M. Solh, M. Burak, K. Nazari, M. Keser, Y. Karaman, M. Baum and Z. Mert

1. Stripe Rust and the Turkey-ICARDA
Regional Cereal Rust Research Center
at Izmir, Turkey
M. Solh, M. Burak, K. Nazari, M. Keser, Y. Karaman,
M. Baum and Z. Mert
International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies of Turkey
Regional Wheat Rust Research Center, AARI, Izmir, Turkey
Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Izmir, Turkey
CIMMYT - ICARDA, Ankara, Turkey
Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Ankara, Turkey

2. Outline
Ø Importance of stripe/yellow rust of
wheat;
Ø Epidemiological considerations of
yellow rust disease;
Ø Elements of the Stripe Rust Strategy
Ø Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereals
Rust Research Center at Izmir;
Ø RCRRC activities in 2012-2013;
Ø Conclusion
Ø Acknowledgements

3. Importance of Stripe/Yellow Rust of Wheat

4. Wheat rust diseases pose serious threat
to wheat production worldwide
Stripe
(yellow)
rust
Leaf
(brown)
rust
Stem
(black)
rust

5. Country/
Year
Crop
losses
million
$
USA 2000-07
2010
6.5 million tones
2.2 million tones $US 30 Washington state
Australia 2003-2006 AUS $ 30-90
China 1950, 1964, 1990,
2002
14.38 million tones
More than 20 million ha can
be effected annually
Turkey 1992
1996
2000
2009-10
26.5% (Gereck > 1 m ha)
1.2 million tonest (Cekurova)
3% Gerek 79,
568
53
10 (> 1.5 mh)
Iran 1992-94
2007 and 09
2010
2.5 million tones
2 million ha infection
650,000 ha spray
258
?
?
Uzbekistan 1998
2009-10
35% yield losses
Yellow rust outbreak
135
30%
Morocco 2009-10 Achtar 75% of the what areas 25-35%
Syria 2010 Cham 8 (80% yield loss) 80% of Area
Ethiopia, Kenya, SA
2010
$US 3.2 in fungicide
application in Ethiopia
Impact of Stripe Rust Epidemics Worldwide
5

6. Incidence: widespread 2 or 3 years in 5 over whole production region
Severity: 5-10% crop losses
Incidence: localised, 2 in 5 years over 25% growing areas
Severity: 1-5% crop losses
Interna=onal
Stripe
Rust
Current
Context
Wellings CR (2011) Euphytica 179:129–141

7. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Ethiopia
Iran
Kenya
Lebanon
Morocco
Pakistan
Yemen
Stem
rust
Leaf
rust
Yellow
Rust
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Ethiopia
Iran
Kenya
Lebanon
Morocco
Pakistan
Yemen
Stem
rust
Leaf
rust
Yellow
Rust
Yellow rust has struck the “Wheat-Belt” in Central & West Asia,
North Africa, East Africa, the Caucasus and South Asia in 2013
2013
2010

8. Stripe Rust, a call for action:
Long-term investment to reduce the threat of stripe rust
Summary
Status
Component
Stem
rust
(Ug99)
Stripe
rust
Coordinated
Global
Response
X
Regional
Coordina=on
Clearly
defined
target
X
More
is
needed
Informa=on
systems
+
Data
Management
X
Regional
not
Global
Surveillance
Network
+
Tools
X
X
Pathotyping
capacity
X
with
limita=ons
(GRRC
with
some
limita=ons)
Ahead
of
disease
progress?
X
Much
more
is
needed
Adapted
from
Dave
Hodson,
CIMMYT

9. Epidemiological Considerations
of Yellow Rust Disease

10. 1. Conducive environmental conditions & climate
change;
2. Genetic similarity of Mega-cultivar with yellow rust
resistant (withYr9 and Yr27) and the susceptibility of
local cultivars (e.g. Turkey=Gerek, Iran= Sardari,
Morocco= Achtar,…);
3. Wind borne and other means of transportation
factors;
4. Overlapping/continuous cropping seasons/systems;
5. Widespread of alternate host and wheat wild
relatives.
Epidemiological Factors

