FatimaSBEITY1

excitation backup timer automatic exposure control cir control panel ripple voltage three phase generators single phase equipment full wave rectification half-wave rectification self-rectification rectifiers step-down transformer step-up transformers autotransformers transformers x-ray production x-ray machine circuit x-ray generators absorption helium-neon laser ruby laser optical resonator pumping mechanism gain medium active laser medium production of laser population inversion stimulated emission metastable levels spontaneous emission laser heavy charged particles scattering inelastic interaction elastic interaction range linear energy transfer ionization ion pair charged particles interaction of photons x ray interactions ultraviolet interactions visible light interactions infrared interactions molecular absorption interaction non ionizing radiation fdg particle accelerator cyclotron serial transformation radiopharmaceuticals nuclear fusion nuclear fission equivalent dose gamma rays decay laws absorbed dose atomic mass unit secular equilibirium transient equilibrium radioactivity