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Physics fs2009
- 1. Nuclear Physics Review & Interactions in Matter Nuclear Medicine 4327
- 2. Overview Part 1: Nuclear Physics -Types of decay and decay equations Part 2: Interactions of Radiation in Matter -Ionizing radiations, particles vs. photons
- 3. Nomenclature NUCLIDES – Unique Z and N ISOTOPES – Same Z, Different N C-13, C- C-12, 14, etc. ISOTONES – Different Z, Same N ISOBARS – Same A Z = Proton # N = Neutron # A = Mass #
- 4. Nuclear Stability 1500 Nuclides 280 Stable Excess Energy Particle Arrangement
- 5. Stable Nuclides 248 Stable IN NATURE requires paired Stability generally protons, paired neutrons, or paired p’sunpaired and n’s paired unpaired paired proton protons neutron neutrons Sn has 10 stable isotopes
- 6. Nuclear Stability metasta excite Stable groun d ble d Unstab state state state le metastable > 1 picosecond > excited metastable = ISOMERIC
- 7. Isomers Same nuclide, higher energy level Metastable
- 8. Line of Equal # protons & neutrons Need more neutrons to hold together larger # of protons
- 9. Radioactive Decay Gamma ray transitions UNSTABLE Beta Decay positron decay electron capture Alpha Decay STABLE
- 10. Alpha Decay Large nucleus size = unstable Charged 4 H Large 2e DAMAGING
- 11. Beta [β-] Decay Nuclide X -> Nuclide Y - + Y is z+1, A+0 Gain in + charge
- 12. Beta Decay A A X Y + β- +ν Z Z+1 Excess Energy antineutrino No mass No Charge No interaction w/ matter
- 13. Beta Decay Max energy of the beta is well- defined decay energy Q= DECAY BETA “TYPICAL”EMITTERS PURE BETA ENERGY DECAY Q = Parent Energy – Daughter Energy Excited State beta antineutrin beta o 0 keV max excited Ground State Less keV gamma Avg. Energy = 1/3 Emax Ground State
- 14. Positron [β+] Decay X -> Y Y is z- 1, A+0 + MUST HAVE AT LEAST
- 15. Positron Decay Well defined max Energy Energy shared between B+ and neutrino Avg 511 keV? B+ energy is 1/3 Emax + positron
- 16. Electron Capture What if there’s excess (+) charge, but nuclear energy < 1.022 MeV? Excited State -
- 17. Positron vs. Electron Capture EQUATIONS: Positron & Electron CaptureA+ X -> Y 0 z-1 p -> n
- 18. Positron vs. Electron Capture Energy required for B+ decay
- 19. Gamma Decay = energy released FROM NUCLEUS Following other decays Metastable states
- 20. Excited vs. Isomeric Groun Excited 1 ps Isomeri 2 ps d c State Nuclear configuration never changes, only energy
- 21. Gamma vs. X-Ray X-Ray Gamm a
- 22. Gamma vs. X-Rays GAMMA Nuclear energy transitions Matter/Anti-matter annihilation X-RAYS Bremsstrahlung Characteristic
- 23. X-Rays 1 keV 2 keV Electron Capture
- 24. Internal Conversion Internal conversion Characteristic x-ray electron
- 25. Internal Conversion vs. Gamma Excited Nucleus Internal Gamma? Conversion? Long Isomeric state = I.C. Higher Z = I.C.
- 26. Decay Modes vs. Stability Line Proton Rich excess (+) charge deficient (+) charge aka Neutron Rich
- 27. Decay Schemes Decay Mode Parent vs. Daughter Energ y Atomic Number (Z)
- 28. Decay Schemes Alpha [α] Z–2 Z–1 Z–1 Electron Capture Positro [EC] n [β+] Beta [β-] Gamma [γ] Z+1
- 29. Abundance, Branching Fraction, Yield
- 30. Energy Diagrams/Decay Schemes X β- β- β- z+1 Y z+1Y 137 Cs Emax = 0.51 MeV β-2 55 95% β-1 Emax = 1.17 MeV = 0.662 5% MeV 137 Ba 56
- 37. Image References • http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=1410&obj_id=6530&dt_code=NWS&lang=en • http://www.nucleonica.net:81/wiki/index.php/Help:Karlsruhe_Nuclide_Chart • http://fys246.nuclear.lu.se/topics.asp • http://www.cortlandschools.org/buildings/jshs/science/chem/honors/atomicconcepts2/index.htm • http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/xmm/fmc2.html