
process.
•	Defines new strategies and processes for
checking the quality of big data; this requires
setting up validation processes for establishing
accuracy and meaningfulness of big data.
cognizant 20-20 insights 5
Banks sit at the center of the payments
web and as such have unique insights
into how, when and where customers
are spending their money. This gold
mine of information must be leveraged
by BFS organizations to help design
products and services tailored to
customers’ needs.
•	Emphasizes automation tools that can handle
complexities associated with large volumes of
data and tools for instant deployment and that
will focus on live data integration testing.
BFS organizations must overcome big data analysis
challenges such as acquiring and analyzing
data from multiple sources, the lack of right test
automation tools/methods and inadequate QA
skill sets. However, the ability of big data analytics
to help BFS firms make faster and more accurate
decisions that drive value is why big data analytics
and testing is soaring in popularity.
Agile and DevOps Testing: Delivering
Incremental Value Fast
Faster time to market, demands for greater trans-
parency and the pressing business need for risk
mitigation are nudging many BFS organizations
to switch to Agile development methodologies.
Agile promises improved efficiency and speed, and
also facilitates the creation of tools and software
to satisfy dynamic customer behavior. One of our
largest clients digitalized their transactions by
using Agile and DevOps4
delivery approaches. With
three releases per day, they reported productivity
improvements and higher customer and employee
satisfaction tracked through their continuous
monitoring and survey scores. In our experience,
BFS organizations should embrace more Agile and
DevOps techniques for increased on-budget and
on-time delivery. For this, we suggest the following:
•	Focus on Agile testing principles such as time
boxing, DSDM5
test approach and exploratory
testing.
•	Create versatile Agile testing teams composed
of a mix of business analysts, developers, and
QA and testing professionals. Agile testing
warrants an increase in the proportion of
onshore and near-shore testing teams. Hybrid
team structures and testing teams with diverse
skill sets are helpful in accomplishing this.
•	Adapt traditional Waterfall testing methods
to include Agile-type Scrums and risk-based
analysis for focused testing efforts. This can
help BFS organizations facilitate their transition
to full-fledged Agile testing.
•	Embrace Agile test automation tools to
significantly reduce regression and integration
testing times. Testing tools that ensure
maximum reusability of test scripts must
be leveraged by organizations to obtain full
benefits of their Agile journey.
BFS organizations must embrace an integrated
DevOps quality approach with the DevOps delivery
cycle, wherein the role of the DevOps QA engineer
is central to the DevOps teams. Also, test-driven
development models are required to bring more
agility to the quality assurance process. A DevOps
quality approach is based on continuous testing
and continuous quality monitoring. A quality
automation framework can be implemented for
this, which can fulfill all QA-related needs around
continuous build, deployment and monitoring,
and it can provide a virtualized environment for
quality validation, as depicted in Figure 1.
Generate & Write
Unit Test
Test Locally
Check-In
Integrate
Scripts/Jobs
Developer
SCM
CI Engine
Provider
ECs/VMware
VSphere
Provisioned VMs
Provision/De-provision
VM
Prebuilt
Images/Temlates
Catalogues
VM Pool
Use Pooled VMs
Source code for
Application & Unit
Test cases
Commit
Triggered/Scheduled
Commit
Utilities
Middleware
OS
On Demand
Built
VM
Test VM
Test VM
Compile
Source Code
Code Quality
Analysis
Run Unit Test
(Semantic &
Syntax)
Set-up
Environment
Deploy
Application
Smoke Test
Run
Functional
UI Test Archive
Artifacts
Tear Down/
Clean UpSet-up
Environment
Deploy
Application
Smoke Test
Run Technical
Integration
Test
PIPELINE
STEP 1
Compile/Code
Integration
STEP 2
Code Analysis & Basic Unit
Test Run
STEP 3
Set Up
STEP 4
Validate & Feedback
STEP 5
Teardown
Continuous Quality, Integration and Delivery
Figure 1
cognizant 20-20 insights 6
The ability of big data analytics to help
BFS firms make faster and more accurate
decisions that drive value is why big data
analytics and testing is soaring in popularity.
cognizant 20-20 insights 7
Challenges when transitioning to an Agile or
DevOps methodology include the lack of an
effective testing approach, an inability to apply
test automation, difficulty in applying the right
focus areas and lack of Agile test expertise.
