Ancient rome and management implications

1. MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
ANCIENT ROME
Presenter:
Aykut Ömer Öztürk
Date Due: 30 March 2015

2. Content
• Brief History of Ancient Rome
• Social Structure and Slavery
• Government in Rome
• Technology and Architecture
• Military
• Roman Law
BUS 601

3. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
• According to legend, Romulus and Remus were twin sons of the Roman
god Mars.
• Romulus found the city at around 8th century BC on the Palatine Hill and
then city named Rome after its first king, Romulus. For the next 200 years
Rome was ruled under a monarchy.

4. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
• Early Rome was governed by the Kings. There
were only 7 kings who ruled Rome.
• Romans took power over their own city and
ruled themselves and formed a new
representative style of government called the
Republic.
• Republic comes from Latin words ‘res publica’
means ‘public matters’

5. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
• Roman citizens were allowed to
elect the leaders of their
government.
• Only free-born males were
considered citizens.
• Two groups struggled for power in
the new republic—the patricians
and the plebeians.
• Struggle between patricians and
Plebeians ended with gaining more
rights for Plebeians.
• Roman law code written in ca 450
BCE (12 Tables of Law) to give poor
more protection—Roman law is one
of the big contributions to western
culture—big victory for the
plebeians
The Senate and People of Rome
The Roman Senate

6. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
• In the 4th century BC Rome began to
expand its territories by defeating Etruscans
and Greeks.
• They controlled all Italy withing a 150 years.
• Greatest challange the Romans faced
was that of the Carthaginians.
• The most famous incident was crossing the
mountain chain of the Alps to the Nort Italy
by the Hannibal’s army.
• In the end won and Carthage was
completely destroyed in the year 146 BC
• It was during this time that Rome took
control of the entire Mediterranean region,
from Portugal in the west to Turkey in the
east, from Britain and Gaul (Modern France)
in the north to all of northern Africa
including Egypt.

7. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
• As a result of these conquest Rome became very
wealthy.
• But as the territory grew, so did the gap between
the rich and poor.
• Tremendous number of slaves cause people lose
their works.
• This conflict between poor and rich caused civil
war.
• Caesar ended confliction by conquering Rome.
• In 47 BC he seized power in Rome and was made
dictator. A short time later, in 44 BC he was given
the title dictator for life.
• Caesar is assassinated on March 15 44 B.C.E. by
members of the Senate led by Cassius and his
friend Brutus—”Et tu Brute?”—stabbed over 20
times

8. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
• People no longer trusted the
Senate to rule Rome. The Roman
Republic came to end and Roman
Empire began.
• Octavian, later called Caesar
Augustus became first emperor
that is a kind of dictatorial
monarch.
• Lead Rome on a path of great
reforms and marked the beginning
of an era of general peace which
lasted over 200 years knows as ‘Pax
Romana’ or ’Roman Peace’.

9. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
Decline and Fall
• Marcus Aurelias, the last of the five good
emperors died in 180 AD. Series of civil wars took
place after his death and Rome began to slowly
deteriorate.
• Increasing pressure by barbarians from outside.
• Invasions, civil war, plague , high taxes , big and
costly army almost caused a collapse in Roman
economy.
• Diocletian and Constantine launched some
reforms in the 4th century

10. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME
Decline and Fall
• Around AD 330 Emperor Constantine
moved the capital of the empire
entirely to the city of Byzantium.
• In 476 AD, the Western emperor
Romulus Augustulus was deposed by a
Germanic general. This date is most
commonly used as the official fall of
the Western Roman Empire.
• Despite the fall of the Western Roman
Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire
would lasted for another 1000 years
with prosperity when it finally fell to
Ottomans.