11. “Green Bridge” and “Continues Cropping”
Country Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
E a s t
Africa
N e a r
East
Egypt
N o r t h
Africa
W e s t
Asia
Y e m e n
o f f -
season
Y e m e n
m a i n
season
Planting
Growing Harvesting
No
crop
11

12. 12
Alternate Hosts for Stripe/Yellow Rust
in Wheat are widely Spread

14. Emergence of a New Race of Stripe/Yellow Rust
in Wheat due to Climate Change in West & Central Asia , 2009/2010
Ø Serious outbreak of yellow rust on
wheat in the West and Central Asia in
2009/2010 season;
Ø Due to an average higher temperature
in winter (4-5%), Yellow rust has
been serious in in the 2009/10 Iraq,
Turkey, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and
Morocco, as well as Syria, and is a
cause for concern in both Pakistan
and India with serious losses
occurring last season.

15. Widespread Yellow Rust Infestation in 2009/2010
15
Ø Race analysis confirmed that epidemic
caused by new aggressive race which
is virulent on the widely used Yr-gene
Yr27;
Ø This race was detected in more than
90% of identified physiological races
using Yr differential sets at ICARDA;
Ø Breeding germplasm evaluated at
ICARDA headquarters in Syria
against the new race identified high
level of resistance to the new race;

16. Yellow rust resistant material developed at ICARDA
Ready
for
mulH-­‐locaHon
tesHng
and
fast-­‐track
seed
mulHplicaHon
for
distribuHon
to
affected
countries
Susceptible Resistant Susceptible

17. The Need for Setting a Disease Surveillance Short to Long Term
Strategy for Coping with Stripe/Yellow Rust in Wheat
17

18. Elements of Stripe Rust Strategy

19. 19
Organized
by
ICARDA,
BGRI,
CIMMYT,
FAO,
IFAD
and
AARINENA

20. Based on the outcome of
the International Wheat
Stripe Rust Symposium,
Elements of the Strategy
were developed to develop
durable resistance to
yellow rust and reduce
wheat stripe/yellow rust
infestation in wheat.
Elements of Yellow Rust Strategy

21. Elements of the Strategy
to address wheat stripe rust disease
Ø Surveillance and information exchange within and between
countries;
Ø Basic epidemiological research of stripe rust including beter
understanding of alternate hosts;
Ø Early warning and early reaction including planning,
monitoring, awareness, and preparedness to rapidly
deliver appropriate seeds and fungicides where they are
needed to arrest the spread of wheat rust diseases;
Ø Developing capacities and skills in national research and
educational institutions, extension services, and at the farm level
to develop effective strategies for managing rust diseases;
Ø Research to utilize germplasm for new sources of resistance
and for developing improved varieties with durable
resistance to the emerging pathotypes of stripe rust.

22. Approaching Stripe Rust as a Social Disease
Ø Stripe rust does not respect national borders and
“Rust does not Sleep”;
Ø The rusts including stripe rust are ‘social diseases’;
Ø The fight against rust requires good neighbors,
partner working together and networking;
Ø The role of policy makers and global leadership is
crucial if we are to take a significant step forward
in minimizing the impacts of stripe rust;
Ø Requires building a cooperative attitude for
information sharing, the mutual sharing of
risk analyses, and trust at both regional and
international levels.

23. The Need for Developing National Action Plans
Ø A multi-faceted approach is needed by
countries to combat wheat rusts.
Ø Disease monitoring and immediate action to
combat new rust pathotypes through the
use of fungicides
Ø Reducing the cropping of susceptible
mega-cultivars across vast wheat growing
areas is perhaps the best insurance policy
against widespread rust damage

24. Reducing the impact of dependence
on narrow range of varieties
Ø
Diversified cropping of wheat varieties (DW &
BW);
Ø Use of non-race specific durable resistance
genes;
Ø Maintenance breeding as short-term strategy;
Ø Better understanding of genetic basis of
resistance of current cultivars and candidate
advanced lines;
Ø Search and utilization of new sources of
resistance from land races and wild relatives.