However, BFS organizations must cross the initial
hurdles and establish a personalized Agile or
DevOps testing strategy if they hope to keep up
with modern consumers’ ever-changing demands
for personalized products and services.
Looking Ahead: Key Takeaways
•	Adapt your organization’s QA and testing
models to new technologies required by
digital transformation. Testers not only
need specialized testing skills, but also better
knowledge of business and industry.
•	Focus on omnichannel experience testing
for validating E2E customer experience.
When creating test strategies for omnichannel
applications including mobile solutions, the
main focus should be on end-user experience.
•	Increase the use of cloud and virtualization
solutions for test environments. Define a
cloud testing strategy after reviewing the
existing test environment.
•	Focus on IT workforce transformation. Cross-
train and up-skill quality assurance groups to best
cater to end banking consumers in the face of
digitalization and technology advancements.
•	Develop faster and more structured testing
solutions for Agile- and DevOps-driven projects.
Combine risk-based testing strategies with test-
driven development. Also, Agile testers need
to be more knowledgeable about business
processes and development techniques.
•	Get a head start on automation with a test-
driven approach. Automate early, before the UI is
ready,andconsiderdeployingservicevirtualization
to test before services become available.
•	Improve test efficiency beyond operation-
al levels while controlling costs. Improve
test governance, effective use of specialists,
standardization of processes and increased
automation levels.
•	Increase focus on nonfunctional testing, spe-
cifically security and performance testing.
Provide state-of-the-art solutions for nonfunc-
tional testing in a fixed-usage or output-based
pricing model. A confidentiality, integrity, avail-
ability and security (CIAS) model should be
used as a new benchmark for evaluating infor-
mation systems security.
•	For a successful TCoE, combine multiple
business domain-oriented teams with shared
service centers. Use early quality assurance,
and deploy effective comanagement engage-
ments between in-house QA teams and
specialist third-party providers.
Footnotes
1	 Deploying games across digital channels to improve customer experience and educate customers about offered
products and services. As such, it is a concerted attempt to use gaming psychology to influence (and alter)
consumer behavior. It is not a promotional strategy (to acquire more accounts, for example); it is a product
engagement strategy, to deepen relationships.
2	 A methodology or approach in which testing is performed early in the product lifecycle. The idea is to “test
early and often” to improve quality, reduce cost and quicken time to market. Such initiatives can take different
forms: traditional, incremental, Agile/DevOps or model-based Shift-Left testing.
3	 For more on this topic, please read Code Halos: How the Digital Lives of People, Things, and Organizations are
Changing the Rules of Business, by Malcolm Frank, Paul Roehrig and Ben Pring, published by John Wiley &
Sons, April 2014, http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118862074.html.
4	 A cultural shift in product delivery that aims at greater collaboration across departments and focuses on
continuous integration between development, QA and operation activities. The DevOps approach leads to
significantly shorter time to market, improved customer satisfaction, better product quality, more reliable
releases, improved productivity and efficiency, and the increased ability to build the right product by rapid
experimentation. The approach is gaining increasing adoption across industries.
5	 Dynamic systems development method is an Agile project delivery framework primarily used as a software
development method. It is an iterative and incremental approach that embraces principles of Agile develop-
ment, including continuous user/customer involvement.
About Cognizant
Cognizant (NASDAQ: CTSH) is a leading provider of information technology, consulting, and business
process services, dedicated to helping the world’s leading companies build stronger businesses. Headquar-
tered in Teaneck, New Jersey (U.S.), Cognizant combines a passion for client satisfaction, technology inno-
vation, deep industry and business process expertise, and a global, collaborative workforce that embodies
the future of work. With over 100 development and delivery centers worldwide and approximately 255,800
employees as of September 30, 2016, Cognizant is a member of the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500, the Forbes
Global 2000, and the Fortune 500 and is ranked among the top performing and fastest growing companies
in the world. Visit us online at www.cognizant.com or follow us on Twitter: Cognizant.
World Headquarters
500 Frank W. Burr Blvd.
Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA
Phone: +1 201 801 0233
Fax: +1 201 801 0243
Toll Free: +1 888 937 3277
Email: inquiry@cognizant.com
European Headquarters
1 Kingdom Street
Paddington Central
London W2 6BD
Phone: +44 (0) 20 7297 7600
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7121 0102
Email: infouk@cognizant.com
India Operations Headquarters
#5/535, Old Mahabalipuram Road
Okkiyam Pettai, Thoraipakkam
Chennai, 600 096 India
Phone: +91 (0) 44 4209 6000
Fax: +91 (0) 44 4209 6060
Email: inquiryindia@cognizant.com
­­© Copyright 2016, Cognizant. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the express written permission from Cognizant. The information contained herein is
subject to change without notice. All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.