11. GOVERNMENT IN ROME
• At first , Roman was
ruled by the Kings.
• Kings were elected in
turn
• Before Julius Caesar
took control in 48BC,
the Roman Empire was
not ruled by the
Emperor but by
two consuls who were
elected by
the citizens of Rome.
• From the time of Julius
Caesar, 48BC, Rome
and the
Roman Empire was
ruled by an Emperor

12. GOVERNMENT IN ROME
• Government in the Time of Republic
– To be fair to all classes of Roman citizens,
atripartite (3 part) government was
developed.
– Only citizens can vote in assemblies
• Patricians and Plebeians were counted
as citizens
• Women and slaves couldn’t vote
– Citizens of Rome -
Patricians and Plebeians met in
the Assembly and voted
for consuls, tribunes and magistrates.
– Seperation of legislative and executive powers
• Magistrates
– The citizens of Rome voted for a number of
magistrates.
– It was the magistrates job to keep law and
order and also to manage Rome's financial
affairs.
– When magistrates retired they became
senators and attended the Senate.
– Government positions such
as quaestor,aedile, or praefect were funded
• Consuls
– The citizens of Rome voted for two consuls
– They could veto each other’s decision
– Veto comes from the Latin term meaning ‘I forbid’.
– They were elected to serve for one year
– They were not allowed to be consuls again for ten
years to prevent citizens to gain to much power.
– It was the Consuls job to govern Rome
– In an emergency, a temporary dictator could be
appointed.
Tribunes
The citizens of
Rome voted for
tribunes. It was the
tribunes job to
make sure that the
people were treated
fairly.
The Senate
Senators went to
the Senate to
discuss important
government issues
It was the job of the
senate to give
advice to the two
consuls

13. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY
• Two group of citizens;
– Patricians
– Plebians
• Non citizens;
– Freemen
– Slaves
• At first , Patrician class
dominated government.
Plebeians eventually rebelled
eventually gained equal rights to
leadership and a co-consul
leadership was established

14. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY
• Women acquired some rights
– Owning property
– Getting a paid job
– Juridical right
• Still didn’t have
– Voting rigts
– Political power
• Marriage
– Regarded as political and financial
alliance rather than as a romantic
relationship.
• Families and households are the basic
units of Roman society.
• Consisted of Father ,his wife,
paterfamilias, children and other
relatives.
• The paterfamilias had the power
of life and death over every family
members.
• Responsible for teaching all the
younger males both academic and
trades and how to act in society.
• Women
 At first women had no rights.
 A women role was to teach her
daughter how to behave and to
bear and raise children

15. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY
• Slaves
– Considered as property and had
no legal rights.
– Could be sold or freed by their
master
– New slaves acquired by;
• Foreign wars and conquest
• As punishment for citizens
• Citizens who are kicked out his/her
family
– Economy were mostly relied on
slave labor.
– They were constituted nearly
20% of Empire’s population and
40% of the city of Rome.
– Skilled slaves worked as
teachers, accountants, doctors,
engineers, craftsmen and served
in the homes of the wealthy.
– Allowed to earn money and
keep it.
• Slaves
– Unskilled slaves were sent to work
on the farms, on ships, in the
mines and mills, and in the games.
– Their life was brutal.
– Did revolt some time to time.
• Romans
– Knew that slaves could not simply
be terrified into being good at their
job.
– Used various techniques to
encourage their slaves to work
productively, from bonuses , long-
term inducments , to acts designed
to boost morale and generate
team spirit.
– Romans operated a carrot and stick
approach to their slaves.
• Stick side could be brutal

16. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY
• RELIGION
• Very Superstitious
• Good or bad luck given by gods
• Many gods were exist
• The Romans worshipped their
gods in a temple
• Worshipping the emperor part
of it
• Sacrifices of animals and
precious items
• Crucifixion of Christians
• Christianity became official
religion
• LANGUAGE
• Native language was Latin
• Etruscan alphabet used firstly
• Greek Alphabet became dominant
then.
• Latin language spread throughout
Europe

17. TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE

18. TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE
Roman Roads & Aqueducts
• Roads
– Facilitate communication and
trade , enormous economic
significance
– Quick march for their armies
– Total network was 85.000km
(65.000km in modern Turkey)
– Allow Roman Legion to travel
as far as 40km per day.
– Like modern highways, Stone
mile markers & signs were used
,Highway patrol was existed
• Aqueducts
– Supply water to their
cities.
– Thanks to aqueducts,
public toilets,
underground sewage
systems,fountains and
ornate public bath have
been possible.

19. TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE
• Concrete
– Thanks to concrete, many greatest
works of architecture and
engineering of the Roman structures
such as the Colosseum, the Pantheon
and the Roman forum are still
standing today.
– Roman concrete consisted of slaked
lime and a volcanic ash known as
pozzolana to create a sticky past.
– Pozzolana helped Roman concrete
set quickly even when submerged in
seawater, enabling the construction
of elaborate baths, piers and harbors.
• Dams
– Romans built many dams in different
locations for purpose of collecting
water.
– Extraordinary height
• Bridge
– the first large and long lasting
bridges built by Romans
– 931 bridge in 26 countries were
built by Romans
– aim of transport and aqueduct
• Roman Arches
– Roman engineers improved on
arches by flattening their shape
– they were able to succeed to
use them effectively by harness
their power in the construction
of aqueducts, bridges and
buildings
– defining characteristics of the
Roman architectural style.

20. • Welfare
– Inspiration to modern
governments.
– Food and education for needy
– Trajan implemented a program
known as “alimenta” to help feed,
clothe and educate orphans and
poor children
• Sanitations
– Public toilets, underground sewage
systems, fountains and ornate
public bath, indoor plumping
• Battlefield Surgery
– Augustus established a military
medical corps
– hemostatic tourniquets and arterial
surgical clamps to curb blood loss
– disinfecting instruments in hot
water
– soldiers tended to live longer than
the average citizen
• The Julian Calendar
– The calendar that we use today is
modeled very closely on Roman
version
– Julius Caesar and the astronomer
Sosigenes instituted the Julian
system to align the calendar with
the solar year.
• Newspaper
– Acta Diurna (daily acts) were
written on metal or stone and then
posted in heavily trafficked areas in
the Roman cities.
– First appeared around 131 B.C
– included details of Roman military
victories, lists of games and
gladiatorial bouts, birth and death
notices and even human interest
stories.
TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE

21. Military In Ancient Rome
• Romans placed a great value on their military.
• All landowning citizens were required to serve in
the military.
• Some political positions even required 10 years of
military service.
• Marius transformed Rome’s army into a
professional military with the best training and
equipment
• Among the first paid full time professional army in
the world.
• The roman army followed the «rule of then»
• Roman soldiers were organized into large military
units known as legions.
• Therefore, soldiers were known as legionaries.
• The Roman legions were based off the infamous
Greek phalanx.
• However, legions were smaller and therefore could
maneuver much more quickly and easily.
• Units would usually be broken down even further
into groups of 60-120 soldiers led by an officer.
• Organizational flexibility helped ensure the long-
term success of Roman military forces.
• The Roman genius for order and discipline
established units to perform certain task as well as
a hierarchy of authority to ensure performance.

22. ROMAN LAW
• Roman law code written in ca 450 BCE (12 Tables
of Law) to give it’s citizen more protection
• The Twelve Tables were laws engraved on tablets
and put on display in the Forum in Rome for
everyone to see, so they could be understood by
all of the citizens of Rome.
• All free people have equal rights.
• A person is innocent until he or she is proven
guilty.
• Accused people should be allowed to face their
accusers and defend themselves.
• Judges must interpret the law and make decisions
fairly.
• People have rights that no government can take
away.
• Became model for later civilizations.

23. Management Implications
• The Romans developed a quasi-factory system
• Roman roads was built to speed the distribution of goods, as well as
to speed the movement of troops
• A growing external trade required commercial standardization
(measures,weights and coin.)
• The first resemblance to a corporate organization appeared (joint-
stock companies)
• There was highly specialized labor force
• Free workers formed guilds
• The state levied tariffs on trade, set fines on monopolists, regulated
the guilds.
• The roman army followed the «rule of then»
• Roman law became a model for later civilizations
• Roman governmental model , seperation Powers provided a model
system of check and balances for later constitutional governments.