25. Coordinated Effective Seed Production System
Ø Developing a clear approach to seed
multiplication and farmer engagement in the
evaluation of new and diverse varieties;
Ø Strengthening NARS in capacity development;
Ø To establish fast-track variety release systems;
Ø Participatory demonstration and accelerated
seed multiplication of newly released wheat
resistant varieties;
Ø Fast replacement of existing vulnerable
commercial varieties.

26. • Capacity
development
• Fast-­‐track
variety
release
• Accelerated
seed
multiplication
and
seed
delivery
• International,
regional
and
national
training
courses
• Long
&
short
-­‐
term
training
• Graduate
student
• Regional
traveling
workshop
• International
program
• National
program
• Utilization
of
genetic
resources
• Race
analysis
• GRRC
• National
rust
laboratory
• Trap
Nurseries
• Exchange
information
Co-­‐ordinated
pathogen
monitoring
and
awareness
Co-­‐ordinated
breeding
for
durable
resistance
Effective
seed
production
system
Capacity
development
and
training
Elements
of
the
Stripe
Rust
Strategy

27. Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereals Rust Research
Center at Izmir, Turkey

28. International Rust Laboratories
Ø IPO, in Wageningen (Yr)
§ 1956-1992 :5000 samples from 60 countries
Ø Global rust Center, Aarhus University,
Denmark
Ø Cereal Disease Laboratory, USDA-ARS, St.
Paul, University of Minnesota
Ø Cereal Research Center, AAFC, Winnipeg,
CANADA

29. National Rust Laboratories
• Australia
• India
• Iran
• Ethiopia
• Kenya
• South Africa
• Turkey
• Pakistan
• Egypt
• Morocco

30. 30
Attempt to establish Regional Rust center in Iran followed by 1st
Regional Yellow Rust Conference, 2001, Iran SPII

31. Turkey-­‐ICARDA
Regional
Cereal
Rust
Research
Center
(RCRRC),
Izmir,
Turkey,
established
in
2012

32. Major Goal of the Turkey – ICARDA RCRRC
Developing and Promoting Durable Stripe Rust Resistance
in Central & West Asia and North Africa through
Partnership and Networking

33. Kumarse
Nazari
k.nazari@cgiar.org
INTERNATIONAL
CENTER
FOR
AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
IN
THE
DRY
AREAS
(ICARDA),
ALEPPO,
SYRIA
2011
BGRI
Technical
Workshop,
JUNE
13-­‐16,
2011
Yellow Rust in CWANA in 2010-2011
“The situation and Measures Taken”
CWANA
Highly Diverse
&
Challenging Region
Population: >1 Billion people
Wheat Area: ~ 50 million hectares
33
Izmir

34. Wheat: a staple food in Middle East and
North Africa (MENA)
Ø Wheat = 37% of total food supply (calories) in
MENA
Ø Average annual per capita consumption:
§ North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) = 174 kg
§ Middle East = 158kg
§ Total MENA = 166kg
§ World average = 66kg
Ø The region imports almost half its wheat needs, but
at an increasing cost

35. Top 10 net wheat Importers & Exporters 2010 (mt)
Source:
FAOSTAT,
2013.
+25.1
+4.0
United
States
Argentina
Nigeria
-­‐4
+17.9
Europe
-­‐10.6
Egypt
+11.8
Russian
Federation
-­‐2.4
China
Australia
Net
Exporter
Net
Importer
+15.9
+18.3
Canada
-­‐5.0
Brazil
Japan
-­‐5.5
+4.3
Ukraine
Morocco
-­‐3.2
+5.1
Kazakhstan
Algeria
-­‐5.1
-­‐3.1
Mexico

36. • Short-term
• Long term
• Fellowship
• Yellow rust
• Leaf rust
• Stem rust
• Yellow rust
• Leaf rust
• Stem rust
• Yellow rust
• Leaf rust
• Stem rust
Regional
race
analysis
Regional
field
screening
Training
&
Capacity
building
Trap
Nurseries
Four Major Activities
of the RCRRC