About the Authors
Srikanth Rao is a Director within Cognizant’s Process and Quality Consulting Practice in the Asia Pacific region.
He has over 15 years of experience in the areas of banking, technology and process, and quality engineering and
assurance. Srikanth consults with companies on enterprise-wide process implementation, change management,
training and appraisals, with the help of industry-best models, standards and frameworks. He has also worked in
Europe with a large financial services organization on its multicountry core banking implementation program.
Srikanth can be reached at Srikanth.Rao2@cognizant.com.
Mayank Saxena is a Senior Consultant within Cognizant’s Process and Quality Consulting Practice. He has over
eight years of technology and process consulting, due diligence and E2E assessment experience, using industry-
leading models and frameworks, and has worked on global engagements for Fortune 500 companies across the
BFS, technology and e-commerce domains. Mayank can be reached at Mayank.Saxena@cognizant.com.
Sulagna Bagchi is a Business Analyst within Cognizant’s Process and Quality Consulting Practice. She has over
three years of experience and has worked across the BFS, insurance and e-commerce domains. Sulagna can be
reached at Sulagna.Bagchi @cognizant.com.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Rajiv Joshi, a Senior Director within Cognizant’s Quality Engineering and
Assurance Services Practice, for insights that helped inform this white paper.
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Digital Quality Assurance: Insights and Trends Shaping Banking and Financial Services

  • 1. Digital Quality Assurance: Insights and Trends Shaping Banking and Financial Services To keep pace with the rampant digital disruption and radical change across the banking industry, financial institutions must increase their focus on digital quality assurance that results in a superior end-user experience. Executive Summary Amid the rush to digitize every function of business, CIOs are prioritizing those IT initia- tives that create “customer intimacy” through enhanced user experience. As companies push to create “markets of one” that transcend demo- graphic segmentation and customer personas, user tolerance for poor software quality and the application errors and performance issues that ensue, is raising the bar on quality assurance. This in turn is forcing enterprises to pay renewed attention to the quality and reliability of custom- er-facing software solutions. The reason: Any negative publicity on social platforms can have a significant direct impact on reputation and revenue streams. Thus, banking and financial services (BFS) organizations are looking to services providers to overhaul how they deliver and guarantee software quality to mitigate the potential for reputational and financial damage. BFS companies have been in the forefront of antic- ipating and adjusting to the changing technology trends. As digital business proliferates, CIOs of BFS organizations have begun to shift their priorities from maintenance to developing and implementing new systems that drive revenue growth, and are launching new products and services that extend end customer engagement via new channels. Add the increase in merger and acquisition activities, the advent of new social, mobile, analytics and cloud (or SMAC Stack) technologies, the application development shift from traditional SDLC Waterfall approaches to Agile and to DevOps, bigger budgets for business assurance, and as a result, CIOs in the BFS sector are doubling-down on QA and testing. This, they hope, will accelerate time to market and decrease the cost of quality of new digital offerings. This white paper offers recommendations, informed by experience, to help IT units across the BFS sector to enhance digital quality assurance across the technology testing landscape, from cloud, mobility and big data analytics through Agile and DevOps. BFS Industry Trends Key industry trends are shaping and driving new technology adoption and the associated quality concerns across the BFS sector. Prominent items include: • The accelerating globalization of BFS: Over the next five to seven years, we foresee greater demand for transactional banking services and an increase in consumer demand for credit. To keep pace, BFS organizations must rethink their relationships with customers. Infrastructure funding and partnerships with nonbanks are expected to generate new revenue streams. cognizant 20-20 insights | december 2016 • Cognizant 20-20 Insights
  • 2. cognizant 20-20 insights 2 Digital transformation trends in technology are driving investments in the banking sector that make banking services innovative and aligned with the current digital landscape. While ensuring customer experience across mobile, Internet and cloud channels, banks must also guarantee safe transactions and the safeguarding of sensitive customer information across all touchpoints. • The irrepressible rise of digital business: Digital transformation trends in technology are driving investments in the banking sector that make banking services innovative and aligned with the current digital landscape. Mobile, social, Web and IoT together determine how most of the customers today engage with businesses in general. Wider smartphone reach will make mobile wallets the preferred mode of payments, which can be called the Internet of payments (IoP). The share of digital interactions will reach new highs in all the developed and most of the developing countries. As such, the emerging digital ecosystem with an omnichannel approach will define the bank of the future. Meanwhile, banks are enhancing customer experience by ensuring consistency in services across various banking channels. • The reshaping of banking processes: Digital technology is reshaping processes around improved governance, decision-making, fraud prevention and devising new banking service and partnership models. Greater “gamifica- tion”1 is helping banks improve customer brand loyalty and overall strategy. At the enterprise level, banking organizations need strategies for open application program interfaces (APIs) spanning products or platforms, security, governance and ongoing management of data exposed by the APIs. • Revamped operating models: BFS organiza- tions are focusing more on core operations, accelerating time to market and heightening customer experience. Digital engagements drive data-gathering about customer behavior. This will allow banks to tailor products accord- ingly, with sales and distributions adopting more omnichannel approaches. • Customers redefine rules: Customer diversity and individualism will pervade buying behavior. Better-informed customers demand greater advocacy and control in their banking relation- ships. Product and services personalization is on the rise. Banks will anticipate and proactively suggest banking solutions, and use service and experience to de-commoditize their offerings. • Workforce transformation needs: Digital disruption has encompassed all facets of banking, with the most obvious examples being enhanced customer experience, reduced branch footprints and automated/stream- lined processes. As such, the future banking workplace will be transformed by: >> Automation, which will power operational activities such as claims processing, ac- counts payable/receivable, record or account data reconciliations, and data consolidation/ validation. >> Intelligent automation systems, which will take on activities such as prescriptive pric- ing, providing services, portfolio manage- ment and investment services. On one hand, the approach suggested above would necessitate an up-skilling of the workforce to keep pace with digital technology advances and new business applications; on the other hand, this will make a sizeable workforce redundant owing to automation. • Intensified regulatory burdens: If recent activities are any indication, we foresee a demand for transparency and governance by regulators. Strict enforcement of performance and reliability measures as well as disaster recovery policies will also take center stage. We expect banks to leverage technology to aid compliance processes in an efficient and cost- effective way. • Broader security concerns: With more con- nections, more technology, smart systems, and increasing digital processes and business, there has been a comparable rise in cybercrime. As a highly regulated industry, banks place enormous importance on data security and integrity. While ensuring customer experience across mobile, Internet and cloud channels, banks must also guarantee safe transactions and the safeguarding of sensitive customer information across all touchpoints. System security testing across multiple channels,
  • 3. 3 As the cloud proliferates and powers BFS digital transformation, cloud testing must become a prerogative for winning organizations. operating systems and networks must be enhanced to ensure comprehensive security measures across the value chain. Banking orga- nizations are prime targets for cybercrimes like hacking, but system vulnerability testing and penetration testing can preempt such fraudulent activities. Comprehensive security protection requires an adaptive protection process that integrates predictive, preventive, detective and response capabilities. BFS Technology and Quality Trends In our work with BFS organizations, we see more financial institutions increasingly focusing on process digitization across their back, middle and front offices. Agile- and DevOps-based develop- ment methodologies, cloud solutions, mobility, business intelligence (BI) and analytics are enabling banks to remodel for digital technology and process reformation. Today, investments across industry are vendor and platform agnostic and focus on integrating legacy systems of records with modern digital systems of engagement and intelligence. This is particularly true for banking organizations. Increased IT investments are driving the growth of digital QA and testing budgets across BFS, as well as “Shift Left”2 initiatives. Our study reveals that organizations employ a combination of cen- tralized and decentralized testing teams that are focused towards a comanaged testing approach. To address the aforementioned needs, banks need an IT workforce that is well equipped to manage the rapidly advancing technologies with deep knowledge, experience and skill sets. Cross-skilling human resources around automated tools and evolving business models that are DevOps focused and digitally driven is a major imperative across the BFS space. Satisfying millennial consumers’ best-in- class digital experience expectations will require an IT workforce with heightened ingenuity and adaptivity to rapidly evolving technological advancements. Cloud Testing: Ensuring a Seamless Customer Experience There are multiple good reasons for BFS orga- nizations to integrate cloud services into their technology landscape. Our informal research suggests that global megatrends such as new operating and digital business models, as well as the push by customers to redefine the rules of business, are fueling the shift to cloud adoption. Potential benefits include: • Minimized operational costs. • Availability of more flexible infrastructure and services. • Streamlined operations. • Modernized core and noncore systems through the use of cloud service models. The “customer is king” adage is truer today than ever. Customers demand consistent cross- channel experiences and persistent connectiv- ity for their banking transactions and interac- tions, services that for the most part are enabled by the use of cloud infrastructure. For example, the cloud allows mobile payment providers to modernize transaction processing, and it makes new models for data management viable. Cloud is now increasingly used for sophisticated service configuration and delivery. Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Windows 10 are examples of an enormous amount of automation that has been installed to enable cloud-based solutions. As the cloud proliferates and powers BFS digital transformation, cloud testing must become a pre- rogative for winning organizations. The growing embrace of cloud testing among BFS firms will have significant impact on the three fundamental levers: people, process and technology. To keep pace with this development, we recommend that BFS organizations do the following: • Raise the bar on skill sets within their testing teams; create hybrid team structures with adequate skill-sets around digital and take advantage of the diverse talent capacity available through virtual services such as crowdsourcing and cloud-sourcing. cognizant 20-20 insights Satisfying millennial consumers’ best-in-class digital experience expectations will require an IT workforce with heightened ingenuity and adaptivity to rapidly evolving technological advancements.
  • 4. cognizant 20-20 insights 4 Given the global ubiquity of smartphones, it is advantageous for BFS organizations to leverage mobility as a platform to enhance customer reach and provide seamless and hassle-free banking experiences. • Make use of tailored infrastructure- and plat- forms-as-a-service models (IaaS/PaaS) on secured private cloud environments to support cloud testing. • Establish cloud-based test environments and procure testing tools that enable better and secured inter- and intraorganizational sharing of resources to improve scalability, affordabil- ity, interoperability and security. Cloud testing comes with its own set of unique challenges that organizations must prepare for and overcome. The lack of scalable testing environments and the lack of dynamic software validation solutions to address the dynamic features of software as a service (SaaS) and other cloud-based services can hamper an organiza- tion’s journey toward a stable cloud test strategy. The shortfall of test models, test adequacy, test techniques and tools for security testing in third- party cloud infrastructure can be a major obstacle that BFS organizations should prepare for. Despite the challenges, our experience suggests that cloud testing is and will remain a top priority for most CIOs in the BFS sector. The benefits associated with it – such as reduction in TCO, flexible infrastructure capacity, reduced time for provisioning, flexible payment models, on-demand service, multiple test environments and scalable tools availability – will make investing in cloud- based testing solutions a no-brainer for BFS CIOs. Digital Assurance: Going Mobile Given multiple banking channels such as IVR, mobile, Internet and branch, banks need to provide a seamless and consistent customer experience across all touchpoints. The role of QA here is to deliver a top-notch experience through best-in-class device integration testing, channel interface validation, security and compliancy testing, and service/network virtualization testing – whether the customer is accessing the bank via a mobile, tablet or visiting a branch in person. We anticipate the more expensive modes of banking (such as branch and call centers) will be leveraged for only complex transactions. Given the global ubiquity of smartphones, it is advantageous for BFS organizations to leverage mobility as a platform to enhance customer reach and provide seamless and hassle-free banking experiences. Omnichannel journeys are the norm for consumers; for banks, this means they must recognize and serve up data to individual internal users or customers as well as manage processes and data in new and unique ways. Our experience shows that security, perfor- mance and compatibility of applications on digital platforms must be at the center of a digital assurance strategy, followed by functional and user interface testing for mobile solutions. Based on our work with clients, we believe many BFS organizations are turning to either third-party service providers or are establishing internal testing centers of excellence (TCoEs) to provide niche mobile testing solutions. To set up a spe- cialized mobility TCoE, we recommend that BFS organizations do the following: • Provision end-to-end testing infrastructure: devices, methods, tools and people to ensure quality of mobile applications. TCoEs would work explicitly in the area of digital