Personality is defined as the sum of ways an individual reacts and interacts with others, and is influenced by heredity, environment, and situation. There are several theories of personality, including trait theory which views personality as unique characteristics, psychoanalytic theory involving the id, ego and superego, and social learning theory where behavior is learned through reinforcement and observation. Personality also influences job fit and person-organization fit.

2.  Those inner psychological
characteristics that both
determine & reflect how a
person responds to his or her
environment.
 In other words Thus Personality
is the sum total of ways in which
an individual reacts and
interacts with others.

3.  Heredity is the transmission of the qualities from the
parents to the children through biological mechanism lying
in the chromosomes of the germ cells.
 Environment relates to one’s early conditioning, the family
norms, friends and social groups exerts pressure on one’s
personality formation.
 Situation influences the effect of heredity and
environment on personality. The individual personality
changes depending on the varying demands of the different
situations call forth different aspects of one’s personality.

4. 1. Reserved vs. Outgoing
2. Less Intelligent vs. More Intelligent
3. Affected by feeling vs. Emotionally
stable
4. Submissive vs. Dominant
5. Serious vs. Happy-Go- Lucky
6. Expedient vs. Conscientious
7. Timid vs. Venturesome
8. Tough-minded vs. Sensitive

5. 9. Trusting vs. Suspicious
10.Practical vs. Imaginative
11.Forthright vs. Shrewd
12.Self assured vs. Apprehensive
13.Conservative vs. Experimenting
14.Group Dependent vs. Self sufficient
15.Uncontrolled vs. Controlled
16.Relaxed vs. Tensed

6. • Extraversion – A personality dimension describing someone who is
socialable, gregarious and assertive.
• Agreeableness – A personality dimension that describes someone who
is good natured, cooperative and trusting.
• Conscientiousness – A personality dimension that describes someone
who is responsible, dependent, persistent and organized.
• Emotional Stability - A personality dimension that characterizes
someone as clam, self confident, secure (positive) versus nervous,
depressed and insecure (negative).
• Openness to experience - A personality dimension that characterizes
someone in terms of imaginative, sensitive and curious.

7.  Locus of control – The degree to which people believe that they are
masters of their own fate. It is two types i.e. Internal Locus control External
Locus of control.
 Machiavellianism (Mach) –The degree to which an individual is pragmatic
maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify means.
 Self esteem – The degree of liking or disliking themselves. High SE
believes that they possess the ability they need to succeed at work place.
 Self monitoring – A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability
to adjust his/her behavior to external and situational factors.
 Risk taking – The willingness to take chance, risk i.e. ‘gut feel’.

8. Type A Personality Type B Personality
 Can’t cope with leisure time  No time urgency
 Excessively competitive
 Do not discuss their
 Time urgency
 Always want more success
 Impatient at the rate of work
 Play for fun rather to
 Do more than one thing at a
exhibit superiority
time
 Obsessed with numbers and  Can relax without any guilt
measuring success

9.  Type Theory- Personality is classified an two bases
(1) Body Build
(2) Psychological Factor
 Trait Theory-Personality is based on individual traits. Traits are the unique
characteristics that differs one individual from other.
 Psychoanalytical Theory -Developed by Sigmund Fraud. It deals with three factor-:
a) Id Source-Psychic energy, immediate pleasure for natural or instinctual needs,
Such as hunger, thirst etc.
b) Ego- Logical, takes the support of superego. It is a check on id through logic and
intellect.
c) Super Ego- Represent social and personal norms and serves as ethical constraint
on behavior. It determines what is right and wrong.

10.  Social learning Theory- Learning is defined as any change in
one’s behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Learning
occurs through two ways-
(1) Reinforcement
(2) Observing others
 Self Theory –Developed by Carl Roger. He studied individual
subjective experience, feelings and his concept of world and self.
It is based on ‘I’ or ‘Me’.
 The Personality Job Fit Theory-The theory proposes that
which fit between personality type and occupational
environment to determine satisfaction and turnover.
 The Person–Organization Fit Theory- Person’s personality
should fit the organization culture than to specific job to cope
with changing environment.