37. RCRRC,
Izmir,
Turkey
India &
Pakistan
Ethiopia
&
Kenya
Turkey
Morocco
Uzbekistan
&
Tajikistan
SPII,
Iran
CDL
Pullman
& CIMMYT
GRRC,
DK
PBI
Aus.
AAFC,
Canada
INRA,
France

38. ICARDA
Distribu=on
of
Regional
Rust
Trap
Nurseries
in
80
loca=ons
in
32
countries,
2009/10

39. Progress in Establishing RCRRC
Ø Development of engineering
designs of bio-containment
facilities and pathology building;
Ø Approval and allocation of construction funds by
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of
Turkey;
Ø The construction process has started and it is
expected that the facilities will be operation in early
2014;
Ø Field screening of wheat germplasm to Yr, Lr,
and Sr already started in 2012-13 (4 ha lands with
mist irrigation system).

40. Progress (cont’d)
• ICARDA senior cereal pathologist and technicians are
relocated in Izmir
• 4 research assistants (MSc degree) were hired for the
center
• 1 post doc position will be open to start Match 2014
(Financially supported by DRRW Project)
• Full rust pathology laboratory equipments are in
place;
• Field machinery for planting, harvesting and
threshing are available;
• Walk in growth chamber is available for seedling
screening of wheat germplasm.

41. Regional
Ceral
Rust
Research
Center

42. Turkey-ICARDA Regional Cereals Rust Research
Center at Izmir, Turkey

43. Regional field screening for resistance
to Yr, Lr, Sr, at the RCRRC, Izmir
1. In 2012-13, more than 10,000 genotypes from ICARDA,
IWWIP, and the national breeding program were
evaluated against local race of yellow rust
2. All the available sources of rust differential genotypes
were planted in large scale plots for seed multiplication
3. Seeds multiplication of the three International Trap
Nurseries
a. International Yellow Rust Trap Nursery (80 entries)
b. International Stem Rust Trap Nurseries (80 entries)
c. International Leaf Rust Trap Nurseries (80 entries)
4. The three trap Nurseries will be distributed from
Izmir in 2013 and beyond.

44. Cereal
Rust
Pathology
Laboratory
Working
at
the
Rust
Growth
Chamber
Field
screening
2013
Turkey-­‐
ICARDA
RCRRC
at
Izmir

45. Training and Capacity Development
Partners:
ICARDA
in
collabora=on
with
BGRI,FAO,
ICARDA,
CIMMYT,
na=onal,
regional
and
interna=onal
universi=es
Ø Training
course
– Race
analysis
– Field
screening
and
geneHcs
of
resistance
Ø Student
Internship
– MSc
– PhD

46. The
2012-­‐2013
cropping
season
at
the
RCRRC
at
Izmir,
Turkey

47. Regional Training Course-Rust Pathology at ICARDA

48. Acknowledgements
The
Ministry
of
Agriculture
of
Turkey
The
General
Directorate
of
Agricultural
Research
and
Policies
of
Turkey
Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Izmir, Turkey
Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Ankara, Turkey
Borlaug
Global
Rust
Ini=a=ve
(BGRI)

49. Conclusion
Ø The only way we can cope with the continuous threat of
Stripe/Yellow Rust is to ensure durable resistance through
effective partnership and networking;
Ø Partnership and cooperation is needed :
§ Across countries;
§ Across institutions;
§ Across disciplines involving wheat pathologists,
breeders, biotechnologists; agronomists and seed
multiplication experts;
§ Across the research for development continuum
involving researchers, extension agents, seed producers
and most important farmers;
Ø We should always remember that ……

51. Ø The
diverse
impacts
of
climate
change
on
the
durabilty
of
stripe
rust
disease
resistance
need
to
be
considered
at
national,
regional
and
international
research
and
development
levels.

52. Announcement
2nd International Wheat Stripe (Yellow)
Rust Symposium, Izmir,Turkey, May…2014
Thank You for Your Attention

53. GRRC Wheat Rust Sample Summary 2013

54. GRRC Wheat Rust Sample Summary 2013

55. GRRC Wheat Rust Sample Summary 2013