assurance testing and should provide access to multiple possible combinations of devices, operating systems and application versions. They should enable organizations to scale up existing testing processes and offer new business products and services with higher quality, in a shorter delivery time and at a reduced cost. • Address the rising demand for a dynamic workforce by leveraging testing as a service for a quick turnaround of tests. This can advance virtual work anytime, anywhere initiatives. • Meet the needs of a tighter mobile app devel- opment cycle with Agile testing methodologies. Effective coverage of the testing procedures in a secured environment should be prioritized for mobile solutions. • Embrace regression testing for mobile appli- cations via automation tools. Organizations should look toward simulation of multiple possible devices, platforms, application versions and operating systems in a single automation testing tool for effective validation of mobile applications. Foreseeable challenges are bound to emerge to digitalassurancetestingformobileapplications.One
  • 5. is the lack of specialized mobile testing procedures. Companies cite a dearth of specialized resources to augment their existing internal resources for mobile testing. Most companies do not have the devices, platforms and operating systems needed to perform end-to-end mobile testing. Apart from this, security testing for mobile banking applications is of the utmost importance. Also, crowdsourcing of mobile applications offers an effective way to perform testing using varied user demographics and combinations of devices and platforms; however, this approach may be deemed a security threat by most companies given the sensitivity and confidential nature of banking information. Other challenges for testing mobile banking apps include the complex industry value chains when providing location- based services (LBS), resource-intensive appli- cations constrained by current mobile maturity, insufficient mobile banking infrastructure and network bandwidth. Still, adoption of mobile testing has some obvious benefits. These include attracting and retaining tech-savvy smartphone users, offering instan- taneous access to data and services for end customers, facilitating an on-the-go workforce, strongly enabling B2B transactions and commu- nications, as well as delivering an omnichannel experience through emerging mobile technolo- gies including wearables and beacons. Big Data Analytics Testing: Aiding Decision-Making Big data analytics has become a cornerstone in the digital transformation journey of many BFS organizations. The driver is customer service improvements, delivered through mass personalization and modernization of account management by leveraging customer feedback and drawing meaningful insights. In our work with the fifth largest U.S. bank, campaign analytics, segmentation and personalized recommendations have driven a significant increase in the net promoter value. Big data analytics is leading the way in helping banks design customer-driven products. Today, banks sit at the center of the payments web and as such have unique insights into how, when and where customers are spending their money. This gold mine of information must be leveraged by BFS organizations to help design products and services tailored to customers’ needs. Banks need to apply real-time insights into customers’ spending patterns to boost decision- making relevancy. In terms of the Code HaloTM3 perspective, enterprise halos are beginning to reshape the banking business. These halos are transforming customer experience (e.g., consistent omnichannel and per- sonalized services across touchpoints), operational processes (e.g., employee enablement and process agility) and business models (e.g., regulatory compliance and shared services). According to our experience, big data analytics testing is among the top priorities in BFS-sector test strategies. The customer intelligence acquired from multiple banking channels can be more effectively leveraged if banks have suitable big data analytics testing infrastructure in place. To get there, we recommend the following: • Live data integration testing/performance testing: Validating the collated live big data acquired from multiple feeds for quality and performance. • Instant deployment testing: Deployment testing of live data to ensure reliable predictive analytics. • Scalability testing: Validating the application’s architecture for scalability with huge volumes of big data. • Security testing: Data security testing at different levels of the application is hypercritical. To move beyond “doing digital” to “being digital,” we recommend that organizations embrace a big data testing strategy that does the following: • Demands greater skill sets from testers as testing teams must also be responsible for identifying data irregularities, validating data quality and confirming the accuracy of the ETL process. • Defines new strategies and processes for checking the quality of big data; this requires setting up validation processes for establishing accuracy and meaningfulness of big data. cognizant 20-20 insights 5 Banks sit at the center of the payments web and as such have unique insights into how, when and where customers are spending their money. This gold mine of information must be leveraged by BFS organizations to help design products and services tailored to customers’ needs.
  • 6. • Emphasizes automation tools that can handle complexities associated with large volumes of data and tools for instant deployment and that will focus on live data integration testing. BFS organizations must overcome big data analysis challenges such as acquiring and analyzing data from multiple sources, the lack of right test automation tools/methods and inadequate QA skill sets. However, the ability of big data analytics to help BFS firms make faster and more accurate decisions that drive value is why big data analytics and testing is soaring in popularity. Agile and DevOps Testing: Delivering Incremental Value Fast Faster time to market, demands for greater trans- parency and the pressing business need for risk mitigation are nudging many BFS organizations to switch to Agile development methodologies. Agile promises improved efficiency and speed, and also facilitates the creation of tools and software to satisfy dynamic customer behavior. One of our largest clients digitalized their transactions by using Agile and DevOps4 delivery approaches. With three releases per day, they reported productivity improvements and higher customer and employee satisfaction tracked through their continuous monitoring and survey scores. In our experience, BFS organizations should embrace more Agile and DevOps techniques for increased on-budget and on-time delivery. For this, we suggest the following: • Focus on Agile testing principles such as time boxing, DSDM5 test approach and exploratory testing. • Create versatile Agile testing teams composed of a mix of business analysts, developers, and QA and testing professionals. Agile testing warrants an increase in the proportion of onshore and near-shore testing teams. Hybrid team structures and testing teams with diverse skill sets are helpful in accomplishing this. • Adapt traditional Waterfall testing methods to include Agile-type Scrums and risk-based analysis for focused testing efforts. This can help BFS organizations facilitate their transition to full-fledged Agile testing. • Embrace Agile test automation tools to significantly reduce regression and integration testing times. Testing tools that ensure maximum reusability of test scripts must be leveraged by organizations to obtain full benefits of their Agile journey. BFS organizations must embrace an integrated DevOps quality approach with the DevOps delivery cycle, wherein the role of the DevOps QA engineer is central to the DevOps teams. Also, test-driven development models are required to bring more agility to the quality assurance process. A DevOps quality approach is based on continuous testing and continuous quality monitoring. A quality automation framework can be implemented for this, which can fulfill all QA-related needs around continuous build, deployment and monitoring, and it can provide a virtualized environment for quality validation, as depicted in Figure 1. Generate & Write Unit Test Test Locally Check-In Integrate Scripts/Jobs Developer SCM CI Engine Provider ECs/VMware VSphere Provisioned VMs Provision/De-provision VM Prebuilt Images/Temlates Catalogues VM Pool Use Pooled VMs Source code for Application & Unit Test cases Commit Triggered/Scheduled Commit Utilities Middleware OS On Demand Built VM Test VM Test VM Compile Source Code Code Quality Analysis Run Unit Test (Semantic & Syntax) Set-up Environment Deploy Application Smoke Test Run Functional UI Test Archive Artifacts Tear Down/ Clean UpSet-up Environment Deploy Application Smoke Test Run Technical Integration Test PIPELINE STEP 1 Compile/Code Integration STEP 2 Code Analysis & Basic Unit Test Run STEP 3 Set Up STEP 4 Validate & Feedback STEP 5 Teardown Continuous Quality, Integration and Delivery Figure 1 cognizant 20-20 insights 6 The ability of big data analytics to help BFS firms make faster and more accurate decisions that drive value is why big data analytics and testing is soaring in popularity.
  • 7. cognizant 20-20 insights 7 Challenges when transitioning to an Agile or DevOps methodology include the lack of an effective testing approach, an inability to apply test automation, difficulty in applying the right focus areas and lack of Agile test expertise. However, BFS organizations must cross the initial hurdles and establish a personalized Agile or DevOps testing strategy if they hope to keep up with modern consumers’ ever-changing demands for personalized products and services. Looking Ahead: Key Takeaways • Adapt your organization’s QA and testing models to new technologies required by digital transformation. Testers not only need specialized testing skills, but also better knowledge of business and industry. • Focus on omnichannel experience testing for validating E2E customer experience. When creating test strategies for omnichannel applications including mobile solutions, the main focus should be on end-user experience. • Increase the use of cloud and virtualization solutions for test environments. Define a cloud testing strategy after reviewing the existing test environment. • Focus on IT workforce transformation. Cross- train and up-skill quality assurance groups to best cater to end banking consumers in the face of digitalization and technology advancements. • Develop faster and more structured testing solutions for Agile- and DevOps-driven projects. Combine risk-based testing strategies with test- driven development. Also, Agile testers need to be more knowledgeable about business processes and development techniques. • Get a head start on automation with a test- driven approach. Automate early, before the UI is ready,andconsiderdeployingservicevirtualization to test before services become available. • Improve test efficiency beyond operation- al levels while controlling costs. Improve test governance, effective use of specialists, standardization of processes and increased automation levels. • Increase focus on nonfunctional testing, spe- cifically security and performance testing. Provide state-of-the-art solutions for nonfunc- tional testing in a fixed-usage or output-based pricing model. A confidentiality, integrity, avail- ability and security (CIAS) model should be used as a new benchmark for evaluating infor- mation systems security. • For a successful TCoE, combine multiple business domain-oriented teams with shared service centers. Use early quality assurance, and deploy effective comanagement engage- ments between in-house QA teams and specialist third-party providers. Footnotes 1 Deploying games across digital channels to improve customer experience and educate customers about offered products and services. As such, it is a concerted attempt to use gaming psychology to influence (and alter) consumer behavior. It is not a promotional strategy (to acquire more accounts, for example); it is a product engagement strategy, to deepen relationships. 2 A methodology or approach in which testing is performed early in the product lifecycle. The idea is to “test early and often” to improve quality, reduce cost and quicken time to market. Such initiatives can take different forms: traditional, incremental, Agile/DevOps or model-based Shift-Left testing. 3 For more on this topic, please read Code Halos: How the Digital Lives of People, Things, and Organizations are Changing the Rules of Business, by Malcolm Frank, Paul Roehrig and Ben Pring, published by John Wiley & Sons, April 2014, http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118862074.html. 4 A cultural shift in product delivery that aims at greater collaboration across departments and focuses on continuous integration between development, QA and operation activities. The DevOps approach leads to significantly shorter time to market, improved customer satisfaction, better product quality, more reliable releases, improved productivity and efficiency, and the increased ability to build the right product by rapid experimentation. The approach is gaining increasing adoption across industries. 5 Dynamic systems development method is an Agile project delivery framework primarily used as a software development method. It is an iterative and incremental approach that embraces principles of Agile develop- ment, including continuous user/customer involvement.
  • 8. About Cognizant Cognizant (NASDAQ: CTSH) is a leading provider of information technology, consulting, and business process services, dedicated to helping the world’s leading companies build stronger businesses. Headquar- tered in Teaneck, New Jersey (U.S.), Cognizant combines a passion for client satisfaction, technology inno- vation, deep industry and business process expertise, and a global, collaborative workforce that embodies the future of work. With over 100 development and delivery centers worldwide and approximately 255,800 employees as of September 30, 2016, Cognizant is a member of the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500, the Forbes Global 2000, and the Fortune 500 and is ranked among the top performing and fastest growing companies in the world. Visit us online at www.cognizant.com or follow us on Twitter: Cognizant. World Headquarters 500 Frank W. Burr Blvd. Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA Phone: +1 201 801 0233 Fax: +1 201 801 0243 Toll Free: +1 888 937 3277 Email: inquiry@cognizant.com European Headquarters 1 Kingdom Street Paddington Central London W2 6BD Phone: +44 (0) 20 7297 7600 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7121 0102 Email: infouk@cognizant.com India Operations Headquarters #5/535, Old Mahabalipuram Road Okkiyam Pettai, Thoraipakkam Chennai, 600 096 India Phone: +91 (0) 44 4209 6000 Fax: +91 (0) 44 4209 6060 Email: inquiryindia@cognizant.com ­­© Copyright 2016, Cognizant. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the express written permission from Cognizant. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners. About the Authors Srikanth Rao is a Director within Cognizant’s Process and Quality Consulting Practice in the Asia Pacific region. He has over 15 years of experience in the areas of banking, technology and process, and quality engineering and assurance. Srikanth consults with companies on enterprise-wide process implementation, change management, training and appraisals, with the help of industry-best models, standards and frameworks. He has also worked in Europe with a large financial services organization on its multicountry core banking implementation program. Srikanth can be reached at Srikanth.Rao2@cognizant.com. Mayank Saxena is a Senior Consultant within Cognizant’s Process and Quality Consulting Practice. He has over eight years of technology and process consulting, due diligence and E2E assessment experience, using industry- leading models and frameworks, and has worked on global engagements for Fortune 500 companies across the BFS, technology and e-commerce domains. Mayank can be reached at Mayank.Saxena@cognizant.com. Sulagna Bagchi is a Business Analyst within Cognizant’s Process and Quality Consulting Practice. She has over three years of experience and has worked across the BFS, insurance and e-commerce domains. Sulagna can be reached at Sulagna.Bagchi @cognizant.com. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Rajiv Joshi, a Senior Director within Cognizant’s Quality Engineering and Assurance Services Practice, for insights that helped inform this white paper. Codex